Ethnic groups in Europe

Page protected with pending changes
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
European ethnic groups
)
"Europeans" redirects here. For other uses, see Europeans (disambiguation) and The Europeans (disambiguation).

Europeans are the focus of European

ethnic groups that reside in the states of Europe
. Groups may be defined by common genetic ancestry, common language, or both.

The large majority of Europe's current population would be considered indigenous to their respective nations and/or regions

ethnic group" and "nationality". In the context of European ethnography in particular, the terms ethnic group, people, nationality and ethno-linguistic group are used as mostly synonymous, although preference may vary in usage with respect to the situation specific to the individual countries of Europe.[4]

Overview

Further information: Demographics of Europe

In 2021 the number of non-EU nationals living in EU members states was 23.7 million (5.3% of the EU population). The countries with the largest population of non-nationals were Germany, Spain, France and Italy. These four Member States represented 70.3% of all non-EU nationals living in the EU Member States.[5] The population of the European Union, with some 450 million residents, accounts for two thirds of the current European population.

Both

native populations of the United Kingdom
).
linguistic subgroups of the Swiss
are discussed in terms of both ethnicity and language affiliations.

Linguistic classifications

Further information: Languages of Europe

Of the total population of Europe of some 740 million (as of 2010), close to 90% (or some 650 million) fall within three large branches of Indo-European languages, these being:

Three stand-alone Indo-European languages do not fall within larger sub-groups and are not closely related to those larger language families:

In addition, there are also smaller sub-groups within the Indo-European languages of Europe, including:

Besides the Indo-European languages, there are other

language families
on the European continent which are considered unrelated to Indo-European:

History

Prehistoric populations

Further information:
Indo-European expansion, and Neolithic Revolution
Simplified model for the demographic history of Europeans during the Neolithic period and the introduction of agriculture[7]

The Basques have been found to descend from the population of the late Neolithic or early Bronze Age directly.[8][9] By contrast,

proto-Indo-Europeans.[10][11][12]
The
Proto-Uralic populations further to the east, nearer to the Ural Mountains, that had migrated to their historical homelands in Europe by about 3,000 years ago.[13]

Proto-Basque
can only be reconstructed with great uncertainty.

Regarding the

Corded Ware horizon) has been postulated with less confidence. Old European hydronymy
has been taken as indicating an early (Bronze Age) Indo-European predecessor of the later centum languages.

According to geneticist David Reich, based on ancient human genomes that his laboratory sequenced in 2016, Europeans descend from a mixture of four distinct ancestral components.[14]

Historical populations

Further information: History of Europe
Map of the Roman Empire and barbarian tribes in 125 AD

Greco-Roman historiography, notably Herodotus, Pliny, Ptolemy and Tacitus
:

Historical immigration

Further information:
Turkic expansion, and Early Muslim conquests
Late Antiquity
Map showing the distribution of Slavic tribes between the 7th–9th centuries AD

Ethno-linguistic groups that arrived from outside Europe during historical times are:

History of European ethnography

Sebastian Munster
(1570)
Times Atlas
(1896)

The earliest accounts of European

Classical Antiquity. Herodotus described the Scythians and Thraco-Illyrians. Dicaearchus gave a description of Greece itself, besides accounts of western and northern Europe. His work survives only fragmentarily, but was received by Polybius
and others.

Sardinian and Corsican
peoples.

The 4th century Tabula Peutingeriana records the names of numerous peoples and tribes. Ethnographers of

Alamanni and the Goths
.

Book IX of Isidore's Etymologiae (7th century) treats de linguis, gentibus, regnis, militia, civibus (concerning languages, peoples, realms, war and cities). Ahmad ibn Fadlan in the 10th century gives an account of the Bolghar and the Rus' peoples.

William Rubruck, while most notable for his account of the Mongols, in his account of his journey to Asia also gives accounts of the Tatars and the Alans
.
Chronicon Slavorum
(12th century) gives an account of the northwestern Slavic tribes.

Gottfried Hensel in his 1741

pater noster in the various European languages and scripts.[16][17]
In the 19th century, ethnicity was discussed in terms of
races", Mediterranean, Alpine and Nordic, all part of a larger "Caucasian
" group.

The beginnings of ethnic geography as an academic subdiscipline lie in the period following World War I, in the context of

Nazi propaganda, so that it was only in the 1960s that ethnic geography began to thrive as a bona fide academic subdiscipline.[18]

The origins of modern ethnography are often traced to the work of Bronisław Malinowski, who emphasized the importance of fieldwork.[19] The emergence of

Sami
from other European populations. Despite these stratifications it noted the unusually high degree of European homogeneity: "there is low apparent diversity in Europe with the entire continent-wide samples only marginally more dispersed than single population samples elsewhere in the world."[20][21][22]

Minorities

Further information: Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
Further information:
Multilingual countries and regions of Europe
Gagauz people in Moldova
Sámi family in Lapland
of Finland, 1936

The total number of national minority populations in Europe is estimated at 105 million people, or 14% of Europeans.[2]

The member states of the Council of Europe in 1995 signed the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. The broad aims of the convention are to ensure that the signatory states respect the rights of national minorities, undertaking to combat discrimination, promote equality, preserve and develop the culture and identity of national minorities, guarantee certain freedoms in relation to access to the media, minority languages and education and encourage the participation of national minorities in public life. The Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities defines a national minority implicitly to include minorities possessing a territorial identity and a distinct cultural heritage. By 2008, 39 member states had signed and ratified the convention, with the notable exception of France.

Indigenous minorities

Definitions of what constitutes indigenous minority groups in Europe can vary widely. One criterion is the so-called "time element", or how long the original inhabitants of a land occupied it before the arrival of later settlers. As there is no fixed time frame, the answer to the question of what groups constitute indigenous minorities is often context-dependent. The most extreme view claims that all Europeans are "descendants of previous waves of immigrants", and as such, the countries of Europe are no different from the United States or Canada with regards to who settled where.[23]

Some groups that claim indigenous minority status in Europe include the Uralic

Sámi peoples of northern Norway, Sweden, and Finland and northwestern Russia (in an area also referred to as Sápmi); Galicians of Galicia, Spain; Catalans of Catalonia, Spain and southern France; Basques of Basque Country, Spain and southern France; Gaels of Ireland, the Scottish Highlands, and the Isle of Man; and the Sorbian people of Germany and Poland.[citation needed
]

Non-indigenous minorities

reason=Nearly every figure in this section is unsourced, and the rest are vastly outdated, from before 2010 if sourced at all

Main article: Immigration to Europe
Further information:
Afro-Europeans
Expulsions of Jews in Europe from 1100 to 1600

Many non-European ethnic groups and nationalities have migrated to Europe over the centuries. Some arrived centuries ago. However, the vast majority arrived more recently, mostly in the 20th and 21st centuries. Often, they come from former colonies of the British, Dutch, French, Portuguese and Spanish empires.

European identity

Historical

Further information: History of Western civilization
Gallia, and Roma, bringing offerings to Otto III
; from a gospel book dated 990.

Medieval notions of a relation of the peoples of Europe are expressed in terms of genealogy of mythical founders of the individual groups. The Europeans were considered the descendants of

Africa. Identification of Europeans as "Japhetites" is also reflected in early suggestions for terming the Indo-European languages
"Japhetic".

In this tradition, the Historia Brittonum (9th century) introduces a genealogy of the peoples of the Migration Period based on the sixth-century Frankish Table of Nations as follows,

The first man that dwelt in Europe was Alanus, with his three sons, Hisicion, Armenon, and Neugio. Hisicion had four sons, Francus, Romanus, Alamanus, and Bruttus. Armenon had five sons, Gothus, Valagothus, Cibidus, Burgundus, and Longobardus. Neugio had three sons, Vandalus, Saxo, and Boganus.
From Hisicion arose four nations—the
Tarincgi. The whole of Europe was subdivided into these tribes.[64]

The text goes then on to list the genealogy of Alanus, connecting him to Japheth via eighteen generations.

European culture

Main articles: Culture of Europe and Western culture

European culture is largely rooted in what is often referred to as its "common cultural heritage".[65] Due to the great number of perspectives which can be taken on the subject, it is impossible to form a single, all-embracing conception of European culture.[66] Nonetheless, there are core elements which are generally agreed upon as forming the cultural foundation of modern Europe.[67] One list of these elements given by K. Bochmann includes:[68]

Berting says that these points fit with "Europe's most positive realisations".[70] The concept of European culture is generally linked to the classical definition of the

the Americas, and Australasia
, and is not restricted to Europe.

Religion

Main articles: Religion in Europe and Christendom
Further information:
Hinduism in Europe, and Buddhism in Europe
Eurobarometer Poll 2005 chart results

Since the

Catholicism, while typically centered in Western Europe, also has a very significant following in Central Europe (especially among the Germanic, Western Slavic and Hungarian peoples/regions) as well as in Ireland
(with some in Great Britain).

Christianity has been the dominant religion shaping European culture for at least the last 1700 years.

European identity.[80]

Christianity is still the largest religion in Europe; according to a 2011 survey, 76.2% of Europeans considered themselves

switching to Christianity in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc countries.[85]

Pew Forum, the total number of Muslims in Europe in 2010 was about 44 million (6%),[87][88] while the total number of Muslims in the European Union in 2007 was about 16 million (3.2%).[89]

Sephardi. Ancestors of Ashkenazi Jews likely migrated to Central Europe at least as early as the 8th century, while Sephardi Jews established themselves in Spain and Portugal at least one thousand years before that. Jews originated in the Levant where they resided for thousands of years until the 2nd century AD, when they spread around the Mediterranean and into Europe, although small communities were known to exist in Greece as well as the Balkans since at least the 1st century BC. Jewish history was notably affected by the Holocaust and emigration (including Aliyah, as well as emigration to America) in the 20th century. The Jewish population of Europe in 2010 was estimated to be approximately 1.4 million (0.2% of European population) or 10% of the world's Jewish population.[90] In the 21st century, France has the largest Jewish population in Europe,[90][91] followed by the United Kingdom, Germany, Russia and Ukraine.[91]

In modern times, significant

Agnostics) make up about 18.2% of the European population in 2010.[93] According to the same Survey the Religiously Unaffiliated make up the majority of the population in only two European countries: Czech Republic (76%) and Estonia (60%).[93]

Pan-European identity

Main article: Pan-European identity

"Pan-European identity" or "Europatriotism" is an emerging sense of personal identification with Europe, or the European Union as a result of the gradual process of European integration taking place over the last quarter of the 20th century, and especially in the period after the end of the Cold War, since the 1990s. The foundation of the OSCE following the 1990s Paris Charter has facilitated this process on a political level during the 1990s and 2000s.

From the later 20th century, 'Europe' has come to be widely used as a synonym for the

national identity.[94]

European ethnic groups by sovereign state

See also: List of countries by ethnic groups
Country Majority % Regional majorities Minorities[a]
Albania Albania Albanians 97%[95][96] Greeks ≈3%,[97] and other 2% (Aromanians, Romani, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Bulgarians, Bosniaks, Jews and Serbs).[98]
Armenia Armenia[b] Armenians[c] 98.1% Russians, Yazidis, Assyrians, Kurds, Greeks, Jews, Loms and Ukrainians.
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan[d] Azerbaijanis[c] 91.6%
Lezgin 2%, Armenians
1.35%		 Russians, Tats, Talysh, Kurds, Avars, Turks, Tatars, Ukrainians, and Poles.
Belarus Belarus Belarusians 83.7%
Poles
3.1%, Ukrainians 1.7%, and other 3.2%. (2009 census)
Belgium Belgium
Flemings
 58% Walloons 31%, Germans 1% mixed or other (i.e. Luxembourgers, Eastern Europeans or Southern Europeans, Africans and Asians, and Latin Americans) 10%.
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosniaks 50.11%
Croats
15.43%		 Albanians, Macedonians, Roma and Turks (2013 census)
Bulgaria Bulgaria Bulgarians 84%
Turks
8.8%
Crimean Tatars, Sarakatsani, and "Vlach" [Romanians and Aromanians]). (2001 census)[99]
Croatia Croatia Croats 91.6%
Hungarians and others). (2021 census)[100]
Czech Republic Czech Republic
Czechs
 90.4%
Moravians
3.7%		 Slovaks 1.9%, and other 4%. (including Bulgarians, Croats, Germans, Poles, Roma and Vietnamese). (2001 census)
Denmark Denmark
Danes
 90%[101]
Greenlanders
 other
Greenlandic
people and others.
Estonia Estonia Estonians 68.8% Russians 24.2% , Ukrainians 2.0%, Belarusians 0.8%, Finns 0.6%.
Finland Finland Finns 93.4%
Sami
0.1%
Latvians 0.5%. (2019) also Somalis, Germans, Macedonians and Iranians
Georgia (country) Georgia[d][102] Georgians[c] 86.8% Russians, Azerbaijanis, Tats, Armenians, Ukrainians, Greeks, Ossetians
Greece Greece Greeks 93% includes linguistic minorities 3% Albanians 4% and other (i.e.
Greek Slavic 3%. (2001 census)[e]
Hungary Hungary Hungarians 92.3%
Romani 1.9%, Germans 1.2%, other (i.e. Croats, Romanians, Bulgarians, Turks
and Rusyns) or unknown 4.6%. (2001 census)
Iceland Iceland Icelanders 91% other (non-native/immigrants – mainly Polish, Lithuanians, Danes, Germans and Latvians) 9%.[103]
Republic of Ireland Ireland Irish 87.4% Ulster Scots and Irish Travellers 1.6% other white (large numbers of Lithuanian, Latvian, Polish and Ukrainian migration) 7.5%, Asian 1.3%, black 1.1%, mixed 1.1%. (2006 census)
Italy Italy Italians 91.7%
Southtyroleans in South Tyrol (Bavarian and Ladin People), Franco-Provençal in Aosta Valley and Valmaggiore [it] (northwestern Apulia
)
Ladin, Friulian, Slovene and Roma minorities),[104][105] regional language native speakers (Gallo-Italic, Venetian, Neapolitan, Sicilian),[106] other Europeans (mostly Romanians, Albanians, Ukrainians and Polish) 4%, North African Arabs 1% and others (i.e. Chinese, Filipino, Indian, Black African and Latin American) 2.5%.[107][108][109][110]
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan[d]
Kazakhs[c]
 63.1%
Russians
23.7%
Koreans
.
Kosovo Kosovo[f]
Albanians
 92%
Serbs
4%		 other 4% (
Ashkali and Egyptians
).
Latvia Latvia Latvians 62.1%[111]
Livonians
0.1%		 Russians 26.9%, Belarusian 3.3%, Ukrainian 2.2%, Polish 2.2%, Lithuanian 1.2%, and other 2.0%. (2011)
Lithuania Lithuania Lithuanians 84.61% Poles 6.53%
Russians 5.02%, Belarusians 1.00%, Ukrainians 0.50%, other 2.34% (2021 census
)
Malta Malta Maltese 95.3%[112]
Moldova Moldova Moldovans[g] 75.1% Gagauzs 4.6%, Bulgarians 1.9% Romanians[g] 7%, Ukrainians 6.6%, Russians 4.1%, and other 0.8% (2014 census).
Montenegro Montenegro
Montenegrins
 44.98% Serbs 28.73%
Croats, Turks, Greeks, Romani and Macedonians
) 12,73%. (2011 census)
North Macedonia North Macedonia Macedonians 64% Albanians 25.2%, Turks 4% Romani 2.7%, Serbs 1.8%, and other (i.e. Aromanians, Greeks, Bulgarians, Megleno-Romanians, Gorani, and Croats) 2.2%. (2002 census)
Norway Norway Norwegians[h] 85–87%
Sami 0.7%[i][113] Kvens 0.2%[114]
Somalis, Arabs, Kurds, Vietnamese, Germans, Lithuanians, Russians and different South Asian ethnicities) (2020).[115]
Poland Poland Poles 97%
Polish Jews
reported to reside in the country. (2002 census)
Portugal Portugal Portuguese 95% Portuguese Mirandese speakers 15.000~ (i.e. Mirandese-language speakers) other 5% – other Europeans (British, German, French, Spanish, Romanians, Bulgarians, Hungarians, Croats, Ukrainians, Moldavians, Russians, Serbs, Kosovars and Albanians); Africans from Portuguese-speaking Africa, Brazilians, Chinese, Indians, Jews, Portuguese Gypsies and Latin Americans.
Romania Romania Romanians 83.4% Hungarians 6.1% Romani 3.0%, Germans 0.2%, Ukrainians 0.2%, Turks 0.2%, Russians 0.1% (2011 census)
Russia[d] Russia Russians 81%
Ingushes 0.3%, Kalmyks
0.1%
Avars 0.7%, Mordvins 0.5% and other. (2010 census, includes Asian Russia, excludes unspecified people (3.94% of population)).[116][117]
Serbia Serbia[j] Serbs 83%
Albanians
, and other (2002 census).
Slovakia Slovakia Slovaks 86% Hungarians 9.7%
Romani
1.7%, Rusyn/Ukrainian 1%, other and unspecified 1.8% (2001 census)
Slovenia Slovenia Slovenes 83.1%
ethnic Germans
, Hungarians and Romanians) and/or unspecified 12% (2002 census).
Sweden Sweden
Swedes
 88% Finns (Tornedalians) foreign-born or first-generation immigrants: Finns (
Pakistanis, Thais, Koreans, and Chileans.[118][119]
  Switzerland
Swiss Germans
 65%[120] French 18%, Italians 10%[120] Romansh people in Grisons
Turkey Turkey[d] Turks 75%
Kurds
18%		 Other 7%:
Hemshin), Assyrians, Azerbaijanis, Bosniaks, Bulgarians (including Pomaks), Chechens, Circassians, Crimean Tatars, Georgians (including Laz), Greeks, Romani, Ossetians and Zaza
.
Ukraine Ukraine Ukrainians 77.8% Russians 17.3% Belarusians 0.6%,
Jews 0.2%, Armenians 0.1%, Urums
0.1% and other 1.8% (2001 census).

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ethnic groups in Europe.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Notes

  1. CIA Factbook
    unless indicated otherwise.
  2. boundaries of Europe
    .
  3. ^ a b c d Non-European ethnic group
  4. ^
    boundaries of Europe
    .
  5. ^ Percents represent citizenship, since Greece does not collect data on ethnicity.
  6. partially recognized state, see international recognition of Kosovo
    .
  7. ^ a b c There is an ongoing controversy in Moldova over whether Moldovans' self-identification constitute a subgroup of Romanians or a separate ethnic group.
  8. ^ There is no legal or generally accepted definitions of who is of Norwegian ethnicity in Norway. 87% of population have at least one parent who is born in Norway[citation needed].
  9. ^ In Norway, there is no clear legal definition of who is Sami. Therefore, exact numbers are not possible.
  10. ^ Excluding Kosovo

References

  1. ^ https://study.com/academy/lesson/european-ethnic-groups.html
  2. ^
    ISBN 9783700314226. Archived from the original on 5 December 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link
    )
  3. ^ "Russische Federatie – feiten en cijfers". Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins (in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002.
  4. ^ Pan and Pfeil (2004), "Problems with Terminology", pp. xvii–xx.
  5. ^ "Non-EU citizens make up 5.3% of the EU population". Eurostat. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
  6. ^ Total population of Yiddish estimated at 1.5 million as of 1991, of which c. 40% in Ukraine. Yiddish at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required), Eastern Yiddish at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required), Western Yiddish at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  7. PMID 24809476
    .
  8. ^ Wilson, J. F. (2001). "Genetic evidence for different male and female roles during cultural transitions in the British Isles". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 98 (9): 5078–5083.
    PMID 11287634
    .
  9. PMID 26351665
    .
  10. PMID 25731166
    .
  11. S2CID 4399103
    .
  12. doi:10.1101/016477
    – via www.biorxiv.org.
  13. ISBN 978-1-931930-18-5
    . Laitinen, Virpi; Päivi Lahermo (24 August 2001). "Y-Chromosomal Diversity Suggests that Baltic Males Share Common Finno-Ugric-Speaking Forefathers" (PDF). Human Heredity. 53 (2). Department of Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finnish Genome Center, University of Helsinki: 68–78.
    S2CID 29863635
    . Retrieved 8 October 2008.
  14. PMID 27459054
    . Retrieved 18 April 2018. bottom-left: Western Hunter Gatherers (WHG), top-left: Eastern Hunter Gatherers (EHG), bottom-right: Neolithic Levant and Natufians, top-right: Neolithic Iran. This suggests the hypothesis that diverse ancient West Eurasians can be modeled as mixtures of as few as four streams of ancestry related to these population
  15. ^ Phillips, Fr Andrew. "The Last Christians Of North-West Africa: Some Lessons For Orthodox Today". Orthodoxengland.org.uk. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  16. ^ Hensel, Gottfried (12 December 2017). "Synopsis vniversæ philologiæ in qua miranda vnitas et harmonia lingvarvm: Totivs orbis terrarvm occvlta, e literarvm, syllabarvm, vocvmqve natvra & recessibvs ervitvr; cum grammatica ... mappisqve geographico-polyglottis ..." In commissis apvd heredes Homannianos. Retrieved 12 December 2017 – via Google Books.
  17. ^ Karl Friedrich Vollgraff, Erster Versuch einer Begründung sowohl der allgemeinen Ethnologie durch die Anthropologie, wie auch der Staats und Rechts-philosophie durch die Ethnologie oder Nationalität der Völker (1851), p. 257.
  18. The Origin of Races
    (1962).
  19. ^ Andrew Barry, Political Machines (2001), p. 56
  20. ^ Measuring European Population Stratification using Microarray Genotype Data, Sitesled.com Archived 18 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ "DNA heritage". Archived from the original on 18 February 2004. Retrieved 20 July 2007.
  22. PMID 15044595
    .
  23. ISBN 978-1-009-23333-0
    . Retrieved 10 February 2023.
  24. S2CID 62176630
    , There are about 10 million Turks living in the Balkan area of southeastern Europe and in western Europe at present.
  25. ^ 52% of Europeans say no to Turkey's EU membership, Aysor, 2010, retrieved 7 November 2020, This is not all of a sudden, says expert at the Center for Ethnic and Political Science Studies, Boris Kharkovsky. "These days, up to 15 million Turks live in the EU countries...
  26. ISBN 978-1-4411-0207-2
    , There are around 10 million Euro-Turks living in the European Union countries of Germany, France, the Netherlands and Belgium.
  27. ^ Home Affairs Committee (2011). "Implications for the Justice and Home Affairs area of the accession of Turkey to the European Union" (PDF). The Stationery Office. p. Ev 34.
  28. ^ a b The Guardian (1 August 2011). "UK immigration analysis needed on Turkish legal migration, say MPs". Retrieved 1 August 2011. The Home Office says that there are about 150,000 Turkish nationals living in Britain at present, with about 500,000 people of Turkish origin living in the country altogether. But Germany, Austria, the Netherlands and France all have larger Turkish communities which are more likely to attract a new wave of legal migration.
  29. ^ Mölzer, Andreas. "In Österreich leben geschätzte 500.000 Türken, aber kaum mehr als 10–12.000 Slowenen". Archived from the original on 2012-07-22. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  30. ^ Sayıner, Arda (2018). "Ankara Historia". Daily Sabah. Having said that, a few thousand Swedish citizens currently live in Turkey and the number went up 60 percent in 2017. According to Hyden, Turkish hospitality played an important part behind this increase. She said around 150,000 Turkish citizens live in Sweden, which has a total population of 10 million.
  31. ^ Türken in der Schweiz – Zahlen und Fakten zur Diaspora vom Bosporus, Aargauer Zeitung, 2017, archived from the original on 7 November 2020, retrieved 1 November 2020
  32. ^ Larsen, Nick Aagaard (2008), Tyrkisk afstand fra Islamisk Trossamfund, Danish Broadcasting Corporation, retrieved 1 November 2020, Ud af cirka 200.000 muslimer i Danmark har 70.000 tyrkiske rødder, og de udgør dermed langt den største muslimske indvandrergruppe.
  33. ISBN 978-1108488624
    , One-fifth of the Turkish population is estimated to have Balkan origins. Additionally, more than one million Turks live in Balkan countries, constituting a bridge between these countries and Turkey.
  34. ^ Al Jazeera (2014). "Ahıska Türklerinin 70 yıllık sürgünü". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2016-07-05.
  35. ^ В России проживает около миллиона иудеев [About 1 million Jews live in Russia]. interfax-religion.ru (in Russian). 26 February 2015. Archived from the original on 27 December 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
  36. ^ Tubb 1998, pp. 13–14
  37. ^ Ann E. Killebrew, Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity. An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, Philistines and Early Israel 1300-1100 B.C.E. (Archaeology and Biblical Studies), Society of Biblical Literature, 2005
  38. ISBN 978-0-06-233944-7
    .
  39. ^ * "In the broader sense of the term, a Jew is any person belonging to the worldwide group that constitutes, through descent or conversion, a continuation of the ancient Jewish people, who were themselves descendants of the Hebrews of the Old Testament."
    • "The Jewish people as a whole, initially called Hebrews (ʿIvrim), were known as Israelites (Yisreʾelim) from the time of their entrance into the Holy Land to the end of the Babylonian Exile (538 BC)."
    Jew at Encyclopædia Britannica
  40. ^ "Israelite, in the broadest sense, a Jew, or a descendant of the Jewish patriarch Jacob" Israelite at Encyclopædia Britannica
  41. ^ "Hebrew, any member of an ancient northern Semitic people that were the ancestors of the Jews." Hebrew (People) at Encyclopædia Britannica
  42. ISBN 978-0-19-970205-3
    .
  43. ISBN 978-0-691-14351-4
    .
  44. ISBN 978-0-19-513941-9
    .
  45. ^ Adams, Hannah (1840). The History of the Jews: From the Destruction of Jerusalem to the Present Time. Sold at the London Society House and by Duncan and Malcom, and Wertheim.
  46. ^ Diamond, Jared (1993). "Who are the Jews?" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 8 November 2010. Natural History 102:11 (November 1993): 12–19.
  47. PMID 10801975
    .
  48. ^ Wade, Nicholas (9 May 2000). "Y Chromosome Bears Witness to Story of the Jewish Diaspora". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  49. ^ Behar, Doron M.; Metspalu, Mait; Baran, Yael; Kopelman, Naama M.; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Gladstein, Ariella; Tzur, Shay; Sahakyan, Havhannes; Bahmanimehr, Ardeshir; Yepiskoposyan, Levon; Tambets, Kristiina; Khusnutdinova, Elza K.; Kusniarevich, Aljona; Balanovsky, Oleg; Balanovsky, Elena; Kovacevic, Lejla; Marjanovic, Damir; Mihailov, Evelin; Kouvatsi, Anastasia; Traintaphyllidis, Costas; King, Roy J.; Semino, Ornella; Torroni, Antonio; Hammer, Michael F.; Metspalu, Ene; Skorecki, Karl; Rosset, Saharon; Halperin, Eran; Villems, Richard; Rosenberg, Noah A. (2013). "No Evidence from Genome-Wide Data of a Khazar Origin for the Ashkenazi Jews". Human Biology Open Access Pre-Prints (Paper 41). Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
  50. PMID 24104924
    .
  51. PMID 25230663
    .
  52. ^ Gregory Cochran, Henry Harpending, The 10,000 Year Explosion: How Civilization Accelerated Human Evolution, Basic Books, 2009 pp. 195–196.
  53. ^ Moses ben Machir, in Seder Ha-Yom, p. 15a, Venice 1605 (Hebrew)
  54. ^ Josephus Flavius, Antiquities, xi.v.2
  55. ^ "Petition for expatriate voting officially launched". The Daily Star. 14 July 2012.
  56. ^ Sachs, Susan (5 February 2007). "France's blacks stand up to be counted". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
  57. ^ "Latin American Immigration to Southern Europe". Migrationinformation.org. 28 June 2007. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  58. ^ Born Abroad – Countries of birth, BBC News
  59. Ministry of External Relations
    . 14 September 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
  60. ^ "Brasiliani in Italia - statistiche e distribuzione per regione". Tuttitalia.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2022-06-07.
  61. ^ "Población extranjera por Nacionalidad, comunidades, Sexo y Año". INE.
  62. ^ "Archived copy". www.destatis.de. Archived from the original on 16 November 2010. Retrieved 11 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  63. PMID 11299048
    .
  64. ^ ab Hisitione autem ortae sunt quattuor gentes Franci, Latini, Albani et Britti. ab Armenone autem quinque: Gothi, Valagothi, Gebidi, Burgundi, Longobardi. a Neguio vero quattuor Boguarii, Vandali, Saxones et Turingi. trans. J. A. Giles. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1848. Archived 2009-07-27 at the Wayback Machine
  65. ^ Cf. Berting (2006:51).
  66. ^ Cederman (2001:2) remarks: "Given the absence of an explicit legal definition and the plethora of competing identities, it is indeed hard to avoid the conclusion that Europe is an essentially contested concept." Cf. also Davies (1996:15); Berting (2006:51).
  67. ^ Cf. Jordan-Bychkov (2008:13), Davies (1996:15), Berting (2006:51–56).
  68. ^ K. Bochmann (1990) L'idée d'Europe jusqu'au XXè siècle, quoted in Berting (2006:52). Cf. Davies (1996:15): "No two lists of the main constituents of European civilization would ever coincide. But many items have always featured prominently: from the roots of the Christian world in Greece, Rome and Judaism to modern phenomena such as the Enlightenment, modernization, romanticism, nationalism, liberalism, imperialism, totalitarianism."
  69. ^ a b c d e Berting 2006, p. 52
  70. ^ Berting 2006, p. 51
  71. ^ Duran (1995:81)
  72. ^ Religions in Global Society – Page 146, Peter Beyer – 2006
  73. ^ Cambridge University Historical Series, An Essay on Western Civilization in Its Economic Aspects, p.40: Hebraism, like Hellenism, has been an all-important factor in the development of Western Civilization; Judaism, as the precursor of Christianity, has indirectly had had much to do with shaping the ideals and morality of western nations since the christian era.
  74. ^ Caltron J.H Hayas, Christianity and Western Civilization (1953), Stanford University Press, p.2: That certain distinctive features of our Western civilization — the civilization of western Europe and of America— have been shaped chiefly by Judaeo – Graeco – Christianity, Catholic and Protestant.
  75. ^ Horst Hutter, University of New York, Shaping the Future: Nietzsche's New Regime of the Soul And Its Ascetic Practices (2004), p.111:three mighty founders of Western culture, namely Socrates, Jesus, and Plato.
  76. ^ Fred Reinhard Dallmayr, Dialogue Among Civilizations: Some Exemplary Voices (2004), p.22: Western civilization is also sometimes described as "Christian" or "Judaeo- Christian" civilization.
  77. ISBN 978-0-8132-1683-6
    .
  78. ISBN 978-0-88489-298-4
    .
  79. ISBN 978-0-8132-1683-6
    .
  80. ISBN 9780813216836
    .
  81. ^ "Regional Distribution of Christians". Pewforum.org. 19 December 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  82. ^ "Global Christianity: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population" (PDF), Pew Research Center, 383, p. 130, 2011, archived from the original (PDF) on 5 August 2013, retrieved 14 August 2013
  83. ^ "Discrimination in the EU in 2012" (PDF), Special Eurobarometer, 383, European Union: European Commission, p. 233, 2012, archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2012, retrieved 14 August 2013
  84. ^ a b "Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population". 19 December 2011.
  85. ^
    ISBN 9789004346307
    .
  86. ISBN 9781443891592
    .
  87. ^ "The Future of the Global Muslim Population". Pewforum.org. 27 January 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  88. ^ "Table: Muslim Population by Country". Pewforum.org. 27 January 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  89. ^ "In Europa leben gegenwärtig knapp 53 Millionen Muslime" [Almost 53 million Muslims live in Europe at present]. Islam.de (in German). 8 May 2007. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
  90. ^ a b Lipka, Michael. "The continuing decline of Europe's Jewish population".
  91. ^ a b "Jews". December 18, 2012.
  92. ^ "EC.Europa.eu" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2006.
  93. ^ a b "Religiously Unaffiliated". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 18 December 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
  94. ^ This is particularly the case among proponents of the so-called confederalist or neo-functionalist position on European integration. Eder and Spohn (2005:3) note: "The evolutionary thesis of the making of a European identity often goes with the assumption of a simultaneous decline of national identities. This substitution thesis reiterates the well-known confederalist/neo-functionalist position in the debate on European integration, arguing for an increasing replacement of the nation-state by European institutions, against the intergovernmentalist/realist position, insisting on the continuing primacy of the nation-state."
  95. ^ "Country Policy and Information Note Albania: Ethnic minority groups" (PDF).
  96. ^ "Population: Demographic Situation, Languages and Religions". 9 October 2017.
  97. ISBN 0-14-028899-6
  98. ^ "CIA Factbook 2010". Retrieved 26 July 2010.
  99. ^ "Census 2001, Population by Districts and Ethnic Groups as of 01.03.2001". Nsi.bg. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
  100. ^ "Popis stanovništva" [Population census] (in Croatian). Croatian Bureau of Statistics. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  101. ^ Persons of Danish origin: 4 985 415. Total population: 5 511 451 Statistics Denmark
  102. ^ https://www.un.org/depts/DGACM/RegionalGroups.shtml United Nations Regional Eastern European Group
  103. ^ "Background – Hagstofa". Hagstofa. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  104. ^ "Legge 482". www.camera.it.
  105. ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld – World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Italy". Refworld.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  106. ^ "Endangered languages: the full list". The Guardian Datablog facts are sacred. 15 April 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
  107. ^ "Indicatori demografici". Istat.it. 30 November 2014. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  108. ^ "CITTADINI NON COMUNITARI REGOLARMENTE SOGGIORNANTI : Anni 2013–2014" (PDF). Istat.it. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  109. ^ "Cittadini Stranieri. Popolazione residente per sesso e cittadinanza al 31 Dicembre 2012 Italia – Tutti i Paesi". Demo.istat.it. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  110. ^ Италианските българи (in Bulgarian). 24 Chasa. Archived from the original on 8 June 2015.
  111. ^ "On key provisional results of Population and Housing Census 2011 | Latvijas statistika". Csb.gov.lv. 18 January 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
  112. ^ "MALTA : general data". Populstat.info. Archived from the original on 25 June 2009. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  113. ^ "Focus on Sámi in Norway". Statistics Norway. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012.
  114. ^ regionaldepartementet, Kommunal- og (8 December 2000). "St.meld. nr. 15 (2000–2001)". Regjeringa.no.
  115. ^ Personer med innvandringsbakgrunn, etter innvandringskategori, landbakgrunn og kjønn. 1. januar 2012 ( Archived 18 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine SSB (Statistics Norway), Retrieved 6 November 2012
  116. ^ Официальный сайт Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года. Информационные материалы об окончательных итогах Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года Archived 6 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  117. ^ "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010. Национальный состав населения РФ 2010". Gks.ru. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  118. ^ "SCB.se". Scb.se. Archived from the original on 6 April 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  119. ^ "SCB.se". Scb.se. Archived from the original on 12 March 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  120. ^ a b "Statistical information about Switzerland". www.about.ch. Retrieved 2022-09-29.

Bibliography

Further reading
  1. ISBN 978-3-7003-1443-1
    . (a breakdown by country of these 87 groups is given in Table 5, pp. 17–31.)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethnic_groups_in_Europe&oldid=1217968128"