Europium compounds

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Europium compounds fluoresce under UV light at 395 nm and 365 nm.[1]

Europium compounds are compounds formed by the

Eufod
.

Properties of europium compounds

Formula Color Crystal structure Space group No
EuBr2 white SrBr2 P4/n 85
EuBr3 grey[3] PuBr3 Cmcm 63
EuCl2 white PbCl2 Pnma 62
EuCl3 yellow UCl3 P63/m 176
EuF2 dark yellowish[4] fluorite[5] Fm3m 225
EuF3 white
LaF3[6]
 Pnma 62
EuI2 yellow
monoclinic
 P21/c 14
EuI3 colorless[7] BiI3 R3 148
EuH2
 dark red[8] PbCl2 Pnma 62
Eu(OH)2 pale yellow[9]
orthorhombic
 P21am[9] 26
Eu(OH)3 pale pink[10]
hexagonal
 P63/m[11] 176
EuO violet[12] fluorite Fm3m 225
Eu2O3 white
monoclinic
 C2/m 12
EuS black fluorite Fm3m 225
EuSe
 black fluorite Fm3m 225
EuTe black fluorite Fm3m 225
EuSO4 white
orthorhombic
 Pnma 62

Chalcogenides

Oxides

antiferromagnetic.[13] The mixed valence oxide Eu3O4 of europium can be obtained by reducing europium(III) oxide with a reducing agent in a hydrogen atmosphere, such as:[5]

2 Eu2O3 + 2 EuOCl + 2 LiH → 2 Eu3O4 + 2 LiCl + H2↑

Europium(III) oxide is the most stable

precipitate hydroxide Eu(OH)3, but in the presence of polyhydroxyl compounds (such as glucose), the precipitation is incomplete.[13]

Eu(H2O) and Eu(H2O)2 complexes can be obtained by the reaction of metallic europium in solid argon with water. Eu(H2O) is rearranged to obtain HEuOH, which is further decomposed into EuO and H2; Eu(H2O)2 is decomposed into Eu(OH)2 and H2.[16]

Other chalcogenides

Europium(III) sulfide can be obtained by the decomposition of Eu(Et2NCS2)3 then at 500~600 °C.

orthorhombic and cubic crystal systems, respectively.[19] Europium(II) sulfide is prepared by sulfiding the oxide at temperatures sufficiently high to decompose europium(III) oxide:[20]

Eu2O3 + 3 H2S → 2 EuS + 3 H2O + S

The selenides,

europium(II) selenide, and tellurides, europium(II) telluride and europium(III) telluride, are also known. They can generally be prepared by reacting europium with selenium or tellurium in a vacuum ampoule at a high temperature.[21][22][5]
Europium(II) selenide can also be obtained by heating europium(II) oxalate with an excess of selenium.

Europium oxysulfide is obtained by reacting europium(III) oxide in a carbon disulfide/argon/low-pressure oxygen stream. It is a solid of the triclinic crystal system, with the space group P3m1, and its optical band gap is 4.4 eV.[23] Europium oxyselenide and europium oxytelluride can be prepared by reacting europium(III) oxide with selenium or tellurium at 600 °C.[24] The oxyselenide is heated in air and oxidized to oxyselenite.[25] A similar reaction occurs with oxytelluride to give Eu2TeO6.[26]

Halides

Europium(III) chloride hexahydrate

Europium metal reacts with all the halogens:

2 Eu + 3 X2 → 2 EuX3 (X = F, Cl, Br, I)

This route gives white europium(III) fluoride (EuF3), yellow europium(III) chloride (EuCl3), gray[3] europium(III) bromide (EuBr3), and colorless europium(III) iodide (EuI3). Europium also forms the corresponding dihalides: yellow-green europium(II) fluoride (EuF2), colorless europium(II) chloride (EuCl2) (although it has a bright blue fluorescence under UV light),[27] colorless europium(II) bromide (EuBr2), and green europium(II) iodide (EuI2).[28]

Europium can form all four trihalides. They are strong

electrolytes in water, and all but the fluoride are soluble in water. Anhydrous europium trihalides can be prepared by reacting oxides or the halides' hydrates:[29]

Eu2O3 + 6 NH4Cl → 2 EuCl3 + 3 H2O + 6 NH3↑
EuCl3·6H2O + 6 SOCl2 → EuCl3 + 6 SO2↑ + 12 HCl↑

Among them, europium(III) iodide can only be obtained by reacting europium(III) oxide and hydroiodic acid.[30]

In addition, europium can also form all four dihalides. They can generally be prepared by reducing the corresponding europium trihalide with

hydrogen gas
or europium:

2 EuX3 + H2 → 2 EuX2 + 2 HX

Europium(II) iodide can also be obtained by direct treating the reagent with ammonium iodide.[31] Of the dihalides, EuF2 and EuI2 are yellow, and EuCl2 and EuBr2 are white, although when irradiated by ultraviolet lite, EuCl2 has a bright blue fluorescence.[27]

Pnictides

Europium(III) nitride is a black solid that can be prepared by the reaction of metallic europium in a stream of ammonia in corundum boats in fused quartz tubes at 700 °C:[32]

2 Eu +2 NH3 → 2 EuN + 3 H2

In this reaction, the europium is oxidized and the

nickel arsenide, and is produced from reacting europium and arsenic at 600 °C.[41][42] Other arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of europium are also known.[43][44][45]

Organoeuropium compounds

See also: Organolanthanide chemistry

Organoeuropium compounds are a class of

organic metal compounds containing Eu-C bonds. The cyclopentadienyl complexes of europium were studied in the early stage. They can be prepared by the reaction of sodium cyclopentadienide and anhydrous europium halide in tetrahydrofuran, such as:[46][47]

EuCl3 + 3 C5H5Na → (C5H5)3Eu + 3 NaCl
EuI2 + 2 (C5HiPr4)Na → (C5HiPr4)2Eu + 2 NaI

Europium bis(tetraisopropylocene) is an orange-red solid that can be melted at 165 °C.[47] The complex of cyclononatetraene and europium(II) can be prepared by a similar method, and its toluene solution emits blue-green fluorescence at 516 nm, compared with other organic europium(II) sandwich complexes (about 630 nm) with a clear blue shift.[48]

In addition to the preparation of organo-europium compounds by metathesis reaction, metal europium can also be directly involved in the reaction, such as the reaction of europium and pentamethylcyclopentadiene to generate light orange bis(pentamethylcyclopentadiene) europium;[47] and the reaction between cyclooctatetraene and europium gives the pale green cyclooctatetraene europium.[49]

Other compounds

Europium nitrate reacts with sodium hydroxide to form a precipitate of europium hydroxide. The reaction was irradiated with UV light at 365 nm.

reducing europium(III) chloride with zinc amalgam, and then reacting with sulfuric acid.[50] It reacts with sodium carbonate or ammonium oxalate to obtain europium(II) carbonate and europium(II) oxalate, respectively:[50]

EuSO4 + Na2CO3 + xH2O → EuCO3·xH2O + Na2SO4
EuSO4 + (NH4)2C2O4(saturated) + H2O → EuC2O4·H2O + (NH4)2SO4

Europium(III) sulfate can be directly obtained by reacting europium(III) oxide and dilute sulfuric acid, and crystallized, and dehydration of hydrate can obtain the anhydrous form. Europium(III) sulfate is soluble in water, and its octahydrate has a solubility of 2.56 g at 20 °C.[51] Europium(III) sulfite (Eu2(SO3)3·nH2O，n=0, 3, 6[52]) and its basic salt (EuOHSO3·4H2O[53]) are known, and heating the sulfite in a carbon monoxide atmosphere will dehydrate to obtain the anhydrous form, and after Eu2O2SO4, finally obtain the oxysulfide Eu2O2S.[54]

ammonium hydroxide.[56][57]

Europium(III) nitrate can be obtained by reacting europium(III) oxide and

monoclinic phase.[61] Europium(III) oxide reacts with arsenic pentoxide to obtain europium(III) arsenate, which is a colorless crystal with a xenotime structure.[62]

Europium(III) acetate powder

Europium(III) carbonate is one of the carbonates of europium, which can be obtained by reacting a dilute solution of

potassium oxalate as raw material can only get double salt KEu(C2O4)2·2H2O.[64] The coordination polymer [Eu(C2O4)(HCOO)]n can be obtained by reacting europium oxalate and oxalic acid with oxalic acid at 200 °C.[65] Europium(III) oxalate is heated to 320 °C in a carbon dioxide atmosphere to obtain europium oxalate:[66]

Eu2(C2O4)3 → 2 EuC2O4 + 2 CO2↑

Applications

Compounds of Eu3+ can emit red light under excitation. For example, europium(III) oxide can be used in picture tube televisions[67] and europium-doped yttrium oxysulfide (Y2O2S:Eu3+) can be used as phosphors.[68] In addition, europium compounds can also be used in the manufacture of anti-counterfeiting materials.[69]

Based on the properties of

qubits.[73]

Eu(OCC(CH3)3CHCOC3F7)3 (abbreviated Eu(fod)3, where the fod ligand is the anion of the commercially available 6,6,7,7,8,8,8-heptafluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3,5-octanedione) serves as a Lewis acid

endo product.[74]

Gallery

Europium compounds
  • Europium acetate tetrahydrate (Eu(CH3COO)3·4H2O)
    Europium acetate tetrahydrate (Eu(CH3COO)3·4H2O)
  • Europium(III) chloride hexahydrate (EuCl3·6H2O)
    Europium(III) chloride hexahydrate (EuCl3·6H2O)
  • Europium(III) hydroxide (Eu(OH)3)
    Europium(III) hydroxide (Eu(OH)3)
  • Europium(III) oxide (Eu2O3)
    Europium(III) oxide (Eu2O3)
  • Europium(III) sulfate (Eu2(SO4)3)
    Europium(III) sulfate (Eu2(SO4)3)
  • Europium nitrate hexahydrate (Eu(NO3)3·6H2O)
    Europium nitrate hexahydrate (Eu(NO3)3·6H2O)
  • Europium nitrate under ultraviolet light at 365 nm
    Europium nitrate under ultraviolet light at 365 nm

See also

References

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External reading

  • Yi Xianwu, Huang Chunhui, Wang Wei, Liu Yujiu, Wu Jinguang. Inorganic Chemistry Series Vol.7 Scandium and Rare Earth Elements. Beijing: Science Press, 1992. ISBN 9787030305749.
  • The Handbook of Synthesis of Inorganic Compounds Vol.2. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 1986. CSBN 15063·3726 (Synthesis of Inorganic Compounds II. Tokyo: Maruzen Co., Ltd., 1977) Edited by the Chemical Society of Japan. Translated by An Jiaju and Chen Zhichuan.
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