Evangelical theology
Evangelical theology is the teaching and doctrine that relates to spiritual matters in
Various evangelical Christian denominations differ in their doctrine, with Churches variously teaching
There are various nuances when comparing Christian denominations that claim to be evangelical, though many of them would adhere to the doctrine of the
Features
Evangelical theology brings together the main common theological aspects, which can be found in the
Main adherent movements
Despite the nuances in the various evangelical movements, there is a similar set of beliefs for movements adhering to the doctrine of the Believers' Church, the main ones being Anabaptism, Baptists and Pentecostalism.[5][6][7][8][9][10]
Evangelical Christianity brings together different theological movements, the main ones being
Authority of the Bible
The
When Paul, therefore, declares that "all writing" is the product of the divine breath, "holds his breath of God" (2 Tim 3:16), he asserts that Scripture is a product of a very specific divine operation.[15] It is therefore important to note that the Greek does not carry the meaning that the terms of the Bible have been "infused" into human writers, but rather that it breathes God.[15] Divine revelation is a kind of perpetual flow of the creative power of God. In other words, it is considered that God "oversaw" the writing of every line of the Bible so that it contains a message in human language sent by God using the human intellect, writing styles and writing talent - this notion is called Biblical inspiration.[15] The believer is dependent on the Holy Spirit to have a good understanding of the texts. The Bible is considered as a life manual that concerns all aspects of life.[16] Often called "the Word of God" or "scripture", it is considered infallible and, in some evangelical circles, without error - this notion is called biblical inerrancy.[17] This is sometimes interpreted in a very literal way within certain movements, in particular the most conservative ones with prominent beliefs often referred to as ultraconservative and fundamentalist movements. With the development of moderate evangelical theology in the 1940s in the United States,[18] the study of bible has been combined with disciplines such as hermeneutics, exegesis, epistemology and apologetics.[19][20]
God
Evangelical churches and denominations have a
The
Evangelicals almost universally reject the idea that Mary is co-redemptor or mediator, as well as the immaculate conception, the dormition and the assumption, considering them as biblically unjustified, as well as any form of Marian piety as practiced by the Catholic Church.
This Trinitarian conception of God has various consequences in the
God the Father
For the Evangelicals like others Christians,
Jesus
- Jesus Christ is considered the "only begotten Son" of God or of the Father (John 3:16), without any biological connotation (belief in his miraculous birth), but in the biblical sense of the term, which according to the evangelical interpretation has a filial symbolic and spiritual status to God, brought closer to Isaac, the son of Abraham (book of Genesis).[27]
- Jesus Christ is considered as "God made man".[28] It is a firm object of faith that Jesus Christ is only a carnal manifestation of God, and that He has existed from all eternity.[29]
- Jesus Christ is, considered in his divinity, as a stakeholder in the judgment of the living and the dead which will take place at the end times.[30]
Holy Spirit
The Holy Spirit (or Spirit of God) God as Spirit is considered to be fully God. It is the eternal manifestation of God in the human dimension. It is the presence of the Spirit that Jesus promised in the Gospel to those who would be converted, attested by the first witnesses of Christ (Acts of the Apostles chapter 2).[31]
All evangelical movements consider that the
Evangelical Christianity, particularly in the
Adoration of God only
The evangelicals refute those designated as holy by the Catholic and Orthodox Churches because assimilating the worship of veneration, that gives these churches to the saints thus designated, and also particularly the worship to Mary, necromancy and idolatry.[35] They are based on the Ten Commandments.[36]
Satan
For the evangelicals,
Salvation
New birth
Evangelicals believe that every sinful person by nature must endure an eternal punishment in
In
The
Baptism with the Holy Spirit
Methodists (inclusive of the
The Evangelical Charismatic Charismatic and the Neo-Charismatic Movement teach that
For the majority of Baptists, baptism of the Holy Spirit is synonymous with the New Birth.[52]
Sanctification
The
Progressive sanctification
Progressive sanctification is the work of sanctification of the believer through
Entire sanctification
Entire sanctification, also known as
Good works
According to Reformed theology,
In contrast, the Methodist Churches (inclusive of the holiness movement), teach:[64]
...after a man is saved and has genuine faith, his works are important if he is to keep justified.
146) James 2:20-22, "But wilt thou known, O vain main, that faith without (apart from) works is dead? Was not Abraham our father justified by works, when he had offered Isaac his son upon the altar? Seest thou faith wrought with works, and by works was faith made perfect? —A Catechism on the Christian Religion: The Doctrines of Christianity with Special Emphasis on Wesleyan Concepts[64]
Church
The local
Ministries
Common
Worship service
The main Christian feasts celebrated by the Evangelicals are Christmas, Pentecost (by a majority of Evangelical denominations) and Easter for all believers.[82] [83][84]
Mission
For evangelicals, the
Charity
This value is at the origin of the modern Christian humanitarian aid.[89] At the beginning of the 20th century, the
End of time
Last Judgment
It is a belief in Christianity in general and in other monotheistic religions that at the end of time there will be a
Covenant theology versus Dispensationalism
Some evangelicals uphold covenant theology while others are dispensationalists.[95] They divide history into seven major periods (dispensations). These 7 periods are:[96]
- Innocence: Adam and Eve before their fall
- Consciousness: Humanity has sinned and has to answer to God
- The human government: From the flood, God gives a political organization to humanity
- The reign of the patriarchs (or the promise): Abraham, God promises the blessing to him who believes in him
- The Law: God makes an alliance with Israel for His good and the blessing of the nations
- The Church: God completely forgives those who believe in Jesus
- The millennium: Jesus will come back and reign for 1000 years of peace on earth
Thus, most of them believe in the
- The Zionist Evangelicals: They are dispensationalists and Zionists because they believe they are at the end of the sixth dispensation. For them, the creation of the modern state of Israel (1948) corresponds to the biblical and prophetic restoration of Israel, to the restoration of the chosen people, prologue the seventh dispensation and the return of Christ.[97]
To help the full establishment of Israel and to support it is therefore to follow the plan and the will of God.
- Non-Zionist Evangelicals: Though thinking to be in the sixth dispensation, they doubt or even perceive at all modern Israel as being the kingdom of Israel to be restored by the divine will.Haredior ultra-Orthodox Jews. To support this non-divine, non-prophetic Israel could then go against the divine will; their attitude thus oscillates between neutrality and hostility towards the state of Israel.
- Non-dispensationalist Evangelicals: For them dispensationalism is a doctrine developed especially by second coming of Christmore or less close in time. Their attitude toward the state of Israel is therefore variable but generally neutral.
Controversies
A particularly controversial doctrine in the
Bibliography
- Roger E. Olson, The Westminster Handbook to Evangelical Theology, Westminster John Knox Press, USA, 2004
- Gerald R. McDermott, The Oxford Handbook of Evangelical Theology, Oxford University Press, UK, 2013
- Timothy Larsen, Daniel J. Treier, The Cambridge Companion to Evangelical Theology, Cambridge University Press, UK, 2007
- Paul Jewett, God, Creation and Revelation: A Neo-Evangelical Theology, Wipf and Stock Publishers, USA, 2000
- Gary J. Dorrien, The Remaking of Evangelical Theology, Westminster John Knox Press, USA, 1998
- Roger E. Olson, The Westminster Handbook to Evangelical Theology, Westminster John Knox Press, USA, 2004
- Walter A. Elwell, Evangelical Dictionary of Theology, Baker Academic, USA, 2001
- Roger E. Olson, Pocket History of Evangelical Theology, InterVarsity Press, USA, 2007
- Robert Paul Lightner, Handbook of Evangelical Theology, Kregel Academic, USA, 1995
See also
- World Evangelical Alliance
- Bible
- Born again
- Worship service (evangelicalism)
- Jesus Christ
- Believers' Church
References
- ^ Long, Esther Grace. "New, Western-Oriented Evangelicals in Ukraine". The East-West Church & Ministry Report. Asbury University. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
Another example of a Western denomination actively starting new churches in Ukraine is the Presbyterian Church in America (PCA), a conservative denomination that left the mainline Presbyterian Church (USA) in 1973. Through its mission agency, Mission to the World (MTW), the PCA has been working in Ukraine since 1994 and now has 10 churches in that country. Two of these are now officially independent, while the other eight are at various stages of development, from small Bible studies to a mission church with a Ukrainian pastor and board. These churches have formed a new Ukrainian denomination, the Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Ukraine (EPCU), which is led by Ukrainian pastors and elders. ... The Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Ukraine is an example of a small evangelical denomination (fewer than 1,500 members in all churches combined) whose size cannot compare to the much larger Baptist or charismatic movements. Nevertheless, it contributes to the complex, growing mosaic of Protestant churches in Ukraine. The flagship EPCU congregation in Odesa meets in a restored church building originally constructed at the end of the nineteenth century by a Reformed congregation with French, German, and Swiss members.
- ^ Andrada, Luiz (22 November 2020). Evangelicals in Brazil: an American religion.
Protestants and evangelicals in Brazil form an American-based religious group. ... An example is the IELB (Evangelical Lutheran Church of Brazil), a Lutheran church linked to the Missouri Synod, in the USA.
- ISBN 978-1-107-13660-1.
Contemporary Quakers worldwide are predominantly evangelical and are often referred to as the Friends Church. This evangelicalism can be defined in terms of its theology and in the structure of its worship services, which often resemble evangelical Protestant services with a sermon by a pastor and singing. Theologically, evangelical Friends emphasize evangelism; charismatic of heart-felt worship; a belief in human depravity and the need for redemption; and, especially among Majority World evangelical Friends, the couping of spiritual and social ministries. The majority of Quakers in Europe and North America are evangelical and programmed. Nearly all Majority World Quakers in Europe are evangelical and programmed. Among Quakers who identify as being evangelical Christians are those who belong to Yearly Meetings or organizations that include the title "evangelical," as in Evangelical Friends Church International.
- ^ Earle E. Cairns, Christianity Through the Centuries: A History of the Christian Church, Zondervan, USA, 2009, p. 484
- ^ William H. Brackney, Historical Dictionary of the Baptists, Scarecrow Press, USA, 2009, p. 87 : "From the 16th century, those in the close circle of the believer's churches include the Mennonites, Brethren, Baptists, Amish, and Hutterites, to name the major subcategories. In more modern development, (…) such as the Pentecostals, may consider themselves believer's churches by this definition."
- ^ Darren T. Duerksen, William A. Dyrness, Seeking Church: Emerging Witnesses to the Kingdom, InterVarsity Press, USA, 2019, p. 45 : "The Believer's Church: As we turn to the early “radical Reformation” or Anabaptist movement (…) widely seen in various Baptist, Pentecostal, community, and independent churches."
- ^ Michel Deneken, Francis Messner, Frank Alvarez-Pereyre, La théologie à l'Université: statut, programmes et évolutions, Editions Labor et Fides, Genève, 2009, p. 64 : Translation: "Teaching in evangelical establishments: (...) evangelical churches loving to present themselves as "believers' Church", whose members are convinced and committed Christians." Original text in French "L’enseignement dans les établissements évangéliques : (…) les églises évangéliques aimant à se présenter comme des « Églises de professants », dont les membres sont des chrétiens convaincus et engagés."
- ^ Religioscope et Sébastien Fath, À propos de l’évangélisme et des Églises évangéliques en France – Entretien avec Sébastien Fath, religion.info, France, 3 mars 2002: Translation: "The criterion of "believers' Church" allows more clearly to define what is called stricto sensu of the evangelical". Original text in French: "Le critère d’«Eglise de professants» permet plus nettement de cerner ce que l’on appelle stricto sensu des évangéliques"
- ^ Donald M. Lewis, Richard V. Pierard, Global Evangelicalism: Theology, History & Culture in Regional Perspective, InterVarsity Press, USA, 2014, p. 40 : "The modern mission movement is the outstanding exhibit of the influence of the evangelical theological impulse over the past four centuries". and 297: "The Baptist and Mennonite traditions are examples of believer's churches".
- ^ Robert H. Krapohl, Charles H. Lippy, The Evangelicals: A Historical, Thematic, and Biographical Guide, Greenwood Publishing Group, USA, 1999, p. 11
- ^ Roger E. Olson, The Westminster Handbook to Evangelical Theology, Westminster John Knox Press, USA, 2004, p. 172
- ^ Peter Beyer, Religion in the Process of Globalization, Ergon, Germany, 2001, p. 261
- ^ Walter A. Elwell, Evangelical Dictionary of Theology, Baker Academic, USA, 2001, p. 153-154
- ^ Michel Deneken, Francis Messner, Frank Alvarez-Pereyre, "La théologie à l'Université: statut, programmes et évolutions", Editions Labor et Fides, Genève, 2009, p. 66-67
- ^ a b c Walter A. Elwell, Evangelical Dictionary of Theology, Baker Academic, USA, 2001, p. 160
- ^ Sébastien FATH, ÉVANGÉLISME ET ÉGLISES ÉVANGÉLIQUES, universalis.fr, France, accessed March 4, 2019
- ^ Sébastien Fath, Du ghetto au réseau. Le protestantisme évangélique en France, 1800-2005, Édition Labor et Fides, Genève, 2005, p. 24
- ^ Robert H. Krapohl, Charles H. Lippy, The Evangelicals: A Historical, Thematic, and Biographical Guide, Greenwood Publishing Group, USA, 1999, p. 197
- ^ George Demetrion, In Quest of a Vital Protestant Center: An Ecumenical Evangelical Perspective, Wipf and Stock Publishers, USA, 2014, p. 128
- ^ Roger E. Olson, The Westminster Handbook to Evangelical Theology, Westminster John Knox Press, USA, 2004, p. 49
- ^ Walter A. Elwell, Evangelical Dictionary of Theology, Baker Academic, USA, 2001, p. 502-503
- ^ John Howard Yoder, Theology of Mission: A Believers Church Perspective, InterVarsity Press, USA, 2014, p. 132
- ^ Walter A. Elwell, Evangelical Dictionary of Theology, Baker Academic, USA, 2001, p. 95
- ^ Walter A. Elwell, Evangelical Dictionary of Theology, Baker Academic, USA, 2001, p. 596
- ^ Robert Paul Lightner, Handbook of Evangelical Theology, Kregel Academic, USA, 1995, p. 168
- ^ Robert Paul Lightner, Handbook of Evangelical Theology, Kregel Academic, USA, 1995, p.
- ^ Walter A. Elwell, Evangelical Dictionary of Theology, Baker Academic, USA, 2001, p. 240-241
- ^ Robert Paul Lightner, Handbook of Evangelical Theology, Kregel Academic, USA, 1995, p. 75
- ^ Paul Jewett, God, Creation and Revelation: A Neo-Evangelical Theology, Wipf and Stock Publishers, USA, 2000, p. 429
- ^ Walter A. Elwell, Evangelical Dictionary of Theology, Baker Academic, USA, 2001, p. 671
- ^ Walter A. Elwell, Evangelical Dictionary of Theology, Baker Academic, USA, 2001, p. 569
- ^ Peter Hocken, "Le réveil de l'Esprit: les Églises pentecôtistes et charismatiques", France, Editions Fides, 1994, p. 19-20
- ^ Gabriel Tchonang, L’esprit saint dans l’orthodoxie et le pentecôtisme : étude comparative, Revue des sciences religieuses, France, 2008, paragraph 32
- ^ Sébastien Fath, Du ghetto au réseau. Le protestantisme évangélique en France, 1800-2005, Édition Labor et Fides, Genève, 2005, p. 183
- ^ Franck Poiraud, Les évangéliques dans la France du XXIe siècle, Editions Edilivre, France, 2007, p. 212-213
- ^ Walter A. Elwell, Evangelical Dictionary of Theology, Baker Academic, USA, 2001, p. 207, 1172
- ^ Robert Paul Lightner, Handbook of Evangelical Theology, Kregel Academic, USA, 1995, p. 141-143.
- ^ Brian Stiller, Evangelicals Around the World: A Global Handbook for the 21st Century, Éditions Thomas Nelson, USA, 2015, p. 49-50
- ^ Nigel G. Wright, The Radical Evangelical: Seeking a Place to Stand, Wipf and Stock Publishers, USA, 2016, p. 41
- ^ Richard Lints, Renewing the Evangelical Mission, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, USA, 2013, p. 141
- ^ William A. Dyrness, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Global Dictionary of Theology: A Resource for the Worldwide Church, InterVarsity Press, USA, 2009, p. 197
- ^ Timothy Larsen, Daniel J. Treier, The Cambridge Companion to Evangelical Theology, Cambridge University Press, UK, 2007, p. 86
- ^ Wesley Peach, Itinéraires de conversion, Les Editions Fides, Canada, 2001, p. 56-57
- ^ Frédéric Dejean, L’évangélisme et le Pentecôtisme: des mouvements religieux au cœur de la mondialisation, Géographie et cultures, 68, France, 2009, paragraph 5
- ^ Robert H. Krapohl, Charles H. Lippy, The Evangelicals: A Historical, Thematic, and Biographical Guide, Greenwood Publishing Group, USA, 1999, p. 169
- ^ Randall Herbert Balmer, Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism: Revised and expanded edition, Baylor University Press, USA, 2004, p. 54
- The United Methodist Church. 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
The Methodists were also first to coin the phrase baptism of the Holy Spirit as applied to a second and sanctifying grace (experience) of God. (Cf. John Fletcher of Madeley, Methodism's earliest formal theologian.) The Methodists meant by their "baptism" something different from the Pentecostals, but the view that this is an experience of grace separate from and after salvation was the same.
- ^ "Doctrine". Pilgrim Holiness Church of New York, Inc. 15 December 2000. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
- ^ Olivier Favre, Les églises évangéliques de Suisse: origines et identités, Labor et Fides, Genève, 2006, p. 55, 208
- ^ Sébastien Fath, Du ghetto au réseau. Le protestantisme évangélique en France, 1800-2005, Édition Labor et Fides, Genève, 2005, p. 219-220
- ^ Thomas Hale, Commentaire Sur Le Nouveau Testament, Editions Farel, France, 1999, p. 447
- ^ Sébastien Fath, Du ghetto au réseau. Le protestantisme évangélique en France, 1800-2005, Édition Labor et Fides, Genève, 2005, p. 48, 111
- ^ William A. Dyrness, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Global Dictionary of Theology: A Resource for the Worldwide Church, InterVarsity Press, USA, 2009, p. 789-790
- ^ a b c Roger E. Olson, The Westminster Handbook to Evangelical Theology, Westminster John Knox Press, USA, 2004, p. 319
- ^ Keith Kettenring, The Sanctification Connection: An Exploration of Human Participation in Spiritual Growth, University Press of America, USA, 2008, p. 29
- ^ James Leo Garrett, Systematic Theology, Volume 2, Second Edition, Wipf and Stock Publishers, USA, 2014, p. 395; "those branches which derived from Baptist or Reformed roots have taught positional and progressive sanctification as distinguishable from baptism in or with the Spirit (e.g., Assemblies of God, International Church of the Foursquare Gospel)."
- ^ "Core Values". Bible Methodist Connection of Churches. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
- ^ William Kostlevy, Historical Dictionary of the Holiness Movement, Scarecrow Press, USA, 2009, p. 148
- ^ Discipline of the Immanuel Missionary Church. Shoals, Indiana: Immanuel Missionary Church. 1986. pp. 9–10.
- ^ KMHA Handbook. Kentucky Mountain Holiness Association. 15 September 2020. p. 5.
- ^ Robert Paul Lightner, Handbook of Evangelical Theology, Kregel Academic, USA, 1995, p. 214
- ^ Walter A. Elwell, Evangelical Dictionary of Theology, Baker Academic, USA, 2001, p. 524
- ^ a b Walter A. Elwell, Evangelical Dictionary of Theology, Baker Academic, USA, 2001, p. 1296
- ^ a b Rothwell, Mel-Thomas; Rothwell, Helen F. (1998). A Catechism on the Christian Religion: The Doctrines of Christianity with Special Emphasis on Wesleyan Concepts. Schmul Publishing Co. p. 53.
- ^ Robert Paul Lightner, Handbook of Evangelical Theology, Kregel Academic, USA, 1995, p. 228
- ^ Robert Paul Lightner, Handbook of Evangelical Theology, Kregel Academic, USA, 1995, p. 234
- ^ William A. Dyrness, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Global Dictionary of Theology: A Resource for the Worldwide Church, InterVarsity Press, USA, 2009, p. 294
- ^ Brian Stiller, Evangelicals Around the World: A Global Handbook for the 21st Century, Thomas Nelson, USA, 2015, p. 210
- ^ Walter A. Elwell, Evangelical Dictionary of Theology, Baker Academic, USA, 2001, pp. 370, 778
- ^ John H. Y. Briggs, A Dictionary of European Baptist Life and Thought, Wipf and Stock Publishers, USA, 2009, p. 53
- ^ William K. Kay, Pentecostalism: A Very Short Introduction, OUP Oxford, UK, 2011, p. 81
- ^ Walter A. Elwell, Evangelical Dictionary of Theology, Baker Academic, USA, 2001, p. 171
- ISBN 978-0-664-22409-7, retrieved October 25, 2011
- ^ Gerald R. McDermott, The Oxford Handbook of Evangelical Theology, Oxford University Press, UK, 2013, p. 311
- ^ Roger E. Olson, The Westminster Handbook to Evangelical Theology, Westminster John Knox Press, UK, 2004, p. 284
- ^ Bruce E. Shields, David Alan Butzu, Generations of Praise: The History of Worship, College Press, USA, 2006, p. 307-308
- ^ Robert Dusek, Facing the Music, Xulon Press, USA, 2008, p. 65
- ^ Mark A. Lamport, Encyclopedia of Christianity in the Global South, Volume 2, Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2018, p. 32
- ^ Anne C. Loveland, Otis B. Wheeler, From Meetinghouse to Megachurch: A Material and Cultural History, University of Missouri Press, USA, 2003, p. 149
- ^ Cameron J. Anderson, The Faithful Artist: A Vision for Evangelicalism and the Arts, InterVarsity Press, USA, 2016, p. 124
- ^ Doug Jones, Sound of Worship, Taylor & Francis, Abingdon-on-Thames, 2013, p. 90
- ^ William H. Brackney, Historical Dictionary of the Baptists, Scarecrow Press, USA, 2009, p. 402
- ^ Daniel E. Albrecht, Rites in the Spirit: A Ritual Approach to Pentecostal/Charismatic Spirituality, Sheffield Academic Press, UK, 1999, p. 124
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- ^ Mark A. Lamport, Encyclopedia of Christianity in the Global South, Volume 2, Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2018, p. 255
- ^ Frank M. Loewenberg, From Charity To Social Justice, Transaction Publishers, USA, 2001, p. 148
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- ^ E. Ferris, "Faith-based and secular humanitarian organizations", International Review of the Red Cross 87, 858 (2005), p.317
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- ^ Tarek Mitri, Au nom de la Bible, au nom de l'Amérique, Labor et Fides, Genève, 2004, p. 183
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- ^ Kate Bowler, Blessed: A History of the American Prosperity Gospel, OUP USA, USA, 2013, p. 59
- ^ Laure Atmann, Au nom de Dieu et… du fric! Archived 2016-01-30 at the Wayback Machine, notreafrik.com, Belgium, July 26, 2015
- ^ Bob Smietana, Prosperity Gospel Taught to 4 in 10 Evangelical Churchgoers, christianitytoday.com, USA, July 31, 2018
- ^ Gina Meeks, Megachurch Pastor Ed Young Promises to Refund Tithe if God Doesn't Open the Windows of Heaven, charismanews.com, USA, June 16, 2014
- ^ John Blake, How passing the plate becomes the 'Sunday morning stickup', cnn.com, USA, June 14, 2015
- ^ a b Raoul Mbog, Le juteux business du pasteur évangélique Dieunedort Kamdem, lemonde.fr, France, December 25, 2015
- ^ Venance Konan, Églises évangéliques d’Abidjan - Au nom du père, du fils et... du business, koffi.net, Ivory Coast, May 10, 2007
- ^ Serge Alain Koffi, Prolifération des églises évangéliques en Côte d’Ivoire: Le réveil du business spirituel (ENQUÊTE), connectionivoirienne.net, Ivory Coast, April 04, 2021
- ^ Laurie Goodstein, Believers Invest in the Gospel of Getting Rich, nytimes.com, USA, August 15, 2009
- ^ Jean-Christophe Laurence, Le business religieux, lapresse.ca, Canada, November 17, 2010
- ^ Trésor Kibangula, RDC : pasteur, un job en or, jeuneafrique.com, France, February 06, 2014
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at fr:Théologie évangélique; see its history for attribution.