Europa (consort of Zeus)

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Europa (mythology)
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Europa
Sarpedon, Crete, Alagonia, Carnus

In

Attic Greek pronunciation: [eu̯.rɔ̌ː.pɛː]) was a Phoenician princess from Tyre, Lebanon and the mother of King Minos of Crete. The continent of Europe is named after her. The story of her abduction by Zeus in the form of a bull was a Cretan story; as classicist Károly Kerényi points out, "most of the love-stories concerning Zeus originated from more ancient tales describing his marriages with goddesses. This can especially be said of the story of Europa."[1]

Europa's earliest literary reference is in the Iliad, which is commonly dated to the 8th century BC.[2] Another early reference to her is in a fragment of the Hesiodic Catalogue of Women, discovered at Oxyrhynchus.[3] The earliest vase-painting securely identifiable as Europa dates from the mid-7th century BC.[4]

Etymology

Further information: Europe § Name
Proto-Indo-European religion.[7]

It is common in ancient Greek mythology and geography to identify lands or rivers with female figures. Thus, Europa is first used in a geographic context in the

Delian Apollo, in reference to the western shore of the Aegean Sea.[8]
As a name for a part of the known world, it is first used in the 6th century BC by Anaximander and Hecataeus.[9] The weakness of an etymology with εὐρύς (eurus), is 1. that the -u stem of εὐρύς disappears in Εὐρώπη Europa and 2. the expected form εὐρυώπη euruopē that retains the -u stem in fact exists.

An alternative suggestion due to Ernest Klein and Giovanni Semerano (1966) attempted to connect a Semitic term for "west", Akkadian erebu meaning "to go down, set" (in reference to the sun), Phoenician 'ereb "evening; west", which would parallel occident (the resemblance to Erebus, from PIE *h1regʷos, "darkness", is accidental, however). Barry (1999) adduces the word Ereb on an Assyrian stele with the meaning of "night", "[the country of] sunset", in opposition to Asu "[the country of] sunrise", i.e. Asia (Anatolia coming equally from Ἀνατολή, "(sun)rise", "east").[10] This proposal is mostly considered unlikely or untenable.[note 1][11][12]

Family

The birthplace of Europa, Tyre, Lebanon

Sources differ in details regarding Europa's family, but agree that she is

Asterion also rendered Asterius and became mother (or step-mother) of his daughter Crete. Pausanias wrote that the poet Praxilla makes Carnus a son of Europa.[18]

Comparative table of Europa's family
Relation Names Sources
Alcman Hom. Sch. Iliad Hes. Hella. Bacchy. Sch. Eurip Mosc Con Diod. Apollod. Hyg. Pau. Non.
Parentage Phoenix ✓[note 3] ✓ ✓ ✓[note 3] ✓ ✓
Phoenix and Cassiopeia ✓
Phoenix and Telephassa ✓
Phoenix and Telephe ✓
Phoenix and Perimede ✓
Agenor ✓
Agenor and Telephassa ✓
Agenor and Argiope ✓ ✓
Siblings Phineus ✓ ✓[note 4] ✓
Astypale ✓ ✓
Phoenice ✓
Peirus ✓
Cadmus ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Thasus ✓
Phoenix ✓
Cilix ✓
Adonis ✓
Consorts Zeus ✓ ✓ ✓
Asterius ✓
Children Minos ✓ ✓[note 5] ✓ ✓
Rhadamanthys ✓ ✓
Sarpedon ✓
Carnus ✓

Mythology

The Abduction of Europa by Rembrandt, 1632

The Dictionary of Classical Mythology explains that Zeus was enamoured of Europa and decided to seduce or rape her, the two being near-equivalent in Greek myth.

Jupiter for Zeus
.

The myth of Europa and Zeus may have its origin in a sacred union between the Phoenician deities

Asterios, this being also the name of the Minotaur and an epithet of Zeus, likely derived from the name `Aštar.[20]

According to Herodotus' rationalizing approach, Europa was kidnapped by Greeks (probably Cretans), who were seeking to avenge the kidnapping of Io, a princess from Argos. His variant story may have been an attempt to rationalize the earlier myth; or the present myth may be a garbled version of facts—the abduction of a Phoenician aristocrat—later enunciated without gloss by Herodotus.

Cult

Terracotta figurine from Athens, c. 460–480 BC

Astarte and Europa

In the territory of Phoenician

Lucian of Samosata (2nd century AD) was informed that the temple of Astarte
, whom Lucian equated with the moon goddess, was sacred to Europa:

There is likewise in Phœnicia a temple of great size owned by the Sidonians. They call it the temple of Astarte. I hold this Astarte to be no other than the moon-goddess. But according to the story of one of the priests this temple is sacred to Europa, the sister of Cadmus. She was the daughter of Agenor, and on her disappearance from Earth the Phœnicians honoured her with a temple and told a sacred legend about her; how that Zeus was enamoured of her for her beauty, and changing his form into that of a bull carried her off into Crete. This legend I heard from other Phœnicians as well; and the coinage current among the Sidonians bears upon it the effigy of Europa sitting upon a bull, none other than Zeus. Thus they do not agree that the temple in question is sacred to Europa.[13] [verification needed]

The paradox, as it seemed to Lucian, would be solved if Europa is Astarte in her guise as the full, "broad-faced" moon.

Interpretation

There were two competing myths

sacred bull, which had been worshipped in the Levant. In 2012, an archaeological mission of the British Museum led by Lebanese archaeologist, Claude Doumet-Serhal, discovered at the site of the old American school in Sidon, Lebanon currency that depicts Europa riding the bull with her veil flying all over like a bow, further proof of Europa's Phoenician origin.[22]

Europa does not seem to have been venerated directly in

Trophonios of Orchomenus, to whom a chthonic cult and oracle were dedicated: "the grove of Trophonios by the river Herkyna ... there is also a sanctuary of Demeter Europa ... the nurse of Trophonios."[23]

The festival of Hellotia in Crete was celebrated in honour of Europa.[24][25]

Argive genealogy

Argive genealogy in Greek mythology
InachusMelia
ZeusIoPhoroneus
EpaphusMemphis
LibyaPoseidon
BelusAchiroëAgenorTelephassa
DanausElephantisAegyptusCadmusCilixEuropaPhoenix
MantineusHypermnestraLynceusHarmoniaZeus
Polydorus
Agave
SarpedonRhadamanthus
Autonoë
EurydiceAcrisiusInoMinos
ZeusDanaëSemeleZeus
PerseusDionysus
Colour key:

  Male
  Female
  Deity

In art and literature

bull on a Greek vase. Tarquinia Museum, Italy
, c. 480 BCE
Scene of Zeus in the form of a bull abducting Europa from an Apulian red-figure dinos, dating c. 370 – c. 330 BCE, now held in the Eskenazi Museum of Art

Europa provided the substance of a brief

Hellenistic epic written in the mid-2nd century BCE by Moschus, a bucolic poet and friend of the Alexandrian grammarian Aristarchus of Samothrace, born at Syracuse.[note 9]

In

Metamorphoses Book II, the poet Ovid
wrote the following depiction of Jupiter's seduction:

And gradually she lost her fear, and he
Offered his breast for her virgin caresses,
His horns for her to wind with chains of flowers
Until the princess dared to mount his back
Her pet bull's back, unwitting whom she rode.
Then—slowly, slowly down the broad, dry beach—
First in the shallow waves the great god set
His spurious hooves, then sauntered further out
'til in the open sea he bore his prize
Fear filled her heart as, gazing back, she saw
The fast receding sands. Her right hand grasped
A horn, the other lent upon his back
Her fluttering tunic floated in the breeze.

His picturesque details belong to anecdote and fable: in all the depictions, whether she straddles the bull, as in archaic vase-paintings or the ruined metope fragment from

Sikyon
, or sits gracefully sidesaddle as in a mosaic from North Africa, there is no trace of fear. Often Europa steadies herself by touching one of the bull's horns, acquiescing.

Her tale is also mentioned in Nathaniel Hawthorne's Tanglewood Tales. Though his story titled "Dragon's teeth" is largely about Cadmus, it begins with an elaborate albeit toned down version of Europa's abduction by the beautiful bull.

The tale also features as the subject of a poem and film in the

Enderby (fictional character) sequence of novels by Anthony Burgess. She is remembered in De Mulieribus Claris, a collection of biographies of historical and mythological women by the Florentine author Giovanni Boccaccio, composed in 1361–62. It is notable as the first collection devoted exclusively to biographies of women in Western literature.[26]

Gallery

Namesakes

Europa and the bull, depicted as the continent's personification in Nova et accurata totius Europæ descriptio by Fredericus de Wit (1700)

Continent

Further information:
European symbols § Europa

The name

Balkan mountains.[27] Later, under the Roman Empire the name was given to a Thracian province. Thrace or Thraike in Greek mythology, was the sister of a water nymph named Europa.[28][circular reference] Europa was also a surname given to the earth mother goddess Demeter.[29]

It is derived from the Greek word Eurōpē (Εὐρώπη) in all Romance languages, Germanic languages, Slavic languages, Baltic languages, Celtic languages, Iranian languages, Uralic languages (Hungarian Európa, Finnish Eurooppa, Estonian Euroopa).

Europa depicted on the 2013 Europa Series of euro banknotes

Jürgen Fischer, in Oriens-Occidens-Europa[30] summarized how the name came into use, supplanting the oriens–occidens dichotomy of the later Roman Empire, which was expressive of a divided empire, Latin in the West, Greek in the East.

In the 8th century, ecclesiastical uses of "Europa" for the imperium of

Isidore Pacensis[31] in reference to the Battle of Tours
fought against Muslim forces.

The European Union has also used Europa as a symbol of pan-Europeanism, notably by naming its web portal after her and depicting her on the Greek €2 coin and on several gold and silver commemorative coins (e.g. the Belgian €10 European Expansion coin). Her name appeared on postage stamps celebrating the Council of Europe, which were first issued in 1956. The second series of euro banknotes is known as the Europa Series and bears her likeness in the watermark and hologram.

Europa, a moon of Jupiter

Chemical element

The metal europium, a rare-earth element, was named in 1901 after the continent.[32]

Moon of Jupiter

Further information: Europa (moon)

The invention of the

Galilean moons
was named after Europa.

Notes

  1. ISBN 0-19-815221-3
    ..
  2. ^ Kerenyi points out that these names are attributes of the moon, as is Europa's broad countenance.
  3. ^ a b Though Europa was unnamed in this text, she must be the daughter of Phoenix who coupled with Zeus.
  4. ^ Even though Phineus was called the son of Agenor according to Apollodorus, his mother may be different because only three sons (Cadmus, Phoenix and Cilix) were born to Agenor and Telephassa.
  5. ^ Unnamed but pertains to Minos who was king of Crete
  6. ISBN 0691029156. Pausanias
    rendered the name Asterion (2.31.1); in Bibliotheke (3.1.4) it is Asterion.
  7. ^ Herodotus, Histories I.1; the act is made out to be a revenge for the previous "kidnapping" of Io.
  8. S2CID 244492052
    .; I. E. S. Edwards, ed. The Cambridge Ancient History, plates to vols. V and VI 1970:illus. fig. 24.
  9. ^ The poem was published with voluminous notes and critical apparatus: Winfried Bühler, Die Europa des Moschos (Wiesbaden: Steiner) 1960.

References

  1. Kerenyi, Karl
    (1951). The Gods of the Greeks. Thames and Hudson. p. 108.
  2. ^ Pierre Vidal-Naquet, Le monde d'Homère, Perrin 2000:19; M.I. Finley, The World of Odysseus, (1954) 1978:16 gives "the years between 750 and 700 BC, or a bit later".
  3. ^ a b c Hesiodic papyrus fragments 19 and 19A Archived 2021-12-22 at the Wayback Machine of the Catalogue of Women, dating from the third century AD.
  4. ^ Walter Burkert, Greek Religion (1985) I.3.2, note 20, referring to Schefold, plate 11B. References in myth and art have been assembled by W. Bühler, Europa: eine Sammlung der Zeugnisse des Mythos in der antiken Litteratur und Kunst (1967).
  5. ^ εὐρύς Archived 2021-12-22 at the Wayback Machine, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
  6. ^ ὤψ Archived 2021-12-22 at the Wayback Machine, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
  7. ISBN 978-0-19-928075-9.. Compare also glaukōpis (γλαυκῶπις 'grey-eyed') Athena or boōpis (βοὠπις 'ox-eyed') Hera
    ).
  8. ^ Τελφοῦσ᾽, ἐνθάδε δὴ φρονέω περικαλλέα νηὸν / ἀνθρώπων τεῦξαι χρηστήριον, οἵτε μοι αἰεὶ ἐνθάδ᾽ ἀγινήσουσι τεληέσσας ἑκατόμβας, / ἠμὲν ὅσοι Πελοπόννησον πίειραν ἔχουσιν / ἠδ᾽ ὅσοι Εὐρώπην τε καὶ ἀμφιρύτας κατὰ νήσους "Telphusa, here I am minded to make a glorious temple, an oracle for men, and hither they will always bring perfect hecatombs, both those who live in rich Peloponnesus and those of Europe and all the wave-washed isles, coming to seek oracles." (verses 247–251, trans. Hugh G. Evelyn-White).
  9. ^ Histories 4.38. C.f. James Rennell, The geographical system of Herodotus examined and explained, Volume 1, Rivington 1830, p. 244
  10. ISBN 978-2-7103-0937-6
  11. JSTOR i222266
    .
  12. New International Encyclopedia
    (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
  13. ^ a b c "Europa (mythology)". Encarta. Microsoft Corporation. 2008.
  14. ^ Moschus, Europa (on-line text at Theoi Project Archived 2021-05-03 at the Wayback Machine).
  15. ^ Homer, Iliad, Book 14, line 321. Archived from the original on 2022-01-04. Retrieved 2022-01-04.
  16. ^ Scholia on Homer, Iliad B, 494, p. 80, 43 ed. Bekk. as cited in Hellanicus' Boeotica
  17. ^ Pseudo-Apollonius, Bibliotheke 3.1.1.
  18. ^ Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio 3.13.5
  19. OCLC 25246340
    .
  20. ISBN 978-0-19-159104-4. Archived
    from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  21. ^ Bibliotheke 3.1.1.
  22. ^ "The Designer: And if Europe was Sidonian?". Lorientjour.com. Archived from the original on 2013-05-25. Retrieved 2012-11-28.
  23. ^ Pausanias, Guide to Greece 9.39.2–5.
  24. archive.org
    .
  25. ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Ellotia
  26. ISBN 0-674-01130-9
    .
  27. ^ Strabo, Geography 8.1.1 Archived 2008-10-08 at the Wayback Machine.
  28. ^ "Thrace (Mythology)".
  29. ^ Pausanias, 9.39.4
  30. ^ Jürgen Fischer, Oriens–Occidens–Europa (Wiesbaden: Steiner) 1957.
  31. ^ David Levering Lewis, God's Crucible: Islam and the Making of Europe, 570 to 1215, New York: W. W. Norton, 2008.
  32. ^ "Periodic Table: Europium". Royal Society of Chemistry. Archived from the original on 2012-01-24. Retrieved 2021-11-05.

Further reading

Primary sources

  • Isidore, Etymologiae xiv.4.1
  • Herodotus, The Histories, Book 1.2
  • Eusebius, Chronicon, 47.7–10, 25, 53.16–17, 55.4–5
  • Metamorphoses
    , 862, translation by A.D. Melville (1986), p. 50
Metamorphoses
, ii.833-iii.2, vi.103–107

Secondary sources

  • Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheke
    , III, i, 1–2
  • Apollodorus, The Library of Greek Mythology (Oxford World's Classics), translated by Robin Hard, Oxford University Press, 1999.
    ISBN 0-19-283924-1
  • Graves, Robert, (1955) 1960. The Greek Myths
  • D'Europe à l'Europe, I. Le mythe d'Europe dans l'art et la culture de l'antiquité au XVIIIe s. (colloque de Paris, ENS – Ulm, 24–26.04.1997), éd. R. Poignault et O. Wattel — de Croizant, coll. Caesarodunum, n° XXXI bis, 1998.
  • D'Europe à l'Europe, II. Mythe et identité du XIXe s. à nos jours (colloque de Caen, 30.09–02.10.1999), éd. R. Poignault, F. Lecocq et O. Wattel – de Croizant, coll. Caesarodunum, n° XXXIII bis, 2000.
  • D’Europe à l’Europe, III. La dimension politique et religieuse du mythe d’Europe de l‘Antiquité à nos jours (colloque de Paris, ENS-Ulm, 29–30.11.2001), éd. O. Wattel — De Croizant, coll. Caesarodunum, n° hors-série, 2002.
  • D’Europe à l’Europe, IV. Entre Orient et Occident, du mythe à la géopolitique (colloque de Paris, ENS-Ulm, 18–20.05.2006), dir. O. Wattel — de Croizant & G. de Montifroy, Editions de l’Age d’Homme, Lausanne – Paris, 2007.
  • D’Europe à l’Europe, V. État des connaissances (colloque de Bruxelles, 21–22.10.2010), dir. O. Wattel – de Croizant & A. Roba, Bruxelles, éd. Métamorphoses d’Europe asbl, 2011.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Europa (mythology).
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Europa".
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