Evenki language
Evenki | |
---|---|
Эвэды̄ турэ̄н[1] (Russian dialect) Evedȳ turēn Ewengki Gisong (Chinese dialect) əwəŋki gisʊŋ ᠧᠸᠡᠩᠺᠢ ᠬᠢᠰᠰᠩ | |
Native to | China, Russia |
Region | Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang in China; Krasnoyarsk Krai in Russia |
Ethnicity | Evenks |
Native speakers | 16,000 (2007–2010)[2] |
Cyrillic, Latin, Mongolian (experimentally) | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | evn |
Glottolog | even1259 |
ELP | Evenki |
Glottopedia | (de) Evenki (de) [3] |
Evenki is classified as Severely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
Evenki (/eɪˈvɛnki/ ay-VEN-kee),[a] formerly known as Tungus,[b] is the largest member of the northern group of Tungusic languages, a group which also includes Even, Negidal, and the more closely related Oroqen language. The name is sometimes wrongly given as "Evenks". It is spoken by Evenks or Ewenkī(s) in Russia and China.
In certain areas the influences of the Yakut and the Buryat languages are particularly strong. The influence of Russian in general is overwhelming (in 1979, 75.2% of the Evenkis spoke Russian, rising to 92.7% in 2002). Evenki children were forced to learn Russian at Soviet residential schools, and returned with a "poor ability to speak their mother tongue...".[4] The Evenki language varies considerably among its dialects, which are divided into three large groups: the northern, the southern and the eastern dialects. These are further divided into minor dialects. A written language was created for Evenkis in the Soviet Union in 1931, first using a Latin alphabet, and from 1937 a Cyrillic one.[5] In China, Evenki is written experimentally in the Mongolian script.[6] The language is generally considered endangered.[7]
Genetic affiliation
Evenki is a member of the
Dialects
Bulatova enumerated 14 dialects and 50 sub-dialects within Russia, spread over a wide geographical area ranging from the
- Evenki
- Northern (spirant)
- Ilimpeya: Ilimpeya, Agata and Bol'shoi, Porog, Tura, Tutonchany, Dudinka/Khantai
- Yerbogachen: Yerbogachen, Nakanno
- Southern (sibilant)
- Hushing
- Sym: Tokma or Upper Nepa, Upper Lena or Kachug, Angara
- Northern Baikal: Northern Baikal, Upper Lena
- Hissing
- Stony Tunguska: Vanavara, Kuyumba, Poligus, Surinda, Taimura or Chirinda, Uchami, Chemdal'sk
- Nepa: Nepa, Kirensk
- Vitim-Nercha/Baunt-Talocha: Baunt, Talocha, Tungokochen, Nercha
- Hushing
- Eastern (sibilant-spirant)
- Vitim-Olyokma dialect: Barguzin, Vitim/Kalar, Olyokma, Tungir, Tokko
- Upper Aldan: Aldan, Upper Amur, Amga, Dzheltulak, Timpton, Tommot, Khingan, Chul'man, Chul'man-Gilyui
- Uchur-Zeya: Uchur, Zeya
- Selemdzha-Bureya-Urmi: Selemdzha, Bureya, Urmi
- Ayan-Mai: Ayan, Aim, Mai, Nel'kan, Totti
- Tugur-Chumikan: Tugur, Chumikan
- Sakhalin (no subdialects)
- Northern (spirant)
Evenks in China also speak several dialects. According to Ethnologue, the Hihue or Hoy dialect is considered the standard; Haila'er, Aoluguya (Olguya), Chenba'erhu (Old Bargu), and Morigele (Mergel) dialects also exist. Ethnologue reports these dialects differ significantly from those in Russia.
Some works focused on individual Russia dialects include Gortsevskaya 1936 (Barguzin), Andreeva 1988 (Tommot), and Bulatova 1999 (Sakhalin).
Phonology
The Evenki language typically has CV syllables but other structures are possible.[12] Bulatova and Grenoble list Evenki as having 11 possible vowel phonemes; a classical five-vowel system with distinctions between long and short vowels (except in /e/) and the addition of a long and short /ə/,[13] while Nedjalkov claims that there are 13 vowel phonemes.[14] Evenki has a moderately small consonant inventory; there are 18 consonants (21 according to Nedjalkov 1997) in the Evenki language and it lacks glides or semivowels.[13][clarification needed]
Consonants
Below are tables of Evenki consonant phonemes, including those identified by Nedjalkov (1997) in italics.[15][16]
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal
|
m | n |
ɲ | ŋ | ||
Plosive
|
voiceless
|
p | t |
tʃ, tʲ | k | |
voiced
|
b | d |
dʒ, dʲ | ɡ | ||
Fricative
|
voiceless
|
f | s | x | ||
voiced
|
β, v | ɣ | ||||
Approximant | w | l |
j | |||
Trill | r |
The phoneme (/β/) has a word-final allophone, [f], as well as an intervocalic variant, [w]. Likewise, some speakers pronounce intervocalic /s/ as [h]. Speakers of some dialects also alternate /b/ and /β/.[15] Consonant inventories given by researchers working on dialects in China are largely similar. The differences noted: Chaoke and Kesingge et al. give /h/ instead of /x/ and lack /β/, /ɣ/, or /ɲ/; furthermore, Kesingge et al. give /dʐ/ instead of /dʒ/.[17][18]
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal
|
m | n |
ŋ | ||||
Plosive
|
voiceless
|
p | t |
ts | tʃ | k | |
voiced
|
b | d |
dz | dʒ | ɡ | ||
Fricative
|
f | s | ʃ | ɣ | h | ||
Approximant | w | l |
r |
j |
Vowels
Below is a chart of Evenki vowels found among Russian dialects, including those identified by Nedjalkov (1997) in italics.[15][16]
Front | Back | ||
---|---|---|---|
unrounded | unrounded | rounded | |
Close | i, iː ɪ, ɪː |
ɯ |
u, uː ʊ, ʊː |
Mid | eː je, jeː |
ə, əː ɛ, ɛː |
o, oː |
Open | a, aː |
The vowel inventory of the Chinese dialects of Evenki, however, is markedly different (Chaoke, 1995, 2009):[19]
Front | Central | Back | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | |
Close | i, iː | ʉ, ʉː | u, uː | |
Mid | e, eː | ɵ, ɵː | ə, əː | o, oː |
Open | a, aː |
Like most Tungusic languages, Evenki employs back-front vowel harmony—suffix vowels are matched to the vowel in the root. However, some vowels – /i, iː, u, uː/ – and certain suffixes no longer adhere to the rules of vowel harmony.[13] Knowledge of the rules of vowel harmony is fading, as vowel harmony is a complex topic for elementary speakers to grasp, the language is severely endangered (Janhunen), and many speakers are multilingual.[13]
Syllable structure
Possible syllable structures include V, VC, VCC, CV, CVC, and CVCC.[20] In contrast to dialects in Russia, dialects in China do not have /k/, /ŋ/, or /r/ in word-initial position.[17]
Alphabets
Russia
The creation of the Evenki alphabet began in the 1920s. In May 1928, researcher G. M. Vasilevich [ru] prepared for the Evenk students who studied in Leningrad the Memo to Tungus-vacationers. It was a small textbook duplicated on the glass.[21] It used the Vasilyevich Evenki alphabet on a Latin graphic basis. A year later, she compiled the First Book for Reading in the Tungus Language (Әwәnkil dukuwuntin).[22] This alphabet had the following composition: Aa Bb Çç HH Dd Ӡӡ Ee Әә Gg Hh Ii Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Pp Rr Ss Tt Uu Ww Yy; it also included diacritical marks: a macron to indicate the longitude of the sound and a sub-letter comma to indicate palatalization.[23]
In 1930, it was decided to create a written language for the majority of the peoples of the North of the USSR. The Latin alphabet was chosen as its graphic basis. In the same year, the project of the Evenki alphabet was proposed by Ya. P. Alcor. This project differed from Vasilevich's alphabet only by the presence of letters for displaying Russian borrowings (C c, F f, J j, W w, Z z), as well as using V v instead of W w. After some refinement, the letter Çç was replaced by C c, V v by W w, and the letter Y y was excluded.[23] In May 1931, the Evenki romanized alphabet was officially approved, and in 1932 regular publishing began on it.[24] The basis of the literary language was laid the most studied Nepsky dialect (north of the Irkutsk region).[25]
The official Latinized Evenk alphabet, in which book publishing and schooling were conducted, looked like this:[26]
A a | B в | C c | D d | Ʒ ʒ | E e | Ə ə | Ə̄ ə̄ | F f |
G g | H h | I i | J j | K k | L l | M m | N n | Ņ ņ |
Ŋ ŋ | O o | P p | R r | S s | T t | U u | W w | Z z |
Today, the official writing system in Russia for the Evenki language is the Cyrillic script. The script has one additional letter, ӈ, to indicate /ŋ/; it is used only inconsistently in printed works, due to typographical limitations.[27] Boldyrev's dictionary uses ң instead.[28] Some editions use the digraph нг.[29] Other sounds found in Evenki but not Russian, such as /dʒ/, lack devoted letters. Instead д stands in for both /d/ and /dʒ/; when the latter pronunciation is intended, it is followed by one of Cyrillic's iotated letters, similar to the way those letters cause palatalization of the preceding consonant in Russian. However orthographic decisions like these have resulted in some confusion and transfer of Russian phonetics to Evenki among younger speakers. For example, the spellings ди and ды were intended to record [dʒi] and [di] (i.e. the same vowel sound). However, in Russian и and ы are respectively two different vowels, /i/ and /ɨ/.[30] Long vowels are optionally indicated with macrons.[31]
А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Д д | Е е | Ё ё | Ж ж |
З з | И и | Й й | К к | Л л | М м | Н н | Ӈ ӈ |
О о | П п | Р р | С с | Т т | У у | Ф ф | Х х |
Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы | Ь ь | Э э |
Ю ю | Я я |
China
In the "Imperial History of the National Languages of Liao, Jin, and Yuan" (Chinese: 欽定遼金元三史國語解; pinyin: Qīndìng liáo jīn yuán sān shǐ guóyǔ jiě) commissioned by the Qianlong Emperor, the Manchu alphabet is used to write Evenki words.
Evenki in China is now written in the Latin script and experimentally in the Mongolian script. Evenki scholars made an attempt in the 1980s to create standard written forms for their language, using both Mongolian script and a pinyin-like Latin spelling. They published an Evenki–Mongolian–Chinese dictionary (Kesingge, Cidaltu & Alta 1983) with Evenki words spelled in IPA, a pinyin-like orthography, and Mongolian script, as well as a collection of folk songs in IPA and Mongolian script (and Chinese-style numbered musical notation).[32]
The orthographic system developed by Chinese Evenki scholars reflects differences between Evenki and Mongol
ᠠ a /a/ |
ᠡ e /ə/ |
ᠢ y*, i /i/ |
ᠣ o /ʊ/ |
ᠤ ō /ɔ/ |
ᠥ u /o/ |
ᠦ u /u/ |
ᠧ* e /ə/ |
ᠨ n /n/ |
ᠩ ng /ŋ/ |
ᠪ b /b/ |
ᠫ p /p/ |
ᠬ g /ɡ/ |
ᠭ ḡ /ɣ/ |
ᠮ m /m/ |
ᠯ l /l/ |
ᠰ s /s/ |
ᠱ x, sh /ʃ/ |
ᠲ t /t/ |
ᠳ d /d/ |
ᠴ q, ch /tʃ/ |
ᠵ j, zh /dʐ/ |
ᠶ y /j/ |
ᠷ r /r/ |
ᠸ w /w/ |
ᠹ f /f/ |
ᠺ k /k/ |
ᠾ h /h/ |
* used only word-initially |
Du (2007) uses a different version of Latin script, which distinguishes certain vowels and consonants more clearly than the system of Kesingge et al.:
A a /a/ |
B b /b/ |
C c /ts/ |
D d /d/ |
E e /ə/ |
Ē ē /e/ |
F f /f/ |
G g /ɡ/ |
Ḡ ḡ/ɣ/ |
H h /x. h/ |
I i /i/ |
J j /dʒ/ |
K k /k/ |
L l /l/ |
M m /m/ |
N n /n/ |
Ng ng /ŋ/, /ˠ/ |
|
Ō ō/ɔ/ |
O o /ʊ/ |
P p /p/ |
Q q /tʃ/ |
R r /r/ |
S s /s/ |
T t /t/ |
||
U u /u/ |
V v /ɵ/ |
W w /w/ |
X x /ʃ/ |
Y y /j/ |
Z z /dz/ |
Morphology
Evenki is highly agglutinating and suffixing: Each
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1st person | -v | -vun (exclusive) -t (inclusive) |
2nd person | -s, -si, -ni | -sun |
3rd person | -n, -in | -tyn |
Below is a table of cases and suffixes in Evenki, following Nedjalkov (1997):
Case | Suffix | Example | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | - | asatkan 'the girl' | |
Accusative | indefinite | -ja | e-ja 'what?' |
definite | -va, -ma | bi I kete-ve much-ACD himmikte-ve cowberry '
| |
reflexive-genitive definite | -vi (sg.), -ver (pl.) | hute-kle-vi child-LOCDIR-REF 'to/for [her] own child' | |
"Old genitive" unproductive | -ngi | e:kun-ngi who-GEN 'whose?' | |
Ablative | -duk | e:kun-duk who-ABL 'from whom/where?' | |
Locative | Locative-Directive | -kle, ikle | hute-kle child-LOCDIR 'for the child' |
Dative-Locative | -du, -tu | tatkit-tu school-DAT 'at/in school' | |
Allative-Locative | -tki, -tyki | agi-tki forest-ALLLOC '(in)to the forest' | |
Allative | -la | d'u-la house-ALL '[enter] into the house' | |
Elative | -ditk | oron-ditk reindeer-ELA 'from the reindeer' | |
Prolative | -li, -duli | nadalla-li week-PRO in a week's time singilgen-duli snow-PRO 'in the snow' | |
Instrumental | -t, -di | pektyre:vun-di gun-INS 'with the gun' | |
Possessed |
-gali, -chi, -lan, -tai | muri-chi horse-POS beje man 'a man with a horse; a horseman' | |
Semblative case | -ngachin, -gechin | lang-ngachin trap-SEM 'like a trap' |
Plurals are marked with -il-, -l-, or -r- before the case marker, if any:
tyge-l-ve
cup-PL-ACD
'the cups (accusative)'
Syntax
Evenki is a
Literary traditions
The
Language shift and multilingualism
There is a large quantity of Russian loan words in Evenki, especially for technologies and concepts that were introduced by the Russian pioneers in Siberia. "Evenki is spoken in regions with heavy multilingualism. In their daily life the people come into contact with Russian, Buriat and Yakut, and each of these languages had affected the Evenki language. Russian is the lingua franca of the region, part of the Evenki population is bilingual, and part trilingual. All Evenki know Russian relatively well."
In China, there is an ethnic population of 30,500 but only 19,000 are fluent in Evenki and only around 3,000 people are monolingual in Evenki.[
There is a small population of Mongolized Hamnigan speakers of the Hamnigan dialect of Buryat in Mongolia as well, numbering around 1,000.[citation needed]
There is little information regarding revival efforts or Evenki's status now. In 1998, the language was taught in preschools and primary schools and offered as an option in 8th grade. The courses were regarded as an 'ethnocultural component' to bring Evenki language and culture into the curriculum.[48] Instruction as a second language is also available in the Institute of the Peoples of the North at Herzen University (the former St. Petersburg State Pedagogical University).[43] In the 1980s, Christian missionaries working in Siberia translated the Bible into Evenki and a Christian group called the Global Recordings Network recorded Christian teaching materials in Evenki.[49]
Sample text
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:[50]
Упкат
Upkat
илэл
ilel
ты̄нмукирди,
tyynmukirdi,
урэ̄лди
ureeldi
мэ̄нңи
meenŋi
са̄рича̄ди
saaričaadi
балдыдяра.
waldydjara.
Нуңартын
Nuŋartyn
дялитви,
djalitvi,
һалдяндыви
haldjandyvi
биси,
bisi,
мэмэгӣлвэр
memegiilver
аяралды̄дяна
ajaraldyydjana
тэдет
tedjet
о̄мамачитын.
oomamačityn.
Notes
- ^ Also spelled Ewenki, Ewenke, or Owenke and previously conflated with Solon or Suolun
- ^ The people speaking Evenki were also called "Tungusy". According to Nedjalkov 1997, p. xix, "Tungus" could be a Chinese exonym.
References
Citations
- ^ Boldyrev 1994, p. 494
- ^ Evenki at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ (de) Glottopedia article on Evenki language.
- ^ Sivtseva, Mira (20 May 2015). The role of the new Evenkiness in the Evenki language revitalization: the case of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia). Muin Open Research Archive (Master thesis).
- ^ a b Atknine 1997, p. 117
- ^ Kara 2006, p. 146
- ^ Grenoble; Janhunen
- ^ Atknine 1997, p. 111
- ^ a b Whaley, Grenoble & Li 1999, p. 286
- ^ "Tungusic family tree". Ethnologue (Free All).
- ^ Atknine 1997, p. 116
- ^ Nedjalkov 1997, p. 314
- ^ a b c d Bulatova & Grenoble 1999, p. 4
- ^ Nedjalkov 1997, p. 309
- ^ a b c Nedjalkov 1997, pp. 310–311
- ^ a b Campbell 2000, p. 548
- ^ a b Dular 2009, p. 339
- ^ Kesingge, Cidaltu & Alta 1983, p. 6
- ^ Dular 2009, pp. 330–332
- ^ Dular 2009, p. 348
- ^ Г. М. Василевич (1928). Памятка тунгусам-отпукникам. Л.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ISBN 978-5-7809-0094-8.
- ^ a b Я. П. Алькор (Кошкин) (1931). "Письменность народов Севера". Культура и письменность востока (X). М.: ВЦК НА: 12–31.
- ^ Книжная культура эвенков. Якутск: Л. Н. Потапова. 2008. pp. 6–14.
- ISBN 978-5-87444-191-3.
- ^ Г. М. Василевич (1934). Учебник эвенкийского (тунгусского) языка (5200 экз ed.). М.-Л.: Гос. уч.-пед. изд-во. p. 14.
- ^ Grenoble & Whaley 2003, p. 116
- ^ E.g. the entry for кто; Boldyrev 1994, p. 173
- ^ "Эвенкийская жизнь (newspaper in Russian and Evenki)" (PDF). 2021-03-19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-06-13. Retrieved 2021-03-21.
- ^ Grenoble & Whaley 2003, p. 117
- ^ Н. Булатова (2002). Эвенкийский язык в таблицах (in Russian). СПб.: "Дрофа" Санкт-Петербург. p. 5—7.
- ^ Kara 2006, p. 133
- ^ Kara 2006, p. 142
- ^ Kara 2006, pp. 139–142
- ^ Bulatova & Grenoble 1999, pp. 6, 21
- ^ Bulatova & Grenoble 1999, pp. 7–8
- ^ Bulatova & Grenoble 1999, p. 13
- ^ Nedjalkov 1997, pp. 82, 158
- ^ Nedjalkov 1997, p. 229
- ^ a b c d Bulatova & Grenoble 1999, p. 3
- ^ Inoue 1991, pp. 35–37
- ^ a b Atknine 1997, p. 118
- ^ a b Nedjalkov 1997, p. xxi
- ^ Janhunen 1996, p. 828
- ^ Janhunen 1996, p. 833
- ^ Janhunen 1996, p. 834
- ^ Dular 2009, p. 6
- S2CID 146194113.
- ^ Global Recordings Network 2011
- ^ "Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Evenki". OHCHR. Retrieved 2023-05-12.
Works cited
- Atknine, Victor (1997). "The Evenki Language from the Yenisei to Sakhalin" (PDF). In Shōji, Hiroshi; Janhunen, Juha (eds.). Northern Minority Languages: Problems of Survival. Senri Ethnological Studies. Vol. 44. pp. 109–121. OCLC 37261684. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2011-07-22.
- Boldyrev, B. V. (1994), Русско-эвенкийский словарь: около 20 000 слов, Novosibirsk: Institute of Philology, Russian Academic of Sciences, ISBN 978-5-02-029805-7
- Bulatova, Nadezhda; Grenoble, Lenore (1999), Evenki, Munich: Lincom Europa, ISBN 978-3-89586-222-9
- Campbell, George L. (2000), "Evenki", Compendium of the World's Languages: Abaza to Kurdish, vol. 1 (2, revised ed.), Taylor & Francis, ISBN 978-0-415-20298-5
- ISBN 978-7-5004-8143-0
- 杜·道尔基 [Du Dao'erji], ed. (2007), 鄂温克地名考 [On Evenki Placenames] (in Chinese (China)), Beijing: Nationalities Publishing House, OCLC 289003364
- Grenoble, Lenore A.; Whaley, Lindsay J. (2003), "Evaluating the impact of literacy: the case of Evenki", in Joseph, Brian D. (ed.), When languages collide: perspectives on language conflict, language competition, and language coexistence, Ohio State University Press, pp. 109–121, ISBN 978-0-8142-0913-4
- Inoue, Koichi (1991), "Tungus Literary Language", Asian Folklore Studies, 50 (1): 35–66, JSTOR 1178185
- Janhunen, Juha (1996), "Mongolic languages as idioms of intercultural communication in Northern Manchuria", in Wurm, Stephen Adolphe; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Tryon, Darrell T. (eds.), Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas, Walter de Gruyter, pp. 827–835, ISBN 978-3-11-013417-9
- Kara, György (2006), "Solon Ewenki in Mongolian Script", in Pozzi, Alessandra; Janhunen, Juha Antero; Weiers, Michael (eds.), Tumen jalafun jecen akū: Manchu studies in honour of Giovanni Stary, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, pp. 133–148, ISBN 978-3-447-05378-5
- Kesingge; Cidaltu; Alta (1983), Norbu (ed.), Eweŋki Moŋɣol Kitad Kelen-ü Qaričaɣoloɣsan Üges-ün Tegübüri 《鄂温克语蒙汉对照词汇》, OCLC 43657472, Unknown ID:M9049(2)10
- Nedjalkov, Igor (1997), Evenki, London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-02640-6
- Whaley, Lindsay J.; Grenoble, Lenore A.; Li, Fengxiang (June 1999), "Revisiting Tungusic Classification from the Bottom up: A Comparison of Evenki and Oroqen", Language, 75 (2): 286–321, JSTOR 417262
- Global Recordings Network (2011), Words of Life 1 – Evenki, retrieved 2011-04-22
Further reading
- Andreeva, T. E. (1988). Звуковой строй томмотского говора эвенкийского языка: Экспериментально-фонетическое исследование [Sound structure of the Tommot dialect of Evenki: an experimental phonetic study]. Novosibirsk: Nauka. OCLC 21826474.
- Bulatova, N. (1999). Язык сахалинских эвенков [Language of the Sakhalin Evenki]. St. Petersburg: North Without Conflicts Fund. ISBN 978-5-88925-009-8.
- Chaoke, D. O.; Tsumugari, Toshiro; JPNO 95049777.
- Gortsevskaya, V. A. (1936). Характеристика говоров баргузинских эвенков: По материалам Н. Н. Поппе [Characteristics of Barguzin Evenki dialects: Based on NN Poppe]. Moscow-Leningrad: Gosudarstvennoye Uchebno-Pedagogicheskoye Izdatel'stvo. OCLC 41824692.
- Myreeva, A. N. (2004). Эвенкийско-русский словарь: около 30 000 слов [Evenki–Russian dictionary: about 30,000 words]. OCLC 61282240.
- Vasilevich G. M. (1958). Эвенкийско-русский словарь. [Evenki-Russian dictionary. With an appendix and an outline of Evenki grammar]. Moscow. ISBN 978-5-458-59022-8.
External links
- Omniglot
- Kara, György (2007), "Course List: Evenki Grammar", Department of Central Asian Studies, Indiana University at Bloomington, archived from the original on 2016-06-12
- Evengus
- Эвенкитека – Эвенкийская библиотека [Evenkiteka – The Evenki Library]. (in Russian and Evenki). Retrieved 2011-09-08.
- Evenki DoReCo corpus compiled by Olga Kazakevich and Elena Klyachko. Audio recordings of narrative texts with transcriptions time-aligned at the phone level, translations, and time-aligned morphological annotations.