European Conservatives and Reformists
European Conservatives and Reformists | |
---|---|
European Parliament group | |
English abbr. | ECR[1] |
French abbr. | CRE |
Formal name | European Conservatives and Reformists Group |
Ideology |
|
Political position | Right-wing[6][7][8] (including centre-right and far-right factions)[9][10][11] |
European parties | ECR Party ECPM EFA EAFD |
Associated organisations | New Direction |
From | 22 June 2009[12] |
Chaired by | Nicola Procaccini Ryszard Legutko |
MEP(s) | 68 / 705 |
Website | www |
The European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR)
Ideologically, the group is broadly
The ECR was founded around the Movement for European Reform following the 2009 European elections at the behest of British Conservative Party leader David Cameron. Currently it is the fifth-largest group in the European Parliament with 66 MEPs from 16 countries.
Presently, the largest party in the group by number of MEPs is the Law and Justice (PiS) of Poland.
Founding principles and ideology
The genesis of the ECR dates back to 2005, and possibly[when?] earlier.[citation needed] A political group in the European Parliament cannot be officially recognised if it contains MEPs from only a single member state. Instead, it must meet the minimum threshold required by the European Parliament's Rules of Procedure.[22][23] Any party seeking to create a group must therefore seek partners. The last mixed group in the European Parliament was forcibly dissolved. Since then, groups have been required to demonstrate ideological coherence. This is usually done by publishing a document (sometimes called a constituent declaration) stating the principles to which each group member is expected to adhere. The constituent declaration of the ECR has become known as the Prague Declaration. That document outlines the following principles:[24]
- Free enterprise, free and fair trade and competition, minimal regulation, lower taxation, and small government as the ultimate catalysts for individual freedom and personal and national prosperity.
- Freedom of the individual, more personal responsibility and greater democratic accountability.
- Sustainable, clean energy supply with an emphasis on energy security.
- The importance of the family as the bedrock of society.
- The EU federalism and a renewed respect for true subsidiarity.
- The over-riding value of the transatlantic security relationship in a revitalised NATO, and support for young democracies across Europe.
- Effectively controlled immigration and an end to abuse of asylum procedures
- Efficient and modern public services and sensitivity to the needs of both rural and urban communities.
- An end to waste and excessive bureaucracy and a commitment to greater transparency and probity in the EU institutions and use of EU funds.
- Respect and equitable treatment for all EU countries, new and old, large and small.
Ideologically, the founder members of the ECR traditionally sat on the centre-right[25] to right-wing[26] of the political spectrum with an economically liberal and anti-federalist outlook and an initial reluctance from the Conservative Party to include hardline anti-immigration and ultra-nationalist parties. Like the centre-right European People's Party (EPP), the founding members of the ECR mostly support pro-free market ideas with some of its MEPs maintaining ties to think-tanks such as The Cobden Centre and Open Europe,[27] as opposed to the more economic nationalist and anti-globalization approach of other euro-critical groups such as the EFDD and Identity and Democracy. However, the EPP generally favours EU integration and enlargement whereas the ECR opposes it.
In recent years, the group has come to contain a growing faction of nationalist, anti-immigration and right-wing populist movements,[28] with some former ECR members arguing that the group has shifted considerably further to the right over time.[citation needed]
The shift to the right was increased following the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union, since the Conservative Party lost its representation in the European Parliament.
In a statement issued on 11 November 2021, two core political documents were cited by the Group's Co-Chairmen, Ryszard Legutko and Raffaele Fitto, to define the ECR's ideological basis when they reaffirmed the Group's "commitment to the Prague Declaration and the ECR Statement on the Reform of the European Union".[29][30]
During the 2022 Ukraine invasion, the group has come to comprise generally pro-Ukrainian and anti-Russian parties, whereas Identity and Democracy mainly consists of pro-Russian parties. In February 2023, the group's chairman Legutko stated that the group shall stand by Ukraine until Russia is defeated and beyond.[31][third-party source needed] Following the 2023 Finnish parliamentary election, the Finns Party, having previously moved to ID, rejoined ECR citing their change in policy to endorse Finnish NATO membership as the reason for the move.[32] Members of the ECR tend to be pro-NATO and support Atlanticism, including more coordination between Europe and the United States, while taking a more critical view on the influence of China and Russia in Europe.[33][third-party source needed][34][third-party source needed]
History
Origins: 2005–06
In 2005, the
In June 2006, Cameron ordered Shadow Foreign Secretary William Hague to ensure the new group was created by 13 July 2006.[35] However, when that date arrived, it was announced that the launch of the new European Parliament group was delayed until after the 2009 elections.[37]
Movement for European Reform
In the interim, a pan-European alliance, called the Movement for European Reform (MER), was founded and functioned outside of the European Parliament.[38] The same day, the Law and Justice and Civic Platform parties of Poland were identified as potential members of the new group: However, Civic Platform stated that it would not leave the EPP, and the Law and Justice stated that it planned to stay aligned to UEN.[39] The next day, Sir Reg Empey, the leader of the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP), suggested that the UUP could join the new group after the 2009 election.[40] In the event of the election, the UUP ran under the banner of the Ulster Conservatives and Unionists, an electoral alliance between the Conservative Party and the Ulster Unionists.
The Czech Civic Democratic Party (ODS) was part of MER but its leader, Mirek Topolánek, did not rule out staying in EPP-ED.[41] Topolánek then attended the EPP Summit (a meeting of heads of state and government of the European People's Party) of 21 June 2007, adding speculation about the fragility of the new group.[42]
Later in 2007, the relations between the EPP and the Conservative Party further deteriorated when the EPP voiced its opposition to the UK holding a referendum of the Treaty of Lisbon, something the Tories had campaigned for.[36]
In July 2008, the European Parliament raised the 2009 threshold for forming a group to 25 members and representing 7 member states.[43] Topolánek, after being re-elected Leader of the ODS on 7 December 2008, attended yet another EPP Summit, on 11 December 2008.[44]
2009 European Parliament elections
As the 2009 European elections approached, Cameron, Topolánek, and Conservative MEP Geoffrey Van Orden (a 'point-man' for the new group)[45] were looking for partners. The list of possible partners was kept secret.[46]
People or parties that were rumoured to be possible partners in the new group included
The new group was provisionally named the European Conservatives,[49] (echoing the 1970s group of the same name), which was then changed to European Conservatives and Reformists.[60] The original estimates were firmed up to 84 MEPs,[47] then to approximately 60.[58] Frictions surfaced, as the ODS wanted the new group to have as many MEPs as possible, whilst the Conservatives wanted to disbar anti-immigrant parties in the new group, including the Danish People's Party and Lega Nord.[50]
Formation
On 22 June 2009, the first official list of the new group's members was released.[4] On 24 June, the group held its inaugural meeting, in which Conservative MEP Timothy Kirkhope was named interim leader.[61] Adam Bielan of PiS and Jan Zahradil of the ODS were named interim vice-chairmen.
At the first sitting of the Seventh European Parliament, on 14 July 2009, outgoing Parliament President Hans-Gert Pöttering announced that applications from all new and returning groups had been received and approved, including ECR. The group then became eligible for EU funding, office space, and committee places.
The first election for the group leadership was also scheduled for 14 July 2009, pitting interim leader Kirkhope against fellow Briton Geoffrey Van Orden.[62] However, both Conservative leadership candidates were forced to forfeit the leadership to prevent it from falling apart, when Conservative MEP Edward McMillan-Scott defied his party whip and stood for one of the vice-presidency posts despite pledges the previous week that Polish MEP Michał Kamiński would be backed for it. Kamiński's bid for Vice-President of the European Parliament subsequently failed, and the Polish MEPs threatened to abandon the new caucus unless Kamiński was made the group leader in the parliament.[63] Kirkhope went to an emergency meeting with Polish MEPs in Strasbourg and proposed sharing the group leadership with the Kamiński; however, this was not accepted, and he had to step down as coalition leader, withdrawing in favour of Kamiński. McMillan-Scott, who alleged that the Conservative's new allies in Poland are 'racist and homophobic', had the Conservative whip withdrawn in the European Parliament.[64][65] In March 2010, McMillan-Scott joined the British Liberal Democrats and the ALDE group.[66]
Leadership changes and upheavals in membership
Group chairman Kamiński left Law and Justice (PiS) in November 2010, saying that the party had been taken over by the far-right. Kamiński and other Law and Justice MPs and MEPs formed a new Polish party, Poland Comes First, formed as a breakaway from Law and Justice following dissatisfaction with the direction and leadership of Jarosław Kaczyński. Kamiński initially remained chairman of the group, but other Law and Justice MEPs argued he should step down.[67] On 15 December, rumours emerged that the eleven remaining PiS MEPs might leave the ECR and join the right-wing Europe of Freedom and Democracy (EFD) group instead.[68]
In February 2011, Kamiński announced he would resign his chairmanship, effective 8 March, when a replacement would be elected. Former interim leader Timothy Kirkhope was said to be the front runner,[69] but lost the election to Jan Zahradil of the Czech Republic's ODS.[70] Zahradil has been in talks with other parties about joining the ECR.[71] In late March, David Cameron invited the New Flemish Alliance (N-VA) to join the group.[72]
The May 2011 resignation of
On 14 December 2011, a new leadership was elected, with
2014 European Parliament elections
The
The ECR's unanimous decision to admit the Danish People's Party and Finns Party as members was criticised because one MEP from each party has a criminal conviction.[86][87] Morten Messerschmidt, lead candidate for the Danish People's Party, was convicted in 2002 for publishing material that appeared to suggest that there is a link between a multiethnic society and rape, violence and forced marriages.[88] Jussi Halla-aho, a Finns Party MEP, was convicted in 2012 after writing a 2008 blog entry which claimed that Islam "reveres paedophilia".[88] However, Syed Kamall, the ECR's chairman, who is a practising Muslim, defended the new members.[88]
Following the election, British Conservative MEP Sajjad Karim was the group's candidate for President of the European Parliament.[89]
On 8 March 2016, the bureau of the ECR Group began motions to exclude the two remaining MEPs of the Alternative for Germany (AfD) from their group due to the AfD's links with the far-right Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) and controversial remarks about immigration, inviting the MEPs to voluntarily leave the group by 31 March, with a motion of exclusion to be tabled on 12 April otherwise.[90][91]
Changes in membership 2014–2019
- On 2 October 2014, the leader of the Slovak party Freedom and Solidarity (SaS), Richard Sulík, left the ALDE group to join the ECR,[92] and was formally accepted six days later.
- In November 2014, the sole Croatian member of the group, Ruža Tomašić, left the party she founded, Croatian Party of Rights dr. Ante Starčević, to lead a new party, the Croatian Conservative Party.
- On 24 January 2015, Amjad Bashir, the UKIP MEP for Yorkshire and the Humber, changed affiliation to the Conservative Party and subsequently joined the ECR.[93]
- On 18 May 2015, Raffaele Fitto, formerly of Italian party Forza Italia and EPP group member, joined the ECR group: forming a party called the Conservatives and Reformists after the ECR.[94][95]
- On 7 July 2015, Remo Sernagiotto left the EPP to join the ECR.
- On 27 October 2015, Monica Macovei, from M10 political party left the EPP to join the ECR.[96]
- On 8 March 2016, Eleni Theocharous of the Cypriot Democratic Rally was admitted to the group from the EPP.[97]
- On 5 October 2016, Timothy Kirkhope was forced to quit after being created a life peer in the UK House of Lords, and thus becoming ineligible to continue serving in the European Parliament. His seat was succeeded by John Procter.
- On 3 July 2018, Peter Lundgren and Kristina Winberg, from Sweden Democrats left EFDD group to join ECR group.[98]
- On 17 December 2018, Stefano Maullu left the EPP group to join the ECR group after his defection from Forza Italia to the Brothers of Italy.[99]
2019 European Parliament elections and shift to the right
Prior to the 2019 elections, the
Two ECR member parties, the
During the 2019 elections, the British Conservative Party sustained losses, including that of former ECR chairman Syed Kamall. The ECR also saw its total number of MEPs reduced to 62 MEPs and was overtaken in number by Identity and Democracy, the other predominant eurosceptic grouping. However, the FvD and the new Spanish Vox party gained seats for the first time and were formally admitted into the group.
Following the election, the group named Raffaele Fitto and Ryszard Legutko as new joint chairmen.
Changes in membership 2019–present
The Dutch
On 31 January 2020, the remaining British Conservative Party MEPs resigned from the group following the completion of the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union.
In May 2020, Cristian Terheș announced he was joining the ECR group as an MEP for the Romanian Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party (which had previously been expelled from the European People's Party Group) having initially been elected for the Social Democratic Party.[103]
In 2020, all MEPs of the
In 2023, the Finns Party switched back its affiliation from the Identity and Democracy group to the ECR group citing the war in Ukraine and their change in policy regarding NATO membership.[104]
In September 2023, Éric Zemmour and Marion Maréchal of the French Reconquête party expressed a desire to join the ECR and said they would negotiate ahead of the 2024 European Parliament election to enter the group should the party obtain MEPs.[105]
Conservatives and Reformists Summit
ECR Group members participated in two summits organised by the ECR Party (then called the Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe):
- 2015 Conservatives and Reformists Summit: Tunis (Tunisia)[106]
- 2016 Conservatives and Reformists Summit: Antalya (Turkey)[107]
Membership
Ninth European Parliament
Following the 2019 election, the ECR won 61 seats. The Finns Party (which would later rejoin the group in 2023) and the Danish People's Party agreed to leave the group and join the far-right Identity and Democracy after the election. After those losses, four parties joined the group: the Spanish Vox, the Family Party of Germany, Greek Solution and the Dutch Forum for Democracy.
ECR currently has 66 Members of the European Parliament from 16 countries.
Eighth European Parliament
Following the 2014 election, members from twelve new parties joined. Additional parties were admitted during the course of the Eighth European Parliament, such as the Slovak Freedom and Solidarity party and the Italian Direzione Italia. Alternative for Germany was initially admitted, but expelled in April 2016.
In 2019, the ECR had 77 Members of the European Parliament,[108] from 23 parties across 18 countries. The ECR drew the majority of its MEPs from northern and central Europe.
Seventh European Parliament
Originally, it had been announced on 22 June 2009 that Hannu Takkula, MEP for the Finnish Centre Party (an Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe member party) would also be a member of ECR (with his two party colleagues remaining in ALDE), but he reversed this decision two days later.[109]
The group membership was reduced to 54 when Edward McMillan-Scott was expelled from the group in July 2009. It increased to 55 again when
MEPs
9th European Parliament
State | National party | European party | MEPs[113] | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Belgium | New Flemish Alliance Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie (N-VA) |
EFA | 3 / 21
| |
Bulgaria | IMRO – Bulgarian National Movement ВМРО – Българско Национално Движение (ВМРО-БНД) |
ECR Party | 2 / 17
| |
Croatia | Croatian Sovereignists Hrvatski Suverenisti (HS) |
ECR Party | 1 / 12
| |
Czech Republic | Civic Democratic Party Občanská demokratická strana (ODS) |
ECR Party | 4 / 21
| |
Finland | Finns Party Perussuomalaiset (PS) |
None | 2 / 14
| |
France | Reconquest Reconquête! (R!) |
None | 1 / 79
| |
Germany | Alliance Germany Bündnis Deutschland (BD) |
None | 1 / 96
| |
Greece | Greek Solution Ελληνική Λύση (ΕΛ) |
None | 1 / 21
| |
Italy | Brothers of Italy Fratelli d'Italia (FdI) |
ECR Party | 10 / 76
| |
Latvia | National Alliance Nacionālā Apvienība (NA) |
ECR Party | 1 / 8
| |
Lithuania | Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania – Christian Families Alliance Lietuvos lenkų rinkimų akcija – Krikščioniškų šeimų sąjunga (LLRA–KŠS) Akcja Wyborcza Polaków na Litwie – Związek Chrześcijańskich Rodzin (AWPL–ZCHR) |
ECR Party | 1 / 11
| |
Netherlands | JA21 JA21 |
None | 3 / 29
| |
Reformed Political Party Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij (SGP) |
ECPM | 1 / 29
| ||
More Direct Democracy Meer Directe Democratie (MDD) |
EAFD | 1 / 29
| ||
Poland | Law and Justice Prawo i Sprawiedliwość (PiS) |
ECR Party | 25 / 52
| |
Sovereign Poland Suwerenna Polska (SP) |
None | 2 / 52
| ||
Romania | Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party Partidul Național Țărănesc Creștin Democrat (PNT-CD) |
ECPM | 1 / 33
| |
Slovakia | Freedom and Solidarity Sloboda a Solidarita (SaS) |
ECR Party | 1 / 14
| |
Spain | Vox Vox |
ECR Party | 4 / 59
| |
Sweden | Sweden Democrats Sverigedemokraterna (SD) |
ECR Party | 3 / 21
| |
European Union | Total | 68 / 705
|
8th European Parliament
Country | National party | European party | MEPs | Date joined | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Belgium | New Flemish Alliance Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie (N-VA) |
EFA | 4 / 21
|
18 June 2014 | |
Bulgaria | Bulgarian National Movement ВМРО – Българско Национално Движение (IMRO-BNM) |
None | 1 / 17
|
24 June 2014 | |
Reload Bulgaria Презареди България (BG) |
ACRE
|
1 / 17
|
12 June 2014 | ||
Croatia | Croatian Conservative Party Hrvatska konzervativna stranka (HKS) |
ACRE
|
1 / 12
|
1 July 2013 | |
Cyprus | Solidarity Movement Κίνημα Αλληλεγγύη (KA) |
ACRE
|
1 / 6
|
8 March 2016 | |
Czech Republic | Civic Democratic Party Občanská demokratická strana (ODS) |
ACRE
|
2 / 21
|
22 June 2009 | |
Denmark | Danish People's Party Dansk Folkeparti (DF) |
EAPN
|
3 / 13
|
4 June 2014 | |
Finland | Finns Party Perussuomalaiset (PS) |
EAPN
|
2 / 13
|
4 June 2014 | |
Germany | Liberal Conservative Reformers[a] Liberal-Konservative Reformer (LKR) |
ACRE
|
4 / 96
|
12 June 2014 | |
Alliance C Bündnis C (AUF & PBC) |
ECPM | 1 / 96
|
4 June 2014 | ||
Independent[b] | Independent | 1 / 96
|
29 September 2018 | ||
Greece | Independent[c] | Independent | 1 / 21
|
4 June 2014 | |
Italy | Brothers of Italy Fratelli d'Italia (FdI) |
ACRE
|
2 / 73
|
17 December 2018 | |
Direction Italy Direzione Italia (DI) |
ACRE
|
2 / 73
|
19 May 2015 | ||
Latvia | National Alliance Nacionālā Apvienība (NA) |
ACRE
|
1 / 8
|
22 June 2009 | |
Lithuania | Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania[d] Lietuvos lenkų rinkimų akcija (LLRA–KŠS) |
ACRE
|
1 / 11
|
23 June 2009 | |
Netherlands | Christian Union ChristenUnie (CU) |
ECPM | 1 / 26
|
22 June 2009 | |
Reformed Political Party Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij (SGP) |
ECPM | 1 / 26
|
16 June 2014 | ||
Poland | Law and Justice Prawo i Sprawiedliwość (PiS) |
ACRE
|
14 / 51
|
22 June 2009 | |
Right Wing of the Republic Prawica Rzeczypospolitej (PR) |
ECPM | 1 / 51
|
1 July 2014 | ||
Independent[e] | Independent | 4 / 51
|
1 July 2014 | ||
Romania | M10
|
ACRE
|
1 / 32
|
27 October 2015 | |
Slovakia | Freedom and Solidarity Sloboda a Solidarita (SaS) |
ACRE
|
1 / 13
|
8 October 2014 | |
New Majority NOVA |
ACRE
|
1 / 13
|
4 June 2014 | ||
Ordinary People Obyčajní Ľudia a nezávislé osobnosti (OĽaNO) |
ECPM | 1 / 13
|
4 June 2014 | ||
Sweden | Sweden Democrats Sverigedemokraterna (SD) |
None | 2 / 20
|
3 July 2018 | |
United Kingdom | Conservative Party Conservative and Unionist Party (Con) |
ACRE
|
8 / 73
|
22 June 2009 | |
Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) |
ACRE
|
1 / 73
|
22 June 2009 | ||
European Union | Total | 63 / 751
|
- ^ Bernd Lucke left AfD with 4 more MEPs after losing leadership of his party in 2015. The remaining two AfD members, Beatrix von Storch and Marcus Pretzell were expelled from the ECR group in 2016.
- LKR.
- ^ Notis Marias left ANEL.
- ^ Full name: Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania – Christian Families Alliance
- ^ They are: Jacek Saryusz-Wolski, Mirosław Piotrowski, Urszula Krupa, Zdzisław Krasnodębski
EurLeadership
Chairman
Chairperson | Took office | Left office | Country (Constituency) |
Party | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Timothy Kirkhope | 24 June 2009 |
14 July 2009 |
United Kingdom (Yorkshire and the Humber) |
Conservative | |
Michał Kamiński | 14 July 2009 |
8 March 2011 |
Poland (Warsaw) |
Law and Justice then Poland Comes First | |
Jan Zahradil | 8 March 2011 |
14 December 2011 |
Czech Republic | Civic Democratic Party | |
Martin Callanan
|
14 December 2011 |
12 June 2014 |
United Kingdom (North East England) |
Conservative | |
Syed Kamall | 12 June 2014 |
2 July 2019 |
United Kingdom (London) |
Conservative | |
Raffaele Fitto* | 2 July 2019 |
12 October 2022 |
Italy (Southern) |
Brothers of Italy | |
Ryszard Legutko* | 2 July 2019 |
present | Poland (Lesser Poland and Świętokrzyskie) |
Law and Justice | |
Jorge Buxadé* | 11 December 2019 |
present | Spain | Vox |
- Since 2019 The European Conservatives and Reformists group has had two co-chairpeople.
Group Bureau
As of 12 July 2019:
Position | Name | Party |
---|---|---|
Co-Chairman | Ryszard Legutko | Law and Justice |
Co-Chairman | Raffaele Fitto | Brothers of Italy |
Vice-Chairman | Roberts Zīle | National Alliance |
Vice-Chairman | Assita Kanko | New Flemish Alliance |
Vice-Chairman | Peter Lundgren | Swedish Democrats
|
Vice-Chairman | Derk Jan Eppink | Right Answer 21 |
Vice-Chairman | Hermann Tertsch | Vox |
Co-Treasurer | Kosma Złotowski | Law and Justice |
Co-Treasurer | Angel Dzhambazki | IMRO – Bulgarian National Movement
|
Cohesion
According to calculations by Vote Watch Europe, the ECR group had a cohesion rate of 86.65% in parliamentary votes during the 7th session (2009–14). This is slightly lower than in the four pro-European groups, but higher than in the European United Left–Nordic Green Left (GUE/NGL) and far higher than in the Europe of Freedom and Democracy (EFD) groups. Internal cohesion was highest in votes on constitutional and inter-institutional affairs (94.79%), international trade, and industry, research & energy. The greatest divergence within the group was in decisions on regional development (70.53% cohesion), agriculture, and development (cooperation).[114] The parties that were most loyal to the group (meaning that they voted with the majority of ECR members the most often) were the UK Conservatives (97.51%), the Ulster Unionist Party and the Czech Civic Democratic Party. The members who deviated from the ECR majority the most often were the individual MEPs Andreasen from the UK (who had switched over from EFD group only in 2013; 61.20% loyalty), Muscardini from Italy, and Rosbach (who had crossed over from EFD in 2011).[115]
See also
- European Conservatives, an earlier political group of Conservatives in the European Parliament
- European Conservatives and Reformists Group Executive
- Movement for European Reform
References
- ^ a b "ECR formation – Press release june 22 2009". 22 June 2009. Retrieved 14 May 2015 – via Scribd.
- ^ a b c Nordsieck, Wolfram (2019). "European Union". Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
- ISBN 978-1-317-49876-6.
- ^ a b c "Conservative MEPs form new group". BBC. 22 June 2009. Retrieved 22 June 2009.
- .
when taken together they form not so much a coherent whole as a mix of liberal conservatives (the Conservatives, ODS, LDD and MDF) and conservative nationalists (PiS and TB-LNNK).
- ^ ISBN 978-1-137-42754-0.. BBC News. 3 September 2009. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
- "EU parliament sees birth of new right-wing group". EUobserver. 22 June 2009. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
- "Tory minders gag right-wing allies in the ECR". The Times. London. 8 November 2009. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
- "New-look European Parliament"
Von der Leyen says in her letters that she hopes the "snapshot" on her positions, some of which are retreads of previous proposals from the commission, will reassure her critics, although there is a risk of putting off MEPs within the more Eurosceptic and rightwing European Conservatives and Reformists group, in which Poland's Law and Justice is the largest party.
The right-wing European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR), will decide just ahead of the vote whether to support von der Leyen, but officials say the group is divided over the issue.
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