Exile

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Napoleon's Exile on Saint Helena by Franz Josef Sandman (1820)
The First Night in Exile – This painting comes from a series illustrating the Ramayana, a Hindu epic poem. It depicts prince Rama, who is wrongly exiled from his father's kingdom, accompanied only by his wife and brother.
Dante
in Exile by Domenico Petarlini

Exile or banishment, is primarily penal expulsion from one's native

government
) are forced from their homeland.

In Roman law, exsilium denoted both voluntary exile and banishment as a capital punishment alternative to death. Deportation was forced exile, and entailed the lifelong loss of citizenship and property. Relegation was a milder form of deportation, which preserved the subject's citizenship and property.[1]

The term

Government in exile
" describes a government of a country that has relocated and argues its legitimacy from outside that country. Voluntary exile is often depicted as a form of protest by the person who claims it, to avoid persecution and prosecution (such as tax or criminal allegations), an act of shame or repentance, or isolating oneself to be able to devote time to a particular pursuit.

Article 9 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that "No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile."

Internal exile

Internal exile is a form of banishment within the boundaries of one's homeland, but far away from home.

For individuals

Exiled heads of state

In some cases the

coup or other change of government, allowing a more peaceful transition to take place or to escape justice.[2]

A wealthy citizen who moves to a jurisdiction with lower taxes is termed a tax exile. Creative people such as authors and musicians who achieve sudden wealth sometimes choose this. Examples include the British-Canadian writer

Rolling Stones who, in the spring of 1971, owed more in taxes than they could pay and left Britain before the government could seize their assets. Members of the band all moved to France for a period of time where they recorded music for the album that came to be called Exile on Main Street, the Main Street of the title referring to the French Riviera.[4] In 2012, Eduardo Saverin, one of the founders of Facebook, made headlines by renouncing his U.S. citizenship before his company's IPO.[5] The dual Brazilian/U.S. citizen's decision to move to Singapore and renounce his citizenship spurred a bill in the U.S. Senate, the Ex-PATRIOT Act, which would have forced such wealthy tax exiles to pay a special tax in order to re-enter the United States.[6]

In some cases a person voluntarily lives in exile to avoid legal issues, such as

prosecution in connection with the failed £1.7 bn company Polly Peck in the United Kingdom
.

Avoiding violence or persecution, or in the aftermath of war

Examples include:

Euphemism for convict

Exile, government man and assigned servant were all euphemisms used in the 19th century for convicts under sentence who had been transported from Britain to Australia.[9]

For groups, nations, and governments

Nation in exile

When a large group, or occasionally a whole people or nation is exiled, it can be said that this nation is in exile, or "diaspora". Nations that have been in exile for substantial periods include the Israelites by the Assyrian king Sargon II in 720 BCE, the Judeans who were deported by Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II in 586 BC, and the Jews following the destruction of the second Temple in Jerusalem in AD 70. Jewish prayers include a yearning to return to Jerusalem and the Land of Israel,[10] such as "Next Year in Jerusalem".

After the

Crimea was exiled on 18 May 1944 to Central Asia as a form of ethnic cleansing and collective punishment on false accusations.[12]

Since the Cuban Revolution, over a million Cubans have left Cuba. Most of these self-identified as exiles as their motivation for leaving the island is political in nature. At the time of the Cuban Revolution, Cuba only had a population of 6.5 million, and was not a country that had a history of significant emigration, it being the sixth largest recipient of immigrants in the world as of 1958. Most of the exiles' children also consider themselves to be Cuban exiles. Under Cuban law, children of Cubans born abroad are considered Cuban citizens.[13] An extension of colonial practices, Latin America saw widespread exile, of a political variety, during the 19th and 20th century.[14]

Government in exile

During a foreign

Free French Forces government of Charles de Gaulle during the German Occupation of Poland and France in WWII. Other post-war examples include the client All Palestine Government established by the Egyptian Kingdom, and the Central Tibetan Administration, commonly known as the Tibetan government-in-exile, and headed by the 14th Dalai Lama
.

For inanimate objects

Ivan the Terrible once exiled to Siberia an inanimate object: a bell.[15] "When the inhabitants of the town of Uglich rang their bell to rally a demonstration against Ivan the Terrible, the cruel Czar executed two hundred (nobles), and exiled the Uglich bell to Siberia, where it remained for two hundred years."[16]

Drama

Jason and Medea, by John William Waterhouse
, 1907

Exile is an early motif in ancient Greek tragedy. In the ancient Greek world, this was seen as a fate worse than death. The motif reaches its peak on the play Medea, written by Euripides in the fifth century BC, and rooted in the very old oral traditions of Greek mythology. Euripides' Medea has remained the most frequently performed Greek tragedy through the 20th century.[17]

Art

Exiled Klaus Mann as Staff Sergeant of the 5th US Army, Italy 1944
Cover of Anna Seghers' Das siebte Kreuz

After

Jason and Medea shows a key moment before, when Medea tries to poison Theseus.[18]

Literature

In ancient Rome, the Roman Senate had the power to declare the exile to individuals, families or even entire regions. One of the Roman victims was the poet Ovid, who lived during the reign of Augustus. He was forced to leave Rome and move away to the city of Tomis on the Black Sea, now Constanța. There he wrote his famous work Tristia (Sorrows) about his bitter feelings in exile.[19] Another, at least in a temporary exile, was

Dante
.

The German-language writer Franz Kafka described the exile of Karl Rossmann in the posthumously published novel Amerika.[20]

During the period of National Socialism in the first few years after 1933, many Jews, as well as a significant number of German artists and intellectuals fled into exile; for instance, the authors Klaus Mann and Anna Seghers. So Germany's own exile literature emerged and received worldwide credit.[21] Klaus Mann finished his novel Der Vulkan (The Volcano: A Novel Among Emigrants) in 1939[22] describing the German exile scene, "to bring the rich, scattered and murky experience of exile into epic form",[23] as he wrote in his literary balance sheet. At the same place and in the same year, Anna Seghers published her famous novel Das siebte Kreuz (The Seventh Cross, published in the United States in 1942).

Important exile literature in recent years include that of the Caribbean, many of whose artists emigrated to Europe or the United States for political or economic reasons. These writers include Nobel Prize winners V. S. Naipaul and Derek Walcott as well as the novelists Edwidge Danticat and Sam Selvon.[24]

See also

References

  1. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
    (3rd ed.), pp. 136–137
  2. ^ Geoghegan, Tom (2011-04-14). "BBC News – What happens to deposed leaders?". BBC News. Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-05-12.
  3. ^ Stevie Cameron, Blue Trust: The Author, The Lawyer, His Wife, And Her Money, 1998
  4. ^ Robert Greenfield, Exile on Main Street: A Season in Hell with the Rolling Stones, 2008.
  5. ^ Kucera, Danielle (11 May 2012). "Facebook Co-Founder Saverin Gives Up U.S. Citizenship Before IPO". Bloomberg. Bloomberg News. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
  6. ^ Drawbaugh, Kevin (May 17, 2012). "Facebook's Saverin fires back at tax-dodge critics". Reuters. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
  7. ^ Mills, Andrew (2009-06-23). "Iraq Appeals Anew to Exiled Academics to Return Home". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved 2011-04-17.
  8. ^ Fisher, Dan (1990-01-20). "For Exiled Nuns, It's Too Late : Banished by the Communist regime, Czechoslovakia's sisters of Bila Voda were symbols of persecution. Now most are too old or weak to benefit from the revolution". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-04-17.
  9. ^ Peter Richardson, Herod: King of the Jews and Friend of the Romans, Univ. of South Carolina Press, 1996, p.98-99
  10. ^ Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (1998). A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change. Routledge. p. 156.
  11. S2CID 150711796.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link
    )
  12. . Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  13. .
  14. ^ Salisbury, Harrison, "The Key to Moscow," J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia and New York, 1963, page 52.
  15. ^ Salisbury, Harrison, "The Key to Moscow," J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia and New York, Copyright 1963, page 52.
  16. ^ Cf. Helene P. Foley: Reimagining Greek Tragedy on the American Stage. University of California Press, 2012, p. 190
  17. ^ Baggott, Sophie (2015-08-21). "Tristia by Ovid – high drama and hoax". The Guardian.
  18. ^ Cf. an unabridged reading by Sven Regener: Amerika, Roof Music, Bochum 2014.
  19. .
  20. ^ Cf. Klaus Mann: Der Wendepunkt. Ein Lebensbericht. (1949), Frankfurt am Main 2006, p. 514.
  21. S2CID 152181840
    .

Further reading

Media related to Exile at Wikimedia Commons

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