European Neighbourhood Policy
The European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) is a foreign relations instrument of the
The countries covered are Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Palestine, Syria, Tunisia in the South; and Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine in the East. Russia has a special status with the EU-Russia Common Spaces instead of ENP participation. The EU offers financial assistance to countries within the European Neighbourhood, so long as they meet the strict conditions of government reform, economic reform and other issues surrounding positive transformation. This process is normally underpinned by an Action Plan agreed by Brussels and the target country. The ENP does not cover countries in the current EU enlargement agenda, the European Free Trade Association or the western European microstates.
The EU typically concludes Association Agreements in exchange for commitments to political, economic, trade, or human rights reform in a country. In exchange, the country may be offered tariff-free access to some or all EU markets (notably industrial goods or agricultural products) and financial or technical assistance.
History
Establishment
The European Union's European Neighbourhood Policy aims at bringing Europe and its neighbours closer. It was conceived after the 2004 enlargement of the European Union with 10 new member countries, in order to avoid creating new borders in Europe. It is also designed to prevent the emergence of new dividing lines between the enlarged EU and its neighbours. The vision is that of a ring of countries, drawn into further integration, but without necessarily becoming full members of the European Union. The policy was first outlined by the European Commission in March 2003.
The countries covered include Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, State of Palestine, Syria, Tunisia in the South and Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine in the East.[1] Russia has a special status with the EU–Russia Common Spaces instead of ENP participation.
On 25 May 2011, the European Commission launched what it described as a new and ambitious European Neighbourhood Policy,[2] backed by more than €1.2 billion in new funding, bringing the total to almost €7 billion. The main priorities and directions of a revitalised ENP strategy are set out in the Joint Communication by the European Commission and the High Representative for Foreign Affairs, titled "A new response to a changing Neighbourhood".[3] It seeks to strengthen individual and regional relationships between the EU and countries in its neighbourhood through a "more funds for more reform" approach – making more additional funds available, but with more mutual accountability.
In the South, the first comprehensive policy for the region was the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership (or Barcelona Process) a wide framework of political, economic and social relations between member states of the EU and countries of the Southern Mediterranean. It was initiated on 27–28 November 1995 through a conference of Ministers of Foreign Affairs, held in Barcelona. Besides the 27 member states of the European Union, the remaining "Mediterranean Partners" are all other Mediterranean countries including Libya (which had 'observer status' from 1999 to 2012).
In the East, the
In March 2015, the European Commission launched a review of the principles on which the policy is based as well as its scope and how its instruments should be used. The consultation[4] follows four priorities: differentiation; focus; flexibility; ownership and visibility. A Communication setting out proposals for the future direction of the ENP will follow in autumn.
Funding: from the ENPI via ENI to NDICI
Giving incentives and rewarding best performers, as well as offering funds in a faster and more flexible manner, were the two main principles underlying the European Neighbourhood Instrument (ENI) that came into force in 2014 and was merged in 2021 into
Kazakhstan's Foreign Ministry has expressed interest in the ENP[6] and some MEPs have also discussed Kazakhstan's inclusion in the ENP.[7] The EU Neighbourhood Info Centre was launched in January 2009 by the European Commission to make more known the relationship between the EU and its Neighbours.
Agreements
In recent history, such agreements are signed as part of two EU policies:
Both the SAA and ENP AP are based mostly on the EU's acquis communautaire and its promulgation in the cooperating states legislation. Of course the depth of the harmonisation is less than for full EU members and some policy areas may not be covered (depending on the particular state).
According to EUobserver the ENP countries may be divided into two groups—European states with explicitly stated EU membership possibility for the long term and Mediterranean states with no such statement in the Action Plans. This division is obvious in the two groups for multilateral activities that are meant to supplement the bilateral ENP Action Plans—the Eastern Partnership and the Union for the Mediterranean.[8]
Association Agreements have to be
Criticism
Although the
The Arab Spring in North Africa shed light on the close personal and business ties between members of governing elites in EU member states and their Mediterranean counterparts. For example, French Foreign Minister Michèle Alliot-Marie was forced to resign due to public outrage over her links to the ousted Ben Ali regime in Tunisia.[12] In 2008, the EU tried to negotiate an association agreement with Libya and earmarked €60 million in ENPI funds to the country over the 2011–2013 period.[13]
Status
This section needs to be updated.(August 2023) |
ENP partner | EU Agreement | FTA provisions |
Country Report | Action Plan | Adoption by the EU | Adoption by the ENP partner | AP duration | CFSP invitation[14] | EU aspiration[15] | Sub-group |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Morocco | AA, March 2000 | Yes | May 2004 | End 2004 | 21 February 2005 | 27 July 2005 | 3–5 years | No | No | South |
Algeria | AA, September 2005 | Yes | Under development | No | No | South | ||||
Tunisia | AA, March 1998 | Yes | May 2004 | End 2004 | 21 February 2005 | 4 July 2005 | 3–5 years | No | No | South |
Libya | Negotiations on Framework Agreement with Libya started in November 2008[16] | No | No | South | ||||||
Egypt | AA, June 2004 | Yes | March 2005 | End 2006 | 5 March 2007 | 6 March 2007 | 3–5 years | No | No | South |
Jordan | AA, May 2002 | Yes | May 2004 | End 2004 | 21 February 2005 | 11 January 2005 | 3–5 years | Yes[17] | No | South |
Lebanon | AA, April 2006 | Yes | March 2005 | Autumn 2006 | 17 October 2006 | 19 January 2007 | 5 years | No | No | South |
Syria | CA, November 1978 | Updated AA initialed in December 2008,[16] signature by the EU Council and ratification pending. Syria delayed signature in 2009. The EU expects full cooperation with the Special Tribunal for Lebanon. | South | |||||||
Israel | AA, June 2000 | Yes | May 2004 | End 2004 | 21 February 2005 | 11 April 2005 | 3+[18] years | No | No | South |
Palestinian Authority | Interim AA, July 1997 | Yes | May 2004 | End 2004 | 21 February 2005 | 4 May 2005 | 3–5 years | No | No | South |
Moldova | AA, June 2014 | DCFTA | May 2004 | End 2004 | 21 February 2005 | 22 February 2005 | 3 years | Yes | Yes | East |
Ukraine | AA, June 2014 | DCFTA | May 2004 | End 2004 | 21 February 2005 | 21 February 2005 | 3 years | Yes[19] | Yes | East |
Belarus | EU considers the Belarus authorities too undemocratic; PCA ratification procedure suspended since 1997.[20][21][22] | No | No | East | ||||||
Georgia | AA, June 2014 | DCFTA | March 2005 | Autumn 2006 | 13 November 2006 | 14 November 2006 | 5 years | Yes | Yes | East |
Armenia | CEPA, March 2021 | Negotiations[24] | March 2005 | Autumn 2006 | 13 November 2006 | 14 November 2006 | 5 years | Yes | Yes | East |
Azerbaijan | PCA, July 1999 | Not yet[26] | March 2005 | Autumn 2006 | 13 November 2006 | 14 November 2006 | 5 years | Yes | No | East |
Other regional partners | ||||||||||
Mauritania | As one of the West African Economic Partnership Agreement, but notwithstanding this it is a full member of the Union for the Mediterranean .
|
No | No | NONE | ||||||
Russia | PCA, December 1997 | No | Opted to cooperate through the formation of EU-Russia Common Spaces instead of the ENP. Roadmap (Action Plan substitute) adopted in May 2005[27]
|
No | No | NONE | ||||
Kazakhstan | PCA, July 1999 | No | The Kazakh Foreign Ministry has expressed interest in the ENP.[6] Some MEPs also discussed Kazakhstan's inclusion in the ENP.[7] | No | No | NONE |
sources: [3], [4], ENP official page [5]
Statistics
State (18)[28] | GNI[29] | GDP[30] | GNI PPP[31] | GDP PPP[32] | HDI[33] | life exp.[34] | CPI[35] | press freedom[36][37] | internet users[38] | WTO[39] | VWP[40] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Algeria | 3,620 | 4,922 | 7,640 | 6,927 | 0.748 | 72.4 | 3.2 | 45.53 | 10.4 | obs
|
X |
Armenia | 2,640 | 3,400 | 5,900 | 5,436 | 0.777 | 72.1 | 2.9 | 68.97 | 5.8 | WTO | X |
Azerbaijan | 2,550 | 6,142 | 6,260 | 8,958 | 0.758 | 67.5 | 1.9 | 39.4 | 18.3 | obs
|
X |
Belarus | 4,220 | 6,058 | 10,740 | 12,344 | 0.817 | 69.0 | 2.0 | 39.62 | 29.0 | obs
|
X |
Egypt | 1,580 | 2,108 | 5,400 | 5,904 | 0.716 | 71.3 | 2.8 | 30.23 | 12.9 | WTO | X |
Georgia | 2,120 | 3,060 | 4,770 | 5,001 | 0.763 | 71.0 | 3.9 | 59.3 | 7.8 | WTO | X |
Israel | 21,900 | 26,535 | 25,930 | 28,245 | 0.930 | 83.04 | 6.0 | 59.62 | n/d | WTO | √ |
Jordan | 2,850 | 3,266 | 5,160 | 5,171 | 0.769 | 72.5 | 5.1 | 48.66 | n/d | WTO | X |
Kazakhstan | 5,060 | 9,075 | 9,700 | 11,563 | 0.807 | 67.2 | 2.2 | 48.28 | 12.4 | WTO | X |
Lebanon | 5,770 | 7,375 | 10,050 | 12,063 | 0.796 | 72.0 | 3.0 | 46.58 | n/d | obs
|
X |
Libya | 9,010 | 17,468 | 14,710 | 14,593 | 0.840 | 74.0 | 2.6 | 43.16 | 4.2 | obs
|
X |
Moldova | 1,260 | 1,830 | 2,930 | 3,153 | 0.719 | 68.9 | 2.9 | 73.47 | 16.2 | WTO | X |
Morocco | 2,250 | 2,901 | 3,990 | 4,432 | 0.646 | 71.2 | 3.5 | 45.42 | 19.2 | WTO | X |
Palestine | n/d | n/d | n/d | n/d | 0.731 | 73.4 | n/d | 28.98 | n/d | X | X |
Russia | 7,560 | 12,578 | 14,400 | 16,160 | 0.806 | 65.5 | 2.1 | 38.82 | 27.0 | WTO | X |
Syria | 1,760 | 2,237 | 4,370 | 4,668 | 0.736 | 74.1 | 2.1 | 28.94 | n/d | obs
|
X |
Tunisia | 4,351 | 4,032 | 9,060 | 9,550 | 0.762 | 73.9 | 4.4 | 58.49 | 27.0 | WTO | X |
Ukraine | 2,550 | 4,318 | 6,810 | 7,633 | 0.786 | 67.9 | 2.5 | 55.76 | 14.6 | WTO | X |
See also
- Arctic policy of European Union
- Countries bordering the European Union
- Eastern Partnership
- ENPI Italy–Tunisia CBC Programme
- EUBAM
- Euronest Parliamentary Assembly
- European integration
- Eurosphere
- EU Strategy for the South Caucasus
- Northern Dimension
- Politics of Europe
- Third-country economic relationships with the European Union
- Union for the Mediterranean
References
- ^ "European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP)". European External Action Service. 21 December 2016. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
- ^ New and ambitious European Neighbourhood Policy
- ^ A new response to a changing Neighbourhood Archived 26 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Consultation: "Towards a new European Neighbourhood Policy". European Commission. Retrieved 27 May 2015". Archived from the original on 27 May 2015. Retrieved 27 May 2015.
- ^ Establishing a European Neighbourhood Instrument
- ^ a b "The EU's relations with Kazakhstan - Overview". www.eu.int. Archived from the original on 2 January 2008. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
- ^ a b "Kazakhstan". Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
- ^ "Berlin in plans to split EU neighbourhood states". Retrieved 3 February 2017.
- ^ 'Moldova most EU-friendly Eastern country, survey reveals' Archived 22 January 2013 at archive.today, Euractive, 2010-06-14
- ^ "Europeanizing or Securitizing the 'outsiders'? Assessing the EU's partnership-building approach with Eastern Europe". Archived from the original on 10 October 2009. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
- ^ Castan Pinos, J. (2014) ‘The Conflicting Aims of the European Neighborhood Policy and its Secondary Effects’, Journal of Borderlands Studies 29 (2): 139.
- ^ "French Foreign Minister Alliot-Marie quits over Tunisia". BBC News. 27 February 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2017 – via bbc.co.uk.
- ^ "redirect" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2010. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
- SAp and EFTAstates. Each states decides on a case-by-case basis if to align itself with the particular declaration it is invited to.
- ^ The EU takes note of expressed European aspirations by the ENP partner.
- ^ a b "redirect" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2010. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
- ^ Not envisioned in the Action Plan, but invitation was sent. Jordan has not yet taken a decision.
- ^ Extended in April 2008
- ^ Not envisioned in the Action Plan, but invitations sent and accepted by Ukraine.
- ^ White, S., Korosteleva, E.A. and Löwenhardt, J. (Eds.),(2005), "Postcommunist Belarus", N.Y. & Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield.
- ^ Korosteleva E.A., Marsh, R. and Lawson, C., (eds.) (2003) Contemporary Belarus: Between Democracy and Dictatorship, London : RoutledgeCurzon
- ^ Lewis, A. (ed.)(2002) The EU and Belarus: Between Moscow and Brussels, London : Kogan Page
- ^ "EU and Armenia to start negotiations for a new agreement". European External Action Service. 7 December 2015. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
- ^ Negotiations over an Association Agreement without free trade provisions started in Dec 2015.[23]
- ^ "Press - Consilium" (PDF). Archived from the original on 9 August 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
- WTO membership.[25]
- ^ "The four common spaces". ec.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 28 June 2008.
- ^ Only sovereign states are listed
- ^ GNI (nominal) per capita 2007, World Development Indicators database contentMDK:20399244~menuPK:1504474~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html, World Bank, revised 17 October 2008 [1], Atlas method Archived 26 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ GDP per capita for year 2008 from IMF World Economic Outlook Database 2008 October Edition
- ^ GNI PPP per capita 2007, World Development Indicators database contentMDK:20399244~menuPK:1504474~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html, World Bank, revised 17 October 2008 [2] Archived 26 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ GDP PPP per capita for year 2008 from IMF World Economic Outlook Database 2008 October Edition
- an under-developed country, and also to measure the impact of economic policies on quality of life.
- ^ life expectancy United Nations World Population Prospects: 2006 revision – Table A.17 for 2005–2010 Archived 26 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) ordering the countries of the world according to "the degree to which corruption is perceived to exist among public officials and politicians". Transparency Internationaldefines corruption as "the abuse of public office for private gain".
- ^ RWB Worldwide press freedom index (2022) compiles and publishes an annual ranking of countries based upon the organization's assessment of their press freedom records. Small countries, such as Malta, and Andorra, are excluded from this report.
- ^ "Reporters Without Borders Index". rsf.org. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
- ^ Source; InternetWorldStats for countries of Europe, Asia updated for 31 December 2008
- ^ WTO – Members and Observers Archived 29 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- visa. All countries participating in the program have high HDI and most are regarded as developed countries; Adjusted Visa Refusal Rate Archived 5 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine year 2006 Archived 5 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine, 2007 Archived 26 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine, 2008 Archived 22 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
Further reading
Academic policy papers
- Building a Stronger Eastern Partnership: Towards an EaP 2.0, Global Europe Centre, University of Kent, September 2013
- Belarus and the Eastern Partnership: a National Values SurveyGlobal Europe Centre, University of Kent, October 2013
- Moldova’s Values Survey: Widening a European Dialogue in Moldova, Global Europe Centre, University of Kent, January 2014
Books
- Korosteleva, E.A, (2012), The European Union and its Eastern Neighbours: Towards a more ambitious partnership? London: BASEES/Routledge Series on Russian and East European Studies, ISBN 0-415-61261-6
- Korosteleva E.A, (Ed.) (2011), Eastern Partnership: A New Opportunity for the Neighbours?, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-67607-X
- Korosteleva, E.A, (2011), The Eastern Partnership: Problems and Perspectives, (in Russian), Minsk: Belarusian State University
Book chapters
- Wolfgang Tiede und Jakob Schirmer: „The EU’s Eastern Partnership – Objectives and Legal Basis", in: "The European Legal Forum" (EuLF) 3/2009, pp. 168–174.
Academic journal articles
- Esther Barbé and Elisabeth Johansson-Nogués: "The EU as a Modest 'Force for Good': The European Neighbourhood Policy", International Affairs, Vol. 84, no. 1 (Jan, 2008); pp. 81–96.
- Elena Korosteleva: "Belarusian Foreign Policy in a Time of Crisis", Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, Special Issue, 27(3–4) 2011, pp. 566–86
- Elena Korosteleva: "Change or Continuity: Is the Eastern Partnership an Adequate Tool for the European Neighbourhood", International Relations, 25(2) 2011, pp. 243–62
- Elena Korosteleva: "Eastern Partnership: a New Opportunity for the Neighbours?", Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, Special Issue, 27(1) 2011, pp. 1–21
- Wolfgang Tiede and Jakob Schirmer: "Strategische Notwendigkeit – Die Östliche Partnerschaft der Europäischen Union" ("Strategic Necessity – The EU’s Eastern Partnership"), in WeltTrends (Zeitschrift für internationale Politik und vergleichende Studien), 71/2010, pp. 10–14.
- Elena Korosteleva: "Moldova's European Choice: Between Two Stools", Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 62(8) 2010, pp. 1267–89
- Elena Korosteleva: "The Limits of EU Governance: Belarus' Response to the European Neighbourhood Policy", Contemporary Politics, Vol. 15, No. 2, June 2009, pp. 229–45
- Elena Korosteleva and Gisselle Bosse: "Changing Belarus? The Limits of EU Governance in Eastern Europe, Conflict and Cooperation", Vol. 44, No. 2 2009, pp. 143–65
- Wolfgang Tiede and Jakob Schirmer: "Die Östliche Partnerschaft der Europäischen Union im Rahmen des Gemeinschaftsrechts" ("The European Union's Eastern Partnership under Community law") in Osteuropa-Recht (OER)) 2009 (German Law Journal), vol. 2, pp. 184–191
- Jaume Castan Pinos: "The Conflicting Aims of the European Neighborhood Policy and its Secondary Effects", Journal of Borderlands Studies 29 (2) 2014, pp. 133–146.
External links
- European Neighbourhood Policy at European Union External Action Service
- EU Neighbourhood Info Centre
- EU Neighbourhood Library
- European Neighbourhood Policy Website
- Eurostat – Statistics Explained – European Neighbourhood Policy (statistical data)
- Website on the programming of EC development cooperation for the ENP region Archived 12 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- Eastbook.eu – Portal on Eastern Partnership – (part of ENPI) Archived 25 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine