Euonymeia

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Euonymeia
Ευωνύμεια
Trachones, Ano Kalamaki
Neolithic period
Named forEuonymus
Postal code
17 456
Area code210 99

Euonymeia (

Mount Hymettus and the southern coastal zone of Athens on the Saronic Gulf. The land is characterized by limestone
hills and streams running from Hymettus toward the coast.

The area displays some of the earliest urban settlements in

.

At its peak during the 5th and 4th centuries BCE, the area was the center of the Deme of Euonymos, one of the most populous communities of

Ancient Athens. Euonymos had its own acropolis, theater, industrial installations, and religious festivals. Several Euonymeians played a major role in Athenian politics and civic life, most notably in the trial of Socrates and in the expeditions of the Peloponnesian War
.

Etymology

The name Euonymeia is documented in the

Gaia with either Uranus or Cephissus.[1][2] The name itself derives from the Greek root-words (Greek: εὖ) "good, well", and onoma (Greek: όνομα) "name". Alternative interpretations for the origin of the name are that it is a direct reference to the area being "well named" or "of good repute", or that it comes from the spindle tree Euonymus europaeus. The medieval name Trachones[3] derives from the word trachoni (Greek: τραχώνι) meaning "rock", derived from the ancient Greek adjective trachys (Greek: τραχύς) meaning "coarse".[4] The modern colloquial name Ano Kalamaki (upper Kalamaki) arose in 1968 when Euonymeia was administratively linked with the coastal settlement of Kalamaki to the west, creating the contemporary Municipality of Alimos.[5]

History

Systematic archeological excavation of the area has not been conducted, yet numerous construction projects during the intensive urban development of the later half of the twentieth century led to important circumstantial discoveries, which shed light on the historic timeline of the settlement.[6]

Prehistoric and Bronze Age

The hills of Euonymeia, together with the adjacent coastal

cycladic civilization. The commonality of findings in Agios Kosmas and Euonymeia suggests that the two settlements were functionally linked coastal and inland communities.[10]

The earliest signs of

Pelasgian invaders.[10]

Excavations at construction sites adjacent to the Kontopigado mound in the 1980s and '90s led to the discovery of an

Geometric

Geometric krater attributed to the Trachones workshop (Metropolitan Museum of Art
, New York)

During the

Kraters attributed to the Trachones workshop and used in burial tombs throughout Geometric Greece are considered some of the best examples of Athenian Geometric Pottery that have been discovered to date.[22] In 1914, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City acquired two specimens, which are on display as part of its permanent collection of Greek and Roman Art.[23]

Classical: Deme of Euonymos

The orchestra of the theater at the deme site of Euonymon
The orchestra of the theater at the deme site of Euonymos
Stele inscribed "Mnesitheos, son of Elpinos, the Euonymeian". 330/320 BC, Archaeological Museum of Piraeus.

The area was recognized as the site of the ancient

Maenades, the rabid female companions of Dionysus, suggest a possible early affiliation of Euonymeia with the Cult of Dionysus and Pan.[31]

The town was on the

Laurium. Remains of the Urban Way have been unearthed in multiple sites along the modern Vouliagmenis Avenue, positioning this ancient thoroughfare adjacent to the most important installations in Euonymos.[32] The old Mycenaean hydraulic installations 300 metres (980 ft) Northeast of the theater show continued use through the classical era. In this period, water flowing through the installations from the Trachones stream and wells were used primarily for agriculture, stockbreeding, and cottage industries.[19] The hill with Geometric-era fortifications on the Geroulanou Estate 300 metres (980 ft) Northwest of the theater is thought to have been the site of the Acropolis of Euonymos.[2] Construction in the 1960s and work on the Argyroupoli Metro station 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) South of the theater in 2003 uncovered a cemetery at the Hasani site with over 150 graves dating from the 7th to the 4th centuries BCE,[33] and inscriptions identifying it as the cemetery of the Deme of Euonymos.[34] Together, these findings conclusively position the center and extent of the classical Deme of Euonymos as a continuation of the early Euonymeia settlements.[6]

The Deme of Euonymos was designated as one of the

Strategoi Autocles and Anytus, the latter also known as a main prosecutor in the trial of Socrates.[36]

1814 map of Scottish cartographer John Thomson, indicating the village of Traconi in Ottoman Attica

Medieval

Euonymeia declined in medieval times together with Athens after

Paleochristian Basilica of the Holy Apostles (ca. 7th-9th centuries CE) that can be found 200 metres (660 ft) North of Euonymos Theater in the courtyard of the contemporary Church of the Life-giving Spring of Trachones.[37]

During the later Middle Ages, Athens was conquered by the

Roman Catholic allegiance to the Frankish lord of Athens Othon de la Roche, the Orthodox church of the "Presentation of Mary of Trachones" (Greek: Εισοδίων Θεοτόκου Τραχώνων, Isodíon Theotókou Trachónon) was constructed 300 metres (980 ft) West of the Euonymos Theater. This church is currently in operation within the grounds of the Geroulanou Estate, making it one of the oldest continuously operational churches in Athens.[38]

After the invasion of Greece by the

feudal system, with the local population becoming mandatory land peasants (koligoi). The church of the Presentation of Mary appears to remain the center of the area's civic life in the following centuries of Ottoman rule.[38]

19th and 20th centuries

Modern written use of the

Hellenicon Airport.[40] This led to a rapid urbanization following the expanding urban sprawl of the Greek capital,[41] and to the establishment of the current residential community. In 1968 the modern Municipality of Alimos was established, administratively linking the community of Trachones with the coastal community of Kalamaki 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) to the West, giving rise to the term Ano Kalamaki (upper Kalamaki) to refer to the area of Euonymeia.[42]

Geography

The neighborhood is approximately bounded by the avenues of Vouliagmenis in the East, Ionias in the North and West, and Alimou in the South, and includes the "Alimos" Metro station.[43] The area is rocky, a feature that gave it its medieval name, Trachones. The main physical features of Euonymeia are several small limestone hills, the largest of which is Pan's Hill (Lofos Pani), and the Trachones stream that runs from the Western slopes of Hemyttus, through Euonymeia, to the Saronic Gulf at Alimos beach. Mount Hymettus to the East is the dominant backdrop visible from most areas of the neighborhood.[44]

Mount Hymettus viewed from the Trachones Stream near the grounds of the 2nd Lyceum of Alimos
in Euonymeia

Civic life

Euonymeia is largely a residential area, with small shops and businesses along Ionias and Dodecanesou avenues. The central public space of the community stretches along the path of the Trachones stream, most of which now runs underground.

References

  1. ^ Stephanus Byzantinus (1849). Ethnica quae supersunt ex recensione Augusti Meinekii. - Berolini, Reimerus 1849 (in Greek). Berlin: Reimerus. p. 288. Ευωνύμεια πόλις Καρίας. το έθνικόν Ευωνυμεύς. ἔστι καὶ δημος Ἀθηναίων. από Ευωνύμου τοῦ Γης καὶ Ουρανοϋ ή Κηφισοῦ. 6 δημότης Ευωνυμεύς. τα τοπικά ἐξ Ευωνυμέων [είς Ευωνυμέων ἐν Ευωνυμέων] λέγεται καὶ ὁ δημος Ευώνυμος. (English: Euonymeia city in Caria. Ethnic is Euonymeus. Is also a Deme of Athens. Derives from Euonymos of Gaia and Uranus or Kephesus. Residents of the deme are Euonymeians… the Deme is also called Euonymos.)
  2. ^ a b c d "Euonymeia or Euonymon" Ευωνύμεια ή Ευώνυμον. Helios New Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Greek) (2nd ed.). Athens, Greece: Εγκυκλοπαιδική Επιθεώρησις 'Ηλιος. 1960. Ευωνύμεια ή Ευώνυμον: Δήμος της αρχαίας Αττικής ανήκων εις την Ερεχθηΐδα φυλήν, κείμενος δε περί το χωρίον Τράχωνες από της θέσεως "Καρά" μέχρι της θέσεως "Γυρισμός" του Υμηττού και Αγίας Παρασκευής "Χασάνι". Κατά τινα γνώμην το νυν κτήμα Γερουλάνου εις Τράχωνες περιλαμβάνει την ακρόπολιν των Ευωνυμέων, εξ ής σώζονται ίχνη τειχών του 8ου-7ου π.Χ. αιώνος. Γειτονικοί προς τους Ευωνυμείς δήμοι ήσαν ο Αλιμούς και Αιξωνή. (English: Euonymeia or Euonymon: Deme of ancient Attica belonging to the Erechtheis tribe, situated in the vicinity of the village Trachones from the location "Kara", to the location "Gyrismos" of Hymettus, and "Hasani" of Aghia Paraskevi. By most accounts the current Geroulanou Estate in Trachones contains the acropolis of Euonymon, as there remain ruins of fortifications of the 8th-7th centuries BCE. Neighboring Demes to Euonymon are those of Alimos and Aexoni.)
  3. ^ .
  4. ^ a b 2nd Lyceum of Alimos (2012-03-10). Kalamatianou, Flora (ed.). "Alimos - Βυζάντιο και Τουρκοκρατία" [Alimos - Byzantium and Turkocracy]. Local History and Society of Alimos (in Greek). Wikispaces by TES. Retrieved 2015-09-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Karanikolas, Dimitris. "Istoriká stoicheía gia ton Álimo kai ton Lópho Troumpári" Ιστορικά στοιχεία για τον Άλιμο και τον Λόφο Τρουμπάρι [Historical facts on the Municipality of Alimos and Troubari Hill; Troubari Hill]. Troumpari Hill (in Greek). wordpress. Retrieved 2015-09-19.
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  13. ^ Geroulanos, Ioannes (1956). "Archaiologika euremata Trachonon". Archaiologike Ephemeris (in Greek): 73–105.
  14. ^ "Kontopigado". Archeology & Arts. 2014-11-18. Retrieved 2015-01-23.
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  16. ^ "Place Key Report". Helladic.info. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
  17. ^ Psarri, S. "40 "Alimos" Metro Station" (PDF). In Krevvata, Vasiliki (ed.). Navigating the Routes of Art and Culture. Vol. Part II – Suburbs. Athens, Greece: Hellenic Ministry Of Culture And Sports Archaeological Receipts Fund - Publications Department. p. 50. Retrieved 2015-08-23.
  18. ^ Kaza-Papageorgiou, Konstantina; Kardamaki, Elina; Koutis, Panayiotis; Markopoulou, Efthymia; Mouka, Nektaria (2011). "Kontopḗgado Alímou Attikḗs. Oikismós tēs PE kai YE chrónōn kai YE ergastēriakḗ enkatástasē" Κοντοπήγαδο Αλίμου Αττικής. Οικισμός της ΠΕ και ΥΕ χρόνων και ΥΕ εργαστηριακή εγκατάσταση [Kontopigado of Alimos of Attica. Settlement of EH and LH periods and LH workshop installations]. Archaiologike Ephemeris (in Greek). 150: 197–274. Archived from the original on 2015-09-27. Retrieved 2015-01-16.
  19. ^ a b c Gilstrap, William; Day, Peter; Kaza, Konstantina; Kardamaki, Elina (2013-05-09). Pottery Production at the Late Mycenaean site of Alimos, Attica. Materials and Industries in the Mycenaean World: Current Approaches to the Study of Materials and Industries in Prehistoric Greece, University of Nottingham, 9–10 May 2013 (PDF). Nottingham, UK. pp. 13–14. Recent excavations at the site of Kontopigado in Alimos, Attica have uncovered a craft production site on a grand scale, five km from the Mycenaean settlement around the Acropolis of Athens. Dating to the end of the Mycenaean period in Attica, Late Helladic IIIB to Late Helladic IIIC early, the industrial installation at Alimos is one of the largest of its kind.
  20. ^ Homer (1876). The Iliad. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott & Company. Retrieved 2015-09-26.
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  24. ^ Touchais, Gilles (1977). "Chronique des fouilles et découvertes archéologiques en Grèce en 1976" [Chronicle of archaeological excavations and discoveries in Greece in 1976]. Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique (in French). 101: 531.
  25. ^ Pleket, H.W.; Stroud, R.S. (1982). "Euonymos (Trachones). Inscribed seat block from the theatre". Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum. 32: 272.
  26. ^ Mylonas, G.E. (1980). "Trachones, Attikis" Τράχωνες, Αττικής. Ergon (in Greek): 24–25.
  27. ^ Mylonas, G.E. (1981). "Trachones" Τράχωνες. Ergon (in Greek): 44–45.
  28. ^ Psarri, S. "41 Ancient Theater of Evonymon" (PDF). In Krevvata, Vasiliki (ed.). Navigating the Routes of Art and Culture. Vol. Part II – Suburbs. Athens, Greece: Hellenic Ministry Of Culture And Sports Archaeological Receipts Fund. p. 51. Retrieved 2015-08-23.
  29. S2CID 151965994
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  30. from the original on 2023-09-08.
  31. ISBN 978-3-7861-2737-6. Archived from the original on 2016-05-08. Retrieved 2016-05-03. Among the finds from the fills the fragments of unique or very rare figurine types and figures deserve special attention. Anthropomorphic and zoomorphic figures represent objects that are primarily connected with official cult activities, and their presence would suggest the existence of one or more cult places in the direct vicinity of the installation. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help
    )
  32. ^ Αρχαίος δρόμος στην παραλία του Μεγάλου Καβουριού [Ancient road along the coast of Megalo Kavouri]. to Vima (in Greek). Athens, Greece: Lambrakis Press Group. 2015-07-20. Retrieved 2015-09-28. ... "Αστική Οδό" που συνέδεε την Αθήνα με το Σούνιο. Η κεντρική αυτή αρτηρία των παράλιων δήμων Αλιμούντος, Ευωνύμου, Αιξωνής και Αιξωνίδων Αλών έχει ανασκαφεί τμηματικά. (English: "Urban Way" that connected Athens with Sounion. This central artery of the seaside Demes of Alimos, Euonymon, Aexoni, and Aexonidon Alon has been excavated in segments)
  33. ^ "Οι αρχαιολογικοί θησαυροί του Ελληνικού" [The archeological treasures of Elliniko]. Kathimerini (in Greek). Athens, Greece: Giannis Alafouzos. 2003-08-24. Retrieved 2015-09-28.
  34. ^ Psarri, S. "42 "Argyroupoli" Metro Station" (PDF). In Krevvata, Vasiliki (ed.). Navigating the Routes of Art and Culture. Vol. Part II – Suburbs. Athens, Greece: Hellenic Ministry Of Culture And Sports Archaeological Receipts Fund - Publications Department. p. 53. Retrieved 2015-08-23.
  35. ^ Wiles, David, Tragedy in Athens: Performance Space and Theatrical Meaning
  36. .
  37. ^ "Τα αρχαία που υπάρχουν στην αυλή του Ιερού Ναού της Ζωοδόχου Πηγής" [The ruins of the courtyard of the holy temple of the Life-giving Spring]. Alimos Online (in Greek). 2015-04-20. Retrieved 2015-09-26.
  38. ^ a b Εισόδια Θεοτόκου- Κτήμα Τράχωνες: ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑ ΤΟΥ ΝΑΟΥ (in Greek). Retrieved 2015-08-22.
  39. ^ Thomson, John (1817). Attica. Turkish dominions in Europe. E. Mitchell sculpt. Drawn and engraved for Thomson's New general atlas, 1815 (Map). 30. Greece ; Turkey: Edinburgh: John Thomson; London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy; Dublin: John Cumming. p. 25. Retrieved 2015-08-22.
  40. ^ Εισόδια Θεοτόκου- Κτήμα Τράχωνες: ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑ ΤΟΥ ΚΤΗΜΑΤΟΣ ΤΡΑΧΩΝΩΝ (in Greek). Retrieved 2015-08-22.
  41. .
  42. ^ "Government Gazette, Issue 1, Volume 163" Εφημερίς της Κυβερνήσεως. Government Gazette (Greece) (in Greek). 163 (a): 1162. 1968-07-24. Αι Κοινότητες Ελληνικού και Καλαμακίου εν τη Επαρχία και τω Νομώ Αττικής ενουνται και αναγνωρίζονται εις δήμον υπό το όνομα "Δήμος Αλίμου" με περιφέρειαν την των κοινοτήτων τούτων και έδραν τον συνοικισμόν "Καλαμάκιον". (English: The communities of Hellenikon and Kalamakion in the province and prefecture of Attica are merged and recognized as a municipality under the name "Municipality of Alimos" with the extent of these communities and seat in the community of "Kalamakion".)
  43. ^ "Google Maps Places: Trachones, Alimos, Greece" (Map). Google Maps Trachones (map data 2015 Google ed.). Mountain View, CA: Google Maps. Trachones inset. Retrieved 2015-09-26.
  44. ^ a b 2nd Lyceum of Alimos (2012-04-23). Kalamatianou, Flora (ed.). "Alimos - Εξωτερικοί χώροι" [Alimos - Outdoor spaces]. Local History and Society of Alimos (in Greek). Wikispaces by TES. Retrieved 2015-09-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  45. ^ ""Λίφτινγκ" στα γήπεδα μπάσκετ του Αλίμου" ["Face lift" for the basketball courts of Alimos]. Alimos.gov.gr - Current Events - Athletics (Press release) (in Greek). Alimos, Greece: Municipality of Alimos. Alimos.gov.gr. 2015-09-17. Retrieved 2015-09-26.
  46. ^ Δημοτικός Χάρτης Αλίμου [Municipal Map of Alimos] (PDF) (Map) (2003 Municipal Archives ed.) (in Greek). Alimos, Greece: Municipality of Alimos. 2003-12-03. Trachones inset. Retrieved 2015-09-26.
  47. ^ "ΕΠΣ Αθηνών: Γήπεδο Τραχώνων Αλίμου Α΄" [Football Club Union of Athens: Trachones Field of Alimos A']. Football Club Union of Athens: Stadiums (in Greek). Athens: Ένωση Ποδοσφαιρικών Σωματείων Αθηνών. Retrieved 2015-09-26.
  48. ^ "Greece - Athlitikos Omilos Trachones Alimos - Results, fixtures, squad, statistics, photos, videos and news - Soccerway". Retrieved 2015-09-26.

External links