Evacuations of civilians in Britain during World War II

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Ministry of Health advertised the evacuation programme through posters, among other means. The poster depicted here was used in the London Underground
.

The evacuation of civilians in Britain during the Second World War was designed to defend individuals, especially children, from the risks associated with aerial bombing of cities by moving them to areas thought to be less at risk.

Under the name "Operation Pied Piper", the effort began on 1 September 1939 and officially relocated 1.5 million people. There were further waves of official evacuation and re-evacuation from the south and east coasts in June 1940, when a

displaced people
arriving from continental Europe.

Background

Poster issued by the Ministry of Health in 1939 showing a carer (left, next to the soldiers) about to receive a child evacuee from its mother during the war

The Government Evacuation Scheme was developed during the summer of 1938 by the Anderson Committee and implemented by the

Ministry of Health. The country was divided into zones, classified as either "evacuation", "neutral", or "reception", with priority evacuees being moved from the major urban centres and billeted on the available private housing in more rural areas. Each zone covered roughly a third of the population, although several urban areas later bombed had not been classified for evacuation.[citation needed
]

In early 1939, the reception areas compiled lists of available housing. Space was found for about 2,000 people, and the government also constructed camps that provided a few thousand additional spaces.[citation needed]

The government began to publicise its plan through the local authorities in summer 1939. The government had overestimated demand: only half of all school-aged children were moved from the urban areas instead of the expected 80%. There was enormous regional variation: as few as 15% of the children were evacuated from some urban areas, while over 60% of children were evacuated from Manchester, Belfast and Liverpool. The refusal of the central government to spend large sums on preparation also reduced the effectiveness of the plan. Despite that, over 3,000,000 people were evacuated.[citation needed]

Evacuation

Children from London in 1940 about to catch a train in the city to evacuate them to the West Country.
Child evacuees from Bristol arriving at Brent in Devon in 1940
Evacuees in Montgomeryshire, 1939

Almost 3.75 million people were displaced, with around a third of the entire population experiencing some effects of the evacuation. In the first three days of official evacuation, 1.5 million people were moved: 827,000 children of school age; 524,000 mothers and young children (under 5); 13,000 pregnant women; 7,000 disabled people and over 103,000 teachers and other 'helpers'.[1] Children were parted from their parents.

Goods as well as people were evacuated; organisations or departments departed the cities. Art treasures were sent to distant storage: The

Evesham, Worcestershire. Many senior Post Office staff were relocated to Harrogate
. Some private companies moved head offices or their most vital records to comparative safety away from major cities.

Government functions were also evacuated. Under "Plan Yellow",

War Cabinet and ministers would move to Hindlip Hall, Bevere House and Malvern College near Worcester and Parliament to Stratford-upon-Avon.[8] Winston Churchill was to relocate to Spetchley Park whilst King George VI and other members of the royal family would take up residence at Madresfield Court near Malvern.[9]

Some strained areas took the children into local schools by adopting the

First World War expedient of "double shift education"—taking twice as long but also doubling the number taught. The movement of teachers also meant that almost a million children staying home had no source of education.[citation needed
]

Evacuation centres

Marchant's Hill School was an evacuation camp of wooden buildings built at Hindhead in Surrey. This is the dining hall in use in 1944.

In 1939 the British Government passed the Camps Act 1939

T. S. Tait
was responsible for the design of the buildings, which included accommodation for over 200 children and staff, recreational halls, wash blocks and a dining hall/kitchen complex. These camps were replicated in over thirty different rural locations around the country.

During the war years, they acted as safe refuges for city children. After the war the ownership of the sites was transferred to the local authorities. Over the years most of these sites have been lost, but the best preserved example today is Sayers Croft at Ewhurst, Surrey. The dining hall and kitchen complex is protected as a Grade II listed building because of the importance of Tait's work, and because of the painted murals depicting the life of the many evacuees. Evacuation Centres were also set up by the Foster Parent Plan (FPP) for Children Affected by War, later renamed Plan International.

One evacuated school was sponsored by the FPP in Knutsford, Cheshire, with each child being financially supported by an American citizen. One female pupil, named Paulette, was sponsored by Mrs Eleanor Roosevelt.[11]

Overseas evacuation

The Children's Overseas Reception Board (CORB) approved 24,000 children for evacuation overseas. Between March and September 1940, 1,532 children were evacuated to Canada, mainly through the Pier 21 immigration terminal; 577 to Australia; 353 to South Africa and 202 to New Zealand. The scheme was cancelled after the City of Benares was torpedoed on 17 September 1940, killing 77 of the 90 CORB children aboard. However, in 1940 and 1941 about 14,000 children were evacuated privately to overseas relatives or foster families, including 6,000 to Canada and 5,000 to the United States.[12]

The BBC cooperated with radio networks in the host countries, to make Children Calling Home, a programme which enabled the evacuated children and their parents to talk to each other, live on air.[13]

Other evacuations

Ministry of Health
poster was published to discourage them.

A second evacuation effort started during and after the fall of France. From 13 to 18 June 1940, around 100,000 children were evacuated (and in many cases re-evacuated). Efforts were made to remove the vulnerable from coastal towns in southern and eastern England facing German-controlled areas. By July, over 200,000 children had been moved; some towns in Kent and East Anglia evacuated over 40% of the population. Also, some 30,000 people arrived from continental Europe and from 20 to 24 June 25,000 people arrived from the Channel Islands.

As thousands of Guernsey school children arrived in northern England with their teachers, some were allowed to re-establish their schools in empty buildings. Guernsey's Forest School reopened in a church hall in Cheadle Hulme, Cheshire where it operated until August 1945. As a result of the evacuation of so many Guernsey people to England, those returning no longer spoke the Guernsey language (Guernsiaise) after the war.[14]

One of the speediest moves was accomplished by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway when it transferred its headquarters out of London. The company took over The Grove, on the estate of the Earl of Clarendon in Hertfordshire. This was made ready as offices and a number of huts built in the surrounding park. On 1 September 1939, it was decided to move in and the transfer was completed before war was declared two days later. Within three days some 3,000 of the staff were based at the new headquarters.[15]

Evacuee children returning to Southampton from Australia aboard the troop ship Andes in September 1945. Note the wartime anti-aircraft gun mount in the background.

When the Blitz began in September 1940, there were clear grounds for evacuation. Free travel and billeting allowance were offered to those who made private arrangements. They were also given to children, the elderly, the disabled, pregnant women, the ill and those who had lost their homes (some 250,000 in the first six weeks in London). By the combination of all the state and private efforts, London's population was reduced by almost 25%.

As bombing affected more towns, "assisted private evacuation" was extended. However, not all evacuated children, mothers and teachers were safe in the areas to which they had been evacuated. Air raids, unexploded bombs, military vehicles and military minefields posed risks to the evacuees wherever they were posted in the UK.[16]

London proved resilient to bombing despite the heavy bombardment. The destruction in the smaller towns was more likely to provoke panic and spontaneous evacuations. The number of official evacuees rose to a peak of 1.37 million by February 1941. By September, it stood at just over one million. By the end of 1943, there were just 350,000 people officially billeted. Still, the V-1 flying bomb attacks from June 1944 provoked another significant exodus from London. Up to 1.5 million people left by September – only 20% were "official" evacuees.

From September 1944, the evacuation process was officially halted and reversed for most areas except for London and the east coast. Returning to London was not officially approved until June 1945. In March 1946, the billeting scheme was ended, with 38,000 people still without homes.

Traumatic effect on children

Even at the time, there were some that had grave concerns about the psychological effect on especially the younger children, and wondered whether they would be better off taking the risks with their parents.[17][18]

In the early 2000s a number of evacuees came forward to clarify the many "bad sides" of the evacuation.[19][20]

Cultural impact

Evacuee children on a haycart at Chapel Cleeve, Somerset in 1942
This stained glass window by Michael Stokes, in All Saints church, Sudbury, Derbyshire, was a gift from former Manchester evacuees to the community where they were looked after during the war

The movement of urban children of all

classes to unfamiliar rural locations, without their parents, had a major impact. The Evacuees Reunion Association was formed with the support of the Imperial War Museum
. It provides opportunities for former evacuees to contribute and share evacuation experiences and for researchers to request information such as the long-term effects of evacuation upon children.

The evacuation spawned a whole literature of children's and young adult fiction. The convenience of the setting for the writer is clear, allowing the child heroes to have adventures in a strange, new world. Some of the authors, like Nina Bawden, had themselves experienced evacuation.

Rotherhithe Nautical School in Bermondsey doing boat drill at Ferryside in Carmarthenshire
in 1940

Novels for adults featuring evacuation and evacuees are:

  • Put Out More Flags by Evelyn Waugh, in which Waugh's anti-hero Basil Seal uses his position as Billeting Officer to extort bribes (for moving disruptive children elsewhere) from hapless and reluctant hosts.
  • Noel Streatfeild's adult novel Saplings (1945).
  • Connie Willis's two-volume novel Blackout/All Clear (2010) has extensive chapters about a time travelling character from the future, a historian named Merope (she takes on the persona of Eileen O'Reilly, an Irish maid), who intends to study the impact of evacuation on the children. When she becomes stranded in the past, she eventually adopts two bratty children to raise herself.

Non-fiction:

  • Out of Harm's Way by Jessica Mann (Headline Publishers 2005) tells the story of the overseas evacuation of children from Britain during the Second World War.
  • In Pam Hobbs's memoir Don't Forget to Write: the true story of an evacuee and her family (2009), a 10-year-old is evacuated in 1940 from Leigh-on-Sea, Essex to Derbyshire, where she lives with a number of families and encounters a range of receptions from love to outright hostility – and enormous cultural differences.
  • Alan Derek Clifton published his memories of being evacuated to Northern Rhodesia in 1940 in the book entitled, From Cockney to Colonial (And Back Again) (2010).
  • Ben Wicks's No Time to Wave Goodbye and The Day They Took the Children.
  • Britain's Wartime Evacuees by Gillian Mawson (Pen and Sword, 2016) shares the personal testimony of child and adult evacuees in Britain during the Second World War.
  • Guernsey Evacuees by Gillian Mawson (History Press, 2012) shares the personal testimony of Guernsey evacuees in Britain during the Second World War.
Girls from Notre Dame High School in Battersea, south London bathing in the River Towy at Llandovery, Carmarthenshire in 1940

Other:

See also

References

  1. ^ "Evacuation". Spartacus Educational. Archived from the original on 17 April 2010. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
  2. ^ "Hidden treasures". Retrieved 12 August 2012.
  3. ^ "Bank of Canada Releases Interim Report 1997 – Press Releases – Publications and Research – Bank of Canada". Bank of Canada. Retrieved 1 September 2009.
  4. ^ "Bank of England Archive: Records on Wartime Gold Transactions". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 17 November 1997. Archived from the original on 8 May 2009. Retrieved 1 September 2009.
  5. ^ "BBC Wood Norton – Subterranea Britannica". www.subbrit.org.uk.
  6. ^ a b Cox, Noel (1998). "The Continuity of Government in the face of enemy – the British experience, part 1". Forts and Works. 6: 17–19.
  7. ^ a b Cox, Noel (1999). "The Continuity of Government in the face of enemy attack – the British experience, part 2". Forts and Works. 7: 11–14.
  8. ^ "Where did the government go?". Retrieved 30 May 2007.
  9. ^ Tweedie, Neil (19 January 2011). "Madresfield Court: The King's redoubt if Hitler called". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
  10. ^ National Archives. "Camps Act". Retrieved 17 July 2012.
  11. ISBN 978-1-84832-441-1
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  12. ISBN 0-7126-5284-1
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  13. ^ Lawson, Mark (27 September 2022). "A commie witch-hunt, a live abdication and a military invasion of sport: 100 years of the BBC, part two". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
  14. ISBN 978-0-7524-7019-1
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  15. ISBN 978-1-84809-314-0
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  16. ISBN 978-1-84832-441-1
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  17. ^ Wang, Amy B (20 June 2018). "Second World War". The Independent. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
  18. ^ Chancellor, Alexander (3 September 2009). "It's time to explode the myth that all children evacuated from the blitz were well treated". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
  19. ^ Preast, David. "Evacuees in World War Two - the True Story". BBC. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
  20. ^ "Operation Pied Piper – Six Amazing Facts About Britain's Wartime Evacuees". 31 March 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
  21. ^ Midgley, Emma (13 February 2012). "Paddington Bear 'inspired by evacuees' says author Bond". BBC Online. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  22. ^ "Chrestomanci Castle: Something About the author". Diana Wynne Jones. Retrieved 1 September 2009.

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to British evacuees in the Second World War.
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