Ethnic groups in Europe
Europeans are the focus of European
The large majority of Europe's current population would be considered indigenous to their respective nations and/or regions
Overview
In 2021 the number of non-EU nationals living in EU members states was 23.7 million (5.3% of the EU population). The countries with the largest population of non-nationals were Germany, Spain, France and Italy. These four Member States represented 70.3% of all non-EU nationals living in the EU Member States.[5] The population of the European Union, with some 450 million residents, accounts for two thirds of the current European population.
Both
Linguistic classifications
This section needs additional citations for verification. (June 2019) |
Of the total population of Europe of some 740 million (as of 2010), close to 90% (or some 650 million) fall within three large branches of Indo-European languages, these being:
- , a daughter language of Dutch, is spoken by some South African and Namibian migrant populations.
- .
- .
Three stand-alone Indo-European languages do not fall within larger sub-groups and are not closely related to those larger language families:
In addition, there are also smaller sub-groups within the Indo-European languages of Europe, including:
- Baltic, including Latvian, Lithuanian, Samogitian and Latgalian.
- Celtic, including Breton, Cornish, Irish, Manx, Welsh, and Scottish Gaelic.
- .
- Indo-Aryan is represented by the Romani language spoken by Roma people of eastern Europe, and is at root related to the Indo-Aryan languages of the Indian subcontinent.
Besides the Indo-European languages, there are other
- .
- .
- Arabicis spoken by some migrant communities from the Middle East and North Africa.
- Kartvelian languages (also known as South Caucasian languages), including Georgian, Zan (Mingrelian and Laz), and Svan.
- Northwest Caucasian languages, including Abkhaz, Abaza, Circassian (Adyghe and Kabardian), and Ubykh.
- .
- Language isolates: Basque, spoken in the Basque regions of Spain and France, is an isolate language, the only one in Europe, and is believed to be unrelated to any other living language; though it is related to the extinct Aquitanian language.
- Kalmyk, spoken in the South region of Russia.
History
Prehistoric populations
The Basques have been found to descend from the population of the late Neolithic or early Bronze Age directly.[8][9] By contrast,
TheRegarding the
According to geneticist David Reich, based on ancient human genomes that his laboratory sequenced in 2016, Europeans descend from a mixture of four distinct ancestral components.[14]
Historical populations
- Anatolians.
- Balkans: the Illyrians (List of ancient tribes in Illyria), Dacians, and Thracians.
- Phoenician coloniesin its neighboring Italian islands.
- .
- Phoeniciancoastal Mediterranean colonies.
- Phoenician colonies.
- British Isles: the Insular Celts.
- list of Germanic peoples) and Normans.
- Phoenician colonies.
- Eastern Europe: the Veneti (Early Slavs), Scythians and Sarmatians.
- .
Historical immigration
This section needs additional citations for verification. (June 2019) |
Ethno-linguistic groups that arrived from outside Europe during historical times are:
- Phoenician colonies in the Mediterranean (including regions in Spain, Malta, Sicily, Sardinia, Cyprus and the Aegean), from about 1200 BC to the fall of Carthage after the Third Punic War in 146 BC.
- Southern Caucasus (including parts of modern Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan) and Cilicia during the Neo-Assyrian Empire(911–605 BC).
- Ossetes.
- The AD 70 and records of Jews settling Central Europe (Gaul) from the 5th century (see History of the Jews in Europe).
- The Barbarian invasions, contributing to the formation of the First Bulgarian Empire.
- The Southern Slavs.
- Avar Khaganate(c. 560s–800).
- The Bulgars (or Proto-Bulgarians), a semi-nomadic Turkic people, originally from Central Asia, eventually absorbed by the Slavs.
- The Magyars (Hungarians), a Uralic-speaking people, and the Turkic Pechenegs and Khazars, arrived in Europe in about the 8th century (see Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin).
- The Almohads, from whose domain they would be expelled in 1492).
- Exodus of Maghreb Christians.[15]
- The western Kipchaks known as Cumans entered the lands of present-day Ukraine in the 11th century.
- The .
- The Romani people arrived during the Late Middle Ages.
- The in the 17th century.
History of European ethnography
This section needs additional citations for verification. (June 2019) |
The earliest accounts of European
The 4th century Tabula Peutingeriana records the names of numerous peoples and tribes. Ethnographers of
Book IX of Isidore's Etymologiae (7th century) treats de linguis, gentibus, regnis, militia, civibus (concerning languages, peoples, realms, war and cities). Ahmad ibn Fadlan in the 10th century gives an account of the Bolghar and the Rus' peoples.
Gottfried Hensel in his 1741 In the 19th century, ethnicity was discussed in terms of " group.
The beginnings of ethnic geography as an academic subdiscipline lie in the period following World War I, in the context of
The origins of modern ethnography are often traced to the work of Bronisław Malinowski, who emphasized the importance of fieldwork.[19] The emergence of
Minorities
The total number of national minority populations in Europe is estimated at 105 million people, or 14% of Europeans.[2]
The member states of the Council of Europe in 1995 signed the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. The broad aims of the convention are to ensure that the signatory states respect the rights of national minorities, undertaking to combat discrimination, promote equality, preserve and develop the culture and identity of national minorities, guarantee certain freedoms in relation to access to the media, minority languages and education and encourage the participation of national minorities in public life. The Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities defines a national minority implicitly to include minorities possessing a territorial identity and a distinct cultural heritage. By 2008, 39 member states had signed and ratified the convention, with the notable exception of France.
Indigenous minorities
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Definitions of what constitutes indigenous minority groups in Europe can vary widely. One criterion is the so-called "time element", or how long the original inhabitants of a land occupied it before the arrival of later settlers. As there is no fixed time frame, the answer to the question of what groups constitute indigenous minorities is often context-dependent. The most extreme view claims that all Europeans are "descendants of previous waves of immigrants", and as such, the countries of Europe are no different from the United States or Canada with regards to who settled where.[23]
Some groups that claim indigenous minority status in Europe include the Uralic
Non-indigenous minorities
reason=Nearly every figure in this section is unsourced, and the rest are vastly outdated, from before 2010 if sourced at all
Many non-European ethnic groups and nationalities have migrated to Europe over the centuries. Some arrived centuries ago. However, the vast majority arrived more recently, mostly in the 20th and 21st centuries. Often, they come from former colonies of the British, Dutch, French, Portuguese and Spanish empires.
- Western Asians
- UK (2011 estimate),[27][28] 500,000 in Austria (2011 estimate)[28][29] 150,000 in Sweden,[30] 120,000 in Switzerland,[31] 70,000 in Denmark (2008 estimate),[32] as well as growing communities in Italy, Liechtenstein, Finland and Spain. In addition, over one million Turks were living in the Balkans in 2019 (especially in Bulgaria, Greece, Kosovo, North Macedonia and Romania),[33] and approximately 400,000 Meskhetian Turks were living in the Eastern European regions of the post-Soviet states (i.e. Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Russia and Ukraine) in 2014.[34]
- UK, Russia and Germany. They are descended from the Israelites of the Middle East (Southwest Asia),[35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] originating from the historical kingdoms of Israel and Judah.[43][44][45][46]
- Holocaust wiped out the vast majority during World War IIand forced most to flee, with many of them going back to Israel.
- Bukharan Jews: from Uzbekistan, approximately 320,000, now half in Israel, 12% in the United States (2/3 in the New York metropolitan area), 5% the United Kingdom, and 3% scattered in Austria, Germany, Uzbekistan, Canada, and Russia.
- eras, and were forcibly converted or expelled in the 15th and 16th centuries.
- Mizrahi Jews: approximately 300,000, mostly in France, via Islamic-majority countries of the Middle East.
- Italqim: approximately 50,000, mostly in Italy, since the 2nd century BC.
- Romaniotes: approximately 6,000, mostly in Greece, with communities dating at least from the 1st century AD.
- Crimean Karaites (Karaim): less than 4,000, mostly in Ukraine, Poland and Lithuania. They arrived in Crimea in the Middle Ages.
- Assyrian diaspora). Assyrians have been present in Eastern Turkey since the Bronze Age(circa 2000 BCE).
- Kurds: approximately 2.5 million, mostly in the UK, Germany, Sweden and Turkey.
- Yezidis.
- Lebanese diaspora: especially in France, Netherlands, Germany, Cyprus and the UK.[55]
- Yezidis.
- Africans
- .
- Ethiopians, Eritreans, Djiboutians, and the Northern Sudanese): approximately 700,000, mostly in Scandinavia, the UK, the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Finland, and Italy. Majority arrived to Europe as refugees. Proportionally few live in Italy despite former colonial ties, most live in the Nordic countries.
- Afro-Latinos and others by descent): approximately 5 million in 2007, mostly in the UK and France, with smaller numbers in the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal and elsewhere.[56]
- Latin American Britons (80,000 Latin American born in 2001).[58]
- Chilean refugees escaping the Augusto Pinochet regime of the 1970s formed communities in France, Sweden, the UK, former East Germany and the Netherlands.
- Mexicans: about 21,000 in Spain[61] and 14,000 in Germany[62]
- Venezuelans: around 520,000 mostly in Spain (200,000), Portugal (100,000), France (30,000), Germany (20,000), UK (15,000), Ireland (5,000), Italy (5,000) and the Netherlands (1,000).[citation needed]
- South Asians: approximately 3-4 million, mostly in the UK but reside in smaller numbers in Germany and France., 1886.
- Romani (Gypsies): approximately 4 or 10 million (although estimates vary widely), dispersed throughout Europe but with large numbers concentrated in the Balkans area, they are of ancestral South Asian and European descent,[63] originating from the northern regions of the Indian subcontinent.
- Indians: approximately 2 million, mostly in the UK, also in Netherlands, Italy, in Germany and France.
- Pakistanis: approximately 1 million, mostly in the UK, but also in France, Spain, Germany and Italy.
- Bangladeshi residing in Europe estimated at over 500,000, mostly in the UK.
- Sri Lankans: approximately 200,000, mainly in the UK.
- Nepalese: approximately 50,000 in the UK.
- Afghans, about 100,000 to 200,000, most happen to live in the UK, but Germany and Sweden have also been popular destinations for Afghanistani immigrants since the 1960s.
- Southeast Asians
- Filipinos: above 1 million, mostly in Italy, the UK, France, Germany, and Spain.
- Others of multiple nationalities, ca. total 1 million, such as Timorese and Laotian migrants. See also Vietnamese people in the Czech Republic.
- East Asians
- Chinese: approximately 1.7 million, mostly in France, Russia, the UK, Spain, Italy and the Netherlands.
- Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Koreans: 100,000 estimated (excluding a possible 100,000 more in the Asian section of Russia), mainly in the UK, France and Germany. See also Koryo-saram.
- Mongolians in Germany.
- North Americans
- U.S. and Canadian immigrants: , as well as Americans/Canadians of European ancestry residing elsewhere in Europe.
- African American British) who are Americans of black/African ancestry reside in other countries. In the 1920s, African-American entertainers established a colony in Paris (African American French) and descendants of World War II/Cold War-era black American soldiers stationed in France, Germany and Italyare well known.
- U.S. and Canadian immigrants: , as well as Americans/Canadians of European ancestry residing elsewhere in Europe.
- Others
- descent.
- Tongans and Samoans, also in the United Kingdom.
- Indigenous peoples of the Americas, a scant few in the European continent of American Indian ancestry (often Latin Americans in Spain, France and the UK; Inuit in Denmark), but most may be children or grandchildren of U.S. soldiers from American Indian tribes by intermarriage with local European women.
European identity
Historical
Medieval notions of a relation of the peoples of Europe are expressed in terms of genealogy of mythical founders of the individual groups. The Europeans were considered the descendants of
In this tradition, the Historia Brittonum (9th century) introduces a genealogy of the peoples of the Migration Period based on the sixth-century Frankish Table of Nations as follows,
- The first man that dwelt in Europe was Alanus, with his three sons, Hisicion, Armenon, and Neugio. Hisicion had four sons, Francus, Romanus, Alamanus, and Bruttus. Armenon had five sons, Gothus, Valagothus, Cibidus, Burgundus, and Longobardus. Neugio had three sons, Vandalus, Saxo, and Boganus.
- From Hisicion arose four nations—the Tarincgi. The whole of Europe was subdivided into these tribes.[64]
The text goes then on to list the genealogy of Alanus, connecting him to Japheth via eighteen generations.
European culture
European culture is largely rooted in what is often referred to as its "common cultural heritage".[65] Due to the great number of perspectives which can be taken on the subject, it is impossible to form a single, all-embracing conception of European culture.[66] Nonetheless, there are core elements which are generally agreed upon as forming the cultural foundation of modern Europe.[67] One list of these elements given by K. Bochmann includes:[68]
- A common cultural and spiritual heritage derived from Greco-Roman antiquity, Christianity, the Renaissance and its Humanism, the political thinking of the Enlightenment, and the French Revolution, and the developments of Modernity, including all types of socialism;[69]
- A rich and dynamic material culture that has been extended to the other continents as the result of
- A specific conception of the individual expressed by the existence of, and respect for, a legality that guarantees human rights and the liberty of the individual;[69]
- A plurality of states with different political orders, which are condemned to live together in one way or another;[69]
- Respect for peoples, states and nations outside Europe.[69]
Berting says that these points fit with "Europe's most positive realisations".[70] The concept of European culture is generally linked to the classical definition of the
Religion
Since the
Christianity has been the dominant religion shaping European culture for at least the last 1700 years.
Christianity is still the largest religion in Europe; according to a 2011 survey, 76.2% of Europeans considered themselves
In modern times, significant
Pan-European identity
"Pan-European identity" or "Europatriotism" is an emerging sense of personal identification with Europe, or the European Union as a result of the gradual process of European integration taking place over the last quarter of the 20th century, and especially in the period after the end of the Cold War, since the 1990s. The foundation of the OSCE following the 1990s Paris Charter has facilitated this process on a political level during the 1990s and 2000s.
From the later 20th century, 'Europe' has come to be widely used as a synonym for the
European ethnic groups by sovereign state
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This section needs to be updated.(September 2022) |
Country | Majority | % | Regional majorities | Minorities[a] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Albania | Albanians | 97%[95][96] | Greeks ≈3%,[97] and other 2% (Aromanians, Romani, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Bulgarians, Bosniaks, Jews and Serbs).[98] | |
Armenia[b] | Armenians[c] | 98.1% | Russians, Yazidis, Assyrians, Kurds, Greeks, Jews, Loms and Ukrainians. | |
Azerbaijan[d] | Azerbaijanis[c] | 91.6% | Lezgin 2%, Armenians 1.35% |
Russians, Tats, Talysh, Kurds, Avars, Turks, Tatars, Ukrainians, and Poles. |
Belarus | Belarusians | 83.7% | Poles 3.1%, Ukrainians 1.7%, and other 3.2%. (2009 census)
| |
Belgium | Flemings |
58% | Walloons 31%, Germans 1% | mixed or other (i.e. Luxembourgers, Eastern Europeans or Southern Europeans, Africans and Asians, and Latin Americans) 10%. |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Bosniaks | 50.11% | Croats 15.43% |
Albanians, Macedonians, Roma and Turks (2013 census) |
Bulgaria | Bulgarians | 84% | Turks 8.8% |
|
Croatia | Croats | 91.6% | ||
Czech Republic | Czechs |
90.4% | Moravians 3.7% |
Slovaks 1.9%, and other 4%. (including Bulgarians, Croats, Germans, Poles, Roma and Vietnamese). (2001 census) |
Denmark | Danes |
90%[101] | Greenlanders |
other Greenlandic people and others.
|
Estonia | Estonians | 68.8% | Russians 24.2% , Ukrainians 2.0%, Belarusians 0.8%, Finns 0.6%. | |
Finland | Finns | 93.4% | Sami 0.1% |
|
Georgia[d][102] | Georgians[c] | 86.8% | Russians, Azerbaijanis, Tats, Armenians, Ukrainians, Greeks, Ossetians | |
Greece | Greeks | 93% | includes linguistic minorities 3% | Albanians 4% and other (i.e. Greek Slavic 3%. (2001 census)[e]
|
Hungary | Hungarians | 92.3% | and Rusyns) or unknown 4.6%. (2001 census) | |
Iceland | Icelanders | 91% | other (non-native/immigrants – mainly Polish, Lithuanians, Danes, Germans and Latvians) 9%.[103] | |
Ireland | Irish | 87.4% | Ulster Scots and Irish Travellers 1.6% | other white (large numbers of Lithuanian, Latvian, Polish and Ukrainian migration) 7.5%, Asian 1.3%, black 1.1%, mixed 1.1%. (2006 census) |
Italy | Italians | 91.7% | Southtyroleans in South Tyrol (Bavarian and Ladin People), Franco-Provençal in Aosta Valley and Valmaggiore (northwestern Apulia ) |
Ladin, Friulian, Slovene and Roma minorities),[104][105] regional language native speakers (Gallo-Italic, Venetian, Neapolitan, Sicilian),[106] other Europeans (mostly Romanians, Albanians, Ukrainians and Polish) 4%, North African Arabs 1% and others (i.e. Chinese, Filipino, Indian, Black African and Latin American) 2.5%.[107][108][109][110]
|
Kazakhstan[d] | Kazakhs[c] |
63.1% | Russians 23.7% |
Koreans .
|
Kosovo[f] | Albanians |
92% | Serbs 4% |
other 4% ( Ashkali and Egyptians ).
|
Latvia | Latvians | 62.1%[111] | Livonians 0.1% |
Russians 26.9%, Belarusian 3.3%, Ukrainian 2.2%, Polish 2.2%, Lithuanian 1.2%, and other 2.0%. (2011) |
Lithuania | Lithuanians | 84.61% | Poles 6.53% | Russians 5.02%, Belarusians 1.00%, Ukrainians 0.50%, other 2.34% (2021 census )
|
Malta | Maltese | 95.3%[112] | ||
Moldova | Moldovans[g] | 75.1% | Gagauzs 4.6%, Bulgarians 1.9% | Romanians[g] 7%, Ukrainians 6.6%, Russians 4.1%, and other 0.8% (2014 census). |
Montenegro | Montenegrins |
44.98% | Serbs 28.73% | Croats, Turks, Greeks, Romani and Macedonians ) 12,73%. (2011 census)
|
North Macedonia | Macedonians | 64% | Albanians 25.2%, Turks 4% | Romani 2.7%, Serbs 1.8%, and other (i.e. Aromanians, Greeks, Bulgarians, Megleno-Romanians, Gorani, and Croats) 2.2%. (2002 census) |
Norway | Norwegians[h] | 85–87% | Somalis, Arabs, Kurds, Vietnamese, Germans, Lithuanians, Russians and different South Asian ethnicities) (2020).[115]
| |
Poland | Poles | 97% | Polish Jews reported to reside in the country. (2002 census)
| |
Portugal | Portuguese | 95% | Portuguese Mirandese speakers 15.000~ (i.e. Mirandese-language speakers) | other 5% – other Europeans (British, German, French, Spanish, Romanians, Bulgarians, Hungarians, Croats, Ukrainians, Moldavians, Russians, Serbs, Kosovars and Albanians); Africans from Portuguese-speaking Africa, Brazilians, Chinese, Indians, Jews, Portuguese Gypsies and Latin Americans. |
Romania | Romanians | 83.4% | Hungarians 6.1% | Romani 3.0%, Germans 0.2%, Ukrainians 0.2%, Turks 0.2%, Russians 0.1% (2011 census) |
[d] Russia | Russians | 81% | Ingushes 0.3%, Kalmyks 0.1% |
|
Serbia[j] | Serbs | 83% | Albanians , and other (2002 census).
| |
Slovakia | Slovaks | 86% | Hungarians 9.7% | Romani 1.7%, Rusyn/Ukrainian 1%, other and unspecified 1.8% (2001 census)
|
Slovenia | Slovenes | 83.1% | ethnic Germans , Hungarians and Romanians) and/or unspecified 12% (2002 census).
| |
Sweden | Swedes |
88% | Finns (Tornedalians) | foreign-born or first-generation immigrants: Finns ( |
Switzerland | Swiss Germans
|
65%[120] | French 18%, Italians 10%[120] | Romansh people in Grisons |
Turkey[d] | Turks | 75% | Kurds 18% |
Other 7%: Hemshin), Assyrians, Azerbaijanis, Bosniaks, Bulgarians (including Pomaks), Chechens, Circassians, Crimean Tatars, Georgians (including Laz), Greeks, Romani, Ossetians and Zaza .
|
Ukraine | Ukrainians | 77.8% | Russians 17.3% | Belarusians 0.6%, 0.1% and other 1.8% (2001 census). |
See also
- European diaspora
- Central Asians
- Demographics of Europe
- Emigration from Europe
- European American
- White Latin American
- Ethnic groups in the Middle East
- Eurolinguistics
- Federal Union of European Nationalities
- Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
- Genetic history of Europe
- Immigration to Europe
- Afro-Europeans
- Turks in Europe
- Languages of Europe
- List of ethnic groups
- Nomadic peoples of Europe
- Peoples of the Caucasus
- White people
Notes
- CIA Factbookunless indicated otherwise.
- boundaries of Europe.
- ^ a b c d Non-European ethnic group
- ^ boundaries of Europe.
- ^ Percents represent citizenship, since Greece does not collect data on ethnicity.
- partially recognized state, see international recognition of Kosovo.
- ^ a b c There is an ongoing controversy in Moldova over whether Moldovans' self-identification constitute a subgroup of Romanians or a separate ethnic group.
- ^ There is no legal or generally accepted definitions of who is of Norwegian ethnicity in Norway. 87% of population have at least one parent who is born in Norway[citation needed].
- ^ In Norway, there is no clear legal definition of who is Sami. Therefore, exact numbers are not possible.
- ^ Excluding Kosovo
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Ud af cirka 200.000 muslimer i Danmark har 70.000 tyrkiske rødder, og de udgør dermed langt den største muslimske indvandrergruppe.
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Further reading
- GROWup - Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform, ETH Zurich, Ethnic Power Relations (EPR) Atlas
- Ron Balsdon, The Cultural Mosaic of the European Union: Why National Boundaries and the Cultures Inside Still Matter
- Migration Policy Institute – Country and Comparative Data
- New International Encyclopedia.
- Gibbons, Ann (15 May 2019). "There's no such thing as a 'pure' European—or anyone else". Science. .
- ISBN 978-3-7003-1443-1. (a breakdown by country of these 87 groups is given in Table 5, pp. 17–31.)