Evacuation of Novorossiysk (1920)
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The Evacuation of Novorossiysk (Новороссийская эвакуация) or the Novorossiysk Catastrophe (Новороссийская катастрофа) was the evacuation of the White
Chronology of events
By March 11, 1920, the front line was only 40–50 kilometers (25–31 mi) away from Novorossiysk. The
Meanwhile, there were not enough ships in the harbour. Some of them were late due to stormy weather, while others were unable to arrive on time due to quarantines established in foreign ports. All ships arriving from Russia with refugees were kept in quarantine for a long time, because of the terrible typhus epidemic in Russia.
The command ordered the immediate loading of the wounded and sick soldiers, but this order was never carried out. Moreover, military forces flocking to Novorossiysk began to occupy ships on their own, and officials cared more about the evacuation of property that could be sold after the war.
On March 11, General George Milne, Commander-in-Chief of the British troops in the region, and Admiral Seymour, Commander of the Black Sea Fleet, arrived from Constantinople in Novorossiysk. General Anton Denikin was told that only 5,000-6,000 people could be evacuated by the British. At night, British naval vessels opened fire for the first time towards the mountains surrounding Novorossiysk. The shelling was provoked by the fact that Green soldiers had broken into the city prison and released several hundred prisoners, which fled with them into the mountains.
On March 13, the first signs of panic appeared. On March 16, the
On March 25, 1920, parts of the Red Army, with the help of partisans, cashed the Volunteers from the Tunnelnaya station and crossed the pass into Gaiduk, a suburb of Novorossiysk. This blocked the railway tracks and forced the White Guards to leave their three armored trains behind here.
On the night of March 26, in Novorossiysk warehouses were burning, and tanks with oil and shells were exploding. The evacuation was conducted under the cover of the second battalion of the Royal Scots Fusiliers under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Edmund Hakewill-Smith and the Allied squadron commanded by Admiral Seymour, which fired towards the mountains, preventing the Reds from approaching the city. At dawn on March 26, the last ship, the Italian transport Baron Beck entered the Tsemessky Bay, causing great turmoil as the people didn't know where it would land. The panic reached its apogee when the crowd rushed to the gangway of this last ship. The military and civilian refugees on the transport ships were taken to the Crimea, Constantinople, Lemnos, the
On March 27, the Red Army entered the city. The Don, Kuban, and Terek regiments, left on the shore, had no choice but to accept the terms and surrender to the Red Army.
Massacre of prisoners
Many of the officers of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia left in Novorossiysk committed suicide, not wanting to be captured, and many of those who became prisoners were later executed.
Consequences
About 40,000 soldiers were evacuated by Russian and Allied ships, without horses or any heavy equipment, while about 20,000 men were left behind and either dispersed or were captured by the Red Army. Following the disastrous Novorossiysk evacuation, Denikin stepped down and the military council elected Pyotr Wrangel as the new Commander-in-Chief of the White Army.
Involvement of officials
The last commander of Novorossiysk (from February to March 1920) was Major-General Alexei Korvin-Krukovsky.
The commission that organized the evacuation was headed by General Alexander Kutepov.
At the last moment (after March 20), the chief of the communications service, Major-General M. M. Ermakov, was engaged in the evacuation of troops to the Crimea.
The chief of the Black Sea province and the department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the South-Russian government was N. S. Karinsky.
Participating ships
Russia
- Ayu-dag (evacuated the headquarters of General Kutepov)
- Rossiya (evacuated 4,000 Don Cossacks under command of Vladimir Sidorin).
- Doob (evacuated parts of the Kuban army)
- Bespokoynyy
- Pylkiy
- Kapitan Saken
- pilot ship Letchik
- auxiliary cruiser Tsesarevich Georgiy (evacuated Denikin and his headquarters)
- submarine Utka
- hospital transport Kherson
- Violetta
Italy
- Baron Beck
- Italian cruiser Etna
United Kingdom
- battleship HMS Emperor of India
- Hannover (captured from the Germans after the First World War).
- trading steamer Bremerhaven (captured from the Germans after the First World War).
- HMAS Stuart
- HMS Montrose
- HMS Calypso
- aviation transport HMS Pegasus
- 5 torpedo boats
France
- a dreadnought
- French cruiser Waldeck-Rousseau
- a destroyer
- a gunboat
Greece
- destroyer Ierax
United States
- destroyer USS Smith Thompson (DD-212)
- cruiser USS Galveston
References
- ^ Denikin A. I. (1921). Essays on the Russian Troubles. Vol. 5. Paris.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ISBN 978-2-85065-265-3.
- Виллиам Г. Я. Побежденные
- Деникин А. И. Очерки русской смуты Париж, 1921
- Милюков П. Н. «Россия сегодня и завтра»
- Раковский Г. Н. В стане белых (От Орла до Новороссийска) Серия «Гражданская война на юге России» Константинополь: Пресса, 1920. VI, 342 с., 1 л. карт.
- Каринский Н. С. Эпизод из эвакуации Новороссийска Архив русской революции. Т. 12 Берлин Слово 1923 г. 288 с. // М., Терра-Политиздат, 1991.
- Шишков Л. 4-й гусарский Мариупольский Императрицы Елисаветы Петровны полк (окончание) // Военная быль.
- Басхаев А. Н. «Калмыки. Под ратным знаменем России».
- Санжа Балыков — «Воспоминания о Зюнгарском полку». Альманах «Белая гвардия», № 8. Казачество России в Белом движении. М., «Посев», 2005, стр. 45-52. Публикация В. Ж. Цветкова.