Euphrates softshell turtle

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Euphrates softshell turtle
CITES Appendix II (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Testudines
Suborder: Cryptodira
Family: Trionychidae
Genus: Rafetus
Species:
R. euphraticus
Binomial name
Rafetus euphraticus
(Daudin, 1801)
Synonyms[3]
  • Testudo euphratica Daudin, 1801
  • Testudo rafcht Olivier, 1807
  • Trionyx euphraticus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1809
  • Testudo rascht
    ex errore
    )
  • Gymnopus euphraticus Duméril & Bibron, 1835
  • Tyrse rafeht Gray, 1844 (ex errore)
  • Trionyx rafeht Gray, 1856
  • Rafetus euphraticus Gray, 1864
  • Pelodiscus euphraticus Baur, 1893
  • Amyda euphratica Hay, 1904
  • Tyrse euphratica Hay, 1904
  • Trionix euphracticus Richard, 1999 (ex errore)
Rafetus euphraticus

The Euphrates softshell turtle (Rafetus euphraticus), also known as the Mesopotamian softshell turtle,

Trionyx triunguis (the two typically require in-hand examination to be separated).[5]

The Euphrates softshell turtle is an endangered species that primarily is threatened by habitat loss and alteration, especially the building of dams,[5] but to lesser extent also pollution and killing by fishermen.[6]

History

foot-long specimen in June 1797 when crossing the Euphrates near Anah[7]

The Euphrates softshell turtle became known to western science when the French naturalist Guillaume-Antoine Olivier shot a specimen while crossing the Euphrates near Anah in June 1797.[7] The local residents told him that the meat of this animal was not good to eat, but its fat was considered an excellent medication for a variety of skin diseases. Olivier named the species Testudo rafcht, because, as he said "the Arabs called it rafcht".[8]

Olivier's book did not explain what the name meant in

Arabic; however a number of modern Arabic web pages say that the turtle is known locally as al-rafš (الرفش), which is translated in standard dictionaries as "the spade" or "the shovel", and perhaps refers to the shape of the creature's carapace.[9] Olivier passed the information about the creature to François Marie Daudin, who described it in his Histoire des reptiles (1801).[8][10]

Later naturalists apparently often misread Olivier's rafcht as rafeht.[11] The name Rafetus euphraticus, and the genus Rafetus itself, were proposed by John Edward Gray in 1864, who mentions in his work that the species had been variously known as Trionyx euphraticus, Testudo euphraticus, Trionyx rafeht, Tyrse rafeht, or Testudo rafeht.[12]

Appearance

This freshwater turtle can weigh up to 20 kg (44 lb),[4] and it has a smooth leathery shell that can reach up to 68 cm (2.2 ft) in length.[5] The sexes are apparently alike in size and general appearance.[5] The upperparts are typically dull olive in colour, sometimes with an indistinct spotted pattern, especially on the head.[5] There are some minor variations in the colour pattern,[4] and rarely individuals may be dark brown or even black above.[5]

Habitat

The Euphrates softshell turtle has been found in a wide range of freshwater habitats such as rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, reservoirs and marshlands.

Tigris River with a slower flow, it occurs even in the main stem.[5] They bask on or at the banks of rivers, with some remaining in shallow water to avoid being on land.[4] They sometimes bury themselves into the bottom.[4]

Behaviour

The Euphrates softshell turtle is mainly active during the day, but some night-activity also occurs.[5] In parts of its range it is infrequently seen during the winter, likely due to the lower temperature.[5][13]

Feeding

Little is known about its feeding preference, but the species has generally been considered a carnivore. It is sometimes seen feeding on carcasses, is easily attracted by lowering a nylon bag filled with lamb blood into the water and fishermen often complain about it taking fish from their nets.[5] However, it has also been caught on lines baited with watermelon, an individual defecated a partially digested tomato and local farmers claim their crops sometimes are eaten by the species.[5] A fecal analysis of 30 individuals mostly revealed remains of crabs and plants, but also insects, birds, fish, river-bed material and debris, leading to the conclusion that the Euphrates softshell turtle is an opportunistic omnivore.[5]

Breeding

Nesting in this species is seasonal, but exact timing depends on the region.[13] The nest is dug by the female in a bank of a river and it can be up to 50 cm (1.6 ft) deep.[14] The site can be bare sand or a sand-soil mix with vegetation.[13] In one case a nest was placed about 4.1 m (13 ft) from the water's edge, in a sand bank with an incline of almost 15°.[14] Each nest can contain up to 32 eggs.[14] The eggs are white,[14] and have a diameter of 2.3–3.0 cm (0.9–1.2 in).[13] When hatching the young have a carapace length of 3.9–5.5 cm (1.5–2.2 in).[5] In some regions a female may nest twice in a season.[5] Adults and sub-adults often have claw or bite marks, indicating frequent aggression between individuals.[5]

Endangered status

The Euphrates softshell turtle is an

Khuzestan Province.[5]

References

  1. ^
    doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T19070A1956551.en
    . Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ISSN 1864-5755. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 2011-05-01. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Mobaraki, A.; A. Mola (2011). "Mesopotamian soft shell turtle (Rafetus euphraticus), the strangest turtle of the Middle East" (PDF). Wildlife Middle East Newsletter. 5 (4): 6.
  5. ^
    S2CID 244893991
    .
  6. ^
    S2CID 86464224.[permanent dead link
    ]
  7. ^ a b Voyageurs et explorateurs provençaux, By Henri Barré, Michel Clerc, Paul Gaffarel, G. de Laget, H. Pellissier, Raymond Teisseire. Page 133.
  8. ^ a b Olivier, Guillaume-Antoine (1807), Voyage dans l'Empire othoman, l'Égypte et la Perse: fait par ordre du Gouvernement..., vol. 6, H. Agasse, an 9 (1801 )-1807, pp. 325–328. See also plate 41 in the accompanying atlas Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine. As Olivier wrote in French, his ch more or less corresponds to the English sh, or to š used in the standard transcription of the Arabic.
  9. ^ E.g., the leaflet سلحفاة الفرات طريّة الترس Rafetus euphraticu، أغرب سلاحف الماء الحلو في الشرق الأوسط from the WME News web site, which also has an English version, Mesopotamian softshell turtle (Rafetus euphraticus), the strangest fresh water turtle of the Middle East. Al-rafš(الرفش) is also contained in a number of web page found by a Google search on "سلحفاة الفرات", which is the Arabic for "Euphrates Turtle" (as seen in the above WME leaflet).
  10. ^ Daudin, François Marie; Sonnini, Charles S. (1801), Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière des reptiles: ouvrage faisant suite à l'histoire naturelle générale et particulieère, composée par Leclerc de Buffon, et rédigée par C. S. Sonnini, membre de plusieurs sociétés savantes, vol. 2, Dufart, pp. 305–308
  11. ^ "Rafetus euphraticus" in: UWE FRITZ and PETER HAVAŠ, Checklist of Chelonians of the World Archived 2011-06-23 at the Wayback Machine, pp. 181-182. "Tyrse rafeht Gray (ex errore pro Testudo rafcht Olivier, 1807", etc.)
  12. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
    : 76–98.
  13. ^
    ISBN 9789384468361
    .
  14. ^ a b c d e Biricik, M.; Turğa, S. (2011). "Description of an Euphrates Softshell Turtle (Rafetus euphraticus) nest from the Tigris River (SE Turkey)". Salamandra. 47 (2): 99–102.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Euphrates_softshell_turtle&oldid=1179660457"