Eurasian lynx
Eurasian lynx | |
---|---|
Lynx in the Bavarian Forest National Park, Germany | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Mammalia |
Order: | Carnivora |
Suborder: | Feliformia |
Family: | Felidae |
Subfamily: | Felinae |
Genus: | Lynx |
Species: | L. lynx[1]
|
Binomial name | |
Lynx lynx[1] | |
Distribution of Eurasian lynx, 2015[2] | |
Synonyms | |
|
The Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) is one of the four
Taxonomy
Felis lynx was the
Subspecies | Distribution | Image |
---|---|---|
Northern lynx (L. l. lynx) (Linnaeus, 1758)[1] | Yenisei river.[2]
|
|
Turkestan lynx (L. l. isabellinus) Blyth, 1847 | Widespread from west in Central Asia, from South Asia to China and Mongolia. | |
Caucasian lynx (L. l. dinniki) Satunin, 1915 | Caucasus, Iran, Turkey, and European Russia. | |
Ognew , 1928
|
Yenisei River .
|
|
Balkan lynx (L. l. balcanicus) Bures, 1941 | Eastern Serbia and western North Macedonia, with smaller populations in Montenegro[6][7] and Albania.[8] | |
Carpathian lynx (L. l. carpathicus) Kratochvil & Stollmann, 1963 | . |
The following were also proposed, but are not considered valid taxa:[5]
- Altai lynx (L. l. wardi) Lydekker, 1904
- Baikal lynx (L. l. kozlovi) Fetisov, 1950
- Amur lynx (L. l. stroganovi) Heptner, 1969
- Sardinian lynx(L. l. sardiniae) Mola, 1908
Characteristics
The Eurasian lynx has a relatively short, reddish or brown coat that is marked with black spots; their number and pattern are highly variable. The underparts, neck and chin are whitish. The fur is more brightly coloured with more numerous spots in animals living at the southern end of its range. In winter, it is much thicker and varies from silver-grey to greyish brown. Some animals have dark brown stripes on the forehead and back. It has powerful, relatively long legs, with large webbed and furred paws that act like snowshoes. It also has a short "bobbed" tail with an all-black tip, black tufts of hair on its ears, and a long grey-and-white ruff.[9]
It is the largest of the four lynx species, ranging in body length from 76–106 cm (30–42 in) in males; 73–99 cm (29–39 in) in females; and standing 55–75 cm (22–30 in) at the shoulder. The tail is 11–24.5 cm (4.3–9.6 in) long, constituting a total length of up to 130 cm (51 in) in the largest males.[10][9] Weights of both sexes in Russia range from 12 to 32 kg (26 to 71 lb), but more than 30 kg (66 lb) is attained very rarely and is possibly exaggerated.[10][11] A Eurasian lynx from the Altai Mountains weighed 35 kg (77 lb).[10][12] Those inhabiting Fennoscandia and westwards are considerably smaller, with a range of just 7–26 kg (15–57 lb), though individuals in the Carpathian Mountains may rival those in the Altai in size.[13]
Distribution and habitat
The Eurasian lynx inhabits rugged country providing plenty of hideouts and stalking opportunities. Depending on the locality, this may include rocky-steppe, mixed forest-steppe,
Europe
The Eurasian lynx was once widespread throughout most of continental Europe. By the early 19th century, it was persecuted to local extinction in western and southern European lowlands, but survived only in mountainous areas and Scandinavian forests. By the 1950s, it had become extinct in most of Western and Central Europe, where only scattered and isolated populations exist today.[13]
Fennoscandia
The Eurasian lynx was close to extinction in Scandinavia in the 1930s. Since the 1950s, the population slowly recovered and forms three subpopulations in northern, central and southern Scandinavia.[14] In Norway, the Eurasian lynx was subjected to an official bounty between 1846 and 1980 and could be hunted without license. In 1994, a compensation scheme for livestock killed by lynx was introduced. By 1996, the lynx population was estimated to comprise 410 Individuals, decreased to less than 260 individuals in 2004 and increased since 2005 to about 452 mature individuals by 2008.[15]
In Sweden, the lynx population was estimated at 1,400 individuals in 2006 and 1,250 in 2011. Hunting is controlled by government agencies.[16] In Finland, about 2,200–2,300 individuals were present according to a 2009 estimate.[17] The lynx population in Finland has been increasing every year since 1991, and is estimated to be nowadays larger than ever before. Limited hunting is permitted. In 2009 the Finnish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry gave a permit for hunting of 340 lynx individuals.[18]
Western Europe
In
A large lynx that hunted deer and livestock, sometimes called "
In
In Switzerland, the Eurasian lynx was exterminated in the early 20th century, with the last confirmed sighting around Simplon pass in 1904. From 1971 on, Carpathian lynx were reintroduced in the Alps and the Jura Mountains.[32] Since then, the population has grown slowly but steadily. In 2019, around 250 lynx were reportedly living in Switzerland, roughly a third of them in the Jura Mountains, and the rest roaming the Alps and Pre-Alps.[33]
The Eurasian lynx was exterminated in the
In
In the Netherlands, lynxes have been sighted sporadically since 1985 in the country's southern part.[37] Since 2020, the presence of lynxes has been confirmed by camera trapping in the Ardennes region in southern Belgium, proving the presence of the species following more than 25 years of unconfirmed sightings in the region.[38]
Central and Eastern Europe
- Balkan peninsula: The Balkan lynx subspecies is found in Croatia, Montenegro, Albania, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Bulgaria and possibly Greece.[39][need quotation to verify] They can be found in remote mountainous regions of the Balkans, with the largest numbers in remote hills of western North Macedonia, eastern Albania and northern Albania. The Balkan lynx is considered a national symbol of North Macedonia,[40] and it is depicted on the reverse of the Macedonian 5 denars coin, issued in 1993.[41] The name of Lynkestis, a Macedonian tribe, is translated as "Land of the Lynx". It has been on the brink of extinction for nearly 100 years. Numbers are estimated to be around 100, and the decline is due to illegal poaching.[42][43]
- Carpathian Mountains: About 2,800 Eurasian lynx live in the mountain range, split between the Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine and Hungary.[44] It is the largest contiguous Eurasian lynx population west of the Russian border.
- Gorski kotar and Velebit, spanning the Dinaric Alps and over the Dinara Mountains into western Bosnia and Herzegovina. The lynx has been also spotted in the Julian Alps and elsewhere in western Slovenia, but the A1 motorway presents a significant hindrance to the development of the population there.[47] Croatia's Plitvice Lakes National Park is home to several pairs of the lynx. In the three countries, the Eurasian lynx is listed as an endangered species and protected by law. Realistic population estimates are 40 lynx in Slovenia, 40–60 in Croatia, and more than 50 in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Croatian massif Risnjak in Risnjak National Park got its name from the Croatian word for the lynx, ris.[citation needed]
- Belarus: the most recent data from the national parks, reserves, and hunting grounds demonstrate the number of lynxes in Belarus to be in the range of 550 to 600 animals.[citation needed]
- Bulgaria: the animal was declared extinct in Bulgaria in 1985, but sightings continued well into the 1990s. In 2006 an audio recording of a lynx mating call was made in the Strandzha mountain range in the southeast. Two years later an ear-marked individual was accidentally shot near Belogradchik in the northwest, and a few months later a mounted trap camera caught a glimpse of another individual. Further camera records followed in Osogovo and Strandzha, confirming that the species has returned to the country. A thorough examination on the subject is yet to be made available.
- Czech Republic: In Šumavaarea. In early 2006, the population of lynx in the Czech Republic was estimated at 65–105 individuals. Hunting is prohibited, but the lynx is often threatened by poachers.
- Estonia: There are 900 individuals in Estonia according to a 2001 estimate.[48] Although 180 lynx were legally hunted in Estonia in 2010, the country still has the highest known density of the species in Europe.[49]
- Hungary: The population is estimated at 10-12 animals, in the northern mountain ranges of the country close to Slovakia.[citation needed]
- Latvia: According to a 2005 estimate, about 700 animals inhabit areas in Courland and Vidzeme.[50]
- Lithuania: The population is estimated at 80–100 animals.[51]
- Poland: In its Environment and Environmental Protection Section, the 2011 Central Statistical Office Report puts the number of Eurasian lynxes observed in the wild in Poland as of 2010 at approximately 285.Karkonosze Mountains, though they still remain rare in those areas. A successfully reintroduced population of lynxes has also been living in the Kampinos National Park since the 1990s.[citation needed]
- Slovakia: the Eurasian lynx inhabits deciduous, coniferous and mixed forests at elevations of 180–1,592 m (591–5,223 ft), mostly in national parks and other protected areas; its presence has been positively confirmed in more than half of Slovak territory (2012).[53] In terms of absolute numbers though in Štiavnica Mountains and Veľká Fatra National Park, surveys during 2011 to 2014 revealed that less than 30 individuals were present in these protected areas, with anthropic disturbances, poaching and insufficient counting methods used by forestry cited as the main causes of the unreliable population figures.[54]
- Romania: over 2,000 Eurasian lynx live in Romania, including most of the Carpathian population. However, some experts consider these official population numbers to be overestimated.[55] Limited hunting is permitted but the population is stable.
- Russia: As of 2013[update], the Russian lynx population was estimated as comprising 22,510 individuals, of which about 9,000 were found in European Russia.[2] The populations were assessed as stable in some regions, but decreasing in others.[2]
- Ukraine: The Eurasian lynx is native to forested areas of the country. Before the 19th century it was common also in the forest steppe zone. Nowadays, the most significant populations remain in the Carpathian mountains and across the forests of Polesia. The population is estimated as 80–90 animals for the Polesia region and 350–400 for the forests of the Carpathians.[56]
Asia
Anatolia and Caucasus
In the Anatolian part of Turkey, the Eurasian lynx is present in the Lesser Caucasus, Kaçkar Mountains and Artvin Province.[57][58] In Ciglikara Nature Reserve located in the Taurus Mountains, 15 individuals were identified.[59] More than 50 individuals were identified and monitored at a forest-steppe mixed ecosystem in northwestern Anatolia by camera traps, genetic material and radiotelemetry between 2009 and 2019.[60][61] In Kars Province, a breeding population occurs in Sarıkamış-Allahuekber Mountains National Park.[62] The Eurasian lynx and grey wolf can occur sympatrically, as they occupy different trophic niches.[63][64]
Central Asia
In
In northern Pakistan, the Eurasian lynx was recorded at elevations of 1,067–5,000 m (3,501–16,404 ft) in Chitral District.[65][66] In India: Ladakh,[67] Himachal Pradesh and most other Himalayan states.
In Nepal, a Eurasian lynx was sighted in the western Dhaulagiri massif in 1975.[68] It is also present above elevations of 3,800 m (12,500 ft) in Humla, Mustang and Dolpa Districts.[69]
East Asia
Fossils of the Eurasian or a closely related Lynx species from the Late Pleistocene era and onward were excavated at various locations in the Japanese archipelago. Since no archaeological evidence after the Yayoi period was found, it was probably eradicated during the Jōmon period.[70]
Behaviour and ecology
Behavior
Although they may hunt during the day when food is scarce, the Eurasian lynx is mainly
Diet and hunting
The Eurasian lynx is an ambush predator but also hunts by stalking, sneaking and jumping on prey using both vision and hearing. When snow conditions make this harder, it may be forced to switch to larger prey. It often climbs onto high rocks or fallen trees to scan the surrounding area. It is a powerful predator that has killed adult deer weighing at least 150 kg (330 lb).[72]
Eurasian lynx in Europe prey largely on small to fairly large sized mammals and birds. Among the recorded prey items for the species are
In Estonia, a typical adult lynx kills about 60 roe deer a year; in the years when the roe deer population plummets, the lynx switch to beavers, hares, foxes, raccoon dogs, and birds.
In the Mediterranean mixed forest-steppe and subalpine ecosystems of
Reproduction
The mating season of the Eurasian lynx lasts from January to April. The female typically comes into
Females usually have two kittens; litters with more than three kittens are rare.[82][83][84]
Predator dynamics
The primary predators of the lynx are the
However, there is also a reported instance of a male lynx having expelled an adult and apparently healthy male wolf in Belarus in a fight. After the incident, the wolf vanished from the record, suggesting that it might have succumbed to the wounds sustained during the fight. Moreover, recent population dynamics and a high mortality rate among wolf cubs in the Naliboki forest might be connected to an increasing lynx population. All in all, this suggests that, at least locally, lynx may dominate wolves, since no signs for predation of wolves on lynx was found.[85] In the Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve in Russia, wolverine predation and consumption of lynx has been documented, and in the Altai Mountains, the lynx actively avoids wolverines.[12]
The gray wolf, wolverine, as well as the
In two ecosystems of Anatolia,
Conservation
The Eurasian lynx is included on
See also
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Further reading
- Deksne, G.; Laakkonen, J.; Näreaho, A.; Jokelainen, P.; Holmala, K.; Kojola, I.; Sukura, A. (2013). "Endoparasites of the Eurasian Lynx (Lynx lynx) in Finland". Journal of Parasitology. 99 (2): 229–234. S2CID 4761342.
- Jokelainen, Pikka; Deksne, Gunita; Holmala, Katja; Naäreaho, Anu; Laakkonen, Juha; Kojola, Ilpo; Sukura, Antti (2013). "Free-ranging Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) as host of Toxoplasma gondii in Finland". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 49 (3): 527–534. S2CID 21910854.
- Lavikainen, A.; Haukisalmi, V.; Deksne, G.; Holmala, K.; Lejeune, M.; Isomursu, M.; Jokelainen, P.; Näreaho, A.; Laakkonen, J.; Hoberg, E. P.; Sukura, A. (2013). "Molecular identification of Taenia spp. in the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) from Finland". Parasitology. 140 (5): 653–662. S2CID 43152474.
- Zlatanova, D.; Racheva, V.; Peshev, D.; Gavrilov, G. (2009). "First Hard Evidence of Lynx (Lynx Lynx L.) Presence in Bulgaria". Biotechnology and Biotechnological Equipment. 23: 184–187. S2CID 83537184.
External links
- Mueenuddin, N. (2020). Himalayan Lynx Filmed Hunting Markhor in Pakistan for First Time (Motion picture). WWF Pakistan. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021.
- IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. "Eurasian lynx".
- "The Balkan Lynx Compendium".
- "Eurasian Lynx Online Information System". Archived from the original on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
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