Exile
Exile or banishment, is primarily penal expulsion from one's native
In Roman law, exsilium denoted both voluntary exile and banishment as a capital punishment alternative to death. Deportation was forced exile, and entailed the lifelong loss of citizenship and property. Relegation was a milder form of deportation, which preserved the subject's citizenship and property.[1]
The term
Article 9 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that "No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile."
Internal exile
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Internal exile is a form of banishment within the boundaries of one's homeland, but far away from home.
For individuals
Exiled heads of state
In some cases the
Avoiding tax or legal matters
A wealthy citizen who moves to a jurisdiction with lower taxes is termed a tax exile. Creative people such as authors and musicians who achieve sudden wealth sometimes choose this. Examples include the British-Canadian writer
In some cases a person voluntarily lives in exile to avoid legal issues, such as
Avoiding violence or persecution, or in the aftermath of war
Examples include:
- Iraqi academics asked to return home "from exile" to help rebuild Iraq in 2009[7]
- People undertaking a religious or civil liberties role in society may be forced into exile due to threat of persecution. For example, nuns were exiled following the Communist coup d'état of 1948 in Czechoslovakia.[8]
- Thibaw Min and Supayalat were exiled to India after Third Anglo-Burmese War, named Pataw Mu.
Euphemism for convict
Exile, government man and assigned servant were all euphemisms used in the 19th century for convicts under sentence who had been transported from Britain to Australia.[9]
For groups, nations, and governments
Nation in exile
When a large group, or occasionally a whole people or nation is exiled, it can be said that this nation is in exile, or "diaspora". Nations that have been in exile for substantial periods include the Israelites by the Assyrian king Sargon II in 720 BCE, the Judeans who were deported by Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II in 586 BC, and the Jews following the destruction of the second Temple in Jerusalem in AD 70. Jewish prayers include a yearning to return to Jerusalem and the Land of Israel,[10] such as "Next Year in Jerusalem".
After the
Since the Cuban Revolution, over a million Cubans have left Cuba. Most of these self-identified as exiles as their motivation for leaving the island is political in nature. At the time of the Cuban Revolution, Cuba only had a population of 6.5 million, and was not a country that had a history of significant emigration, it being the sixth largest recipient of immigrants in the world as of 1958. Most of the exiles' children also consider themselves to be Cuban exiles. Under Cuban law, children of Cubans born abroad are considered Cuban citizens.[13] An extension of colonial practices, Latin America saw widespread exile, of a political variety, during the 19th and 20th century.[14]
Government in exile
During a foreign
For inanimate objects
Ivan the Terrible once exiled to Siberia an inanimate object: a bell.[15] "When the inhabitants of the town of Uglich rang their bell to rally a demonstration against Ivan the Terrible, the cruel Czar executed two hundred (nobles), and exiled the Uglich bell to Siberia, where it remained for two hundred years."[16]
In popular culture
Drama
Exile is an early motif in ancient Greek tragedy. In the ancient Greek world, this was seen as a fate worse than death. The motif reaches its peak on the play Medea, written by Euripides in the fifth century BC, and rooted in the very old oral traditions of Greek mythology. Euripides' Medea has remained the most frequently performed Greek tragedy through the 20th century.[17]
Art
After
Literature
In ancient Rome, the Roman Senate had the power to declare the exile to individuals, families or even entire regions. One of the Roman victims was the poet Ovid, who lived during the reign of Augustus. He was forced to leave Rome and move away to the city of Tomis on the Black Sea, now Constanța. There he wrote his famous work Tristia (Sorrows) about his bitter feelings in exile.[19] Another, at least in a temporary exile, was
The German-language writer Franz Kafka described the exile of Karl Rossmann in the posthumously published novel Amerika.[20]
During the period of National Socialism in the first few years after 1933, many Jews, as well as a significant number of German artists and intellectuals fled into exile; for instance, the authors Klaus Mann and Anna Seghers. So Germany's own exile literature emerged and received worldwide credit.[21] Klaus Mann finished his novel Der Vulkan (The Volcano: A Novel Among Emigrants) in 1939[22] describing the German exile scene, "to bring the rich, scattered and murky experience of exile into epic form",[23] as he wrote in his literary balance sheet. At the same place and in the same year, Anna Seghers published her famous novel Das siebte Kreuz (The Seventh Cross, published in the United States in 1942).
Important exile literature in recent years include that of the Caribbean, many of whose artists emigrated to Europe or the United States for political or economic reasons. These writers include Nobel Prize winners V. S. Naipaul and Derek Walcott as well as the novelists Edwidge Danticat and Sam Selvon.[24]
See also
- Banishment in the Torah
- Ban (law)
- Defection
- Echols County, Georgia, the U.S. state of Georgia has at times banished criminals from all of its counties except this one.
- Émigré
- Minus six – form of exile in the Soviet Union
- Ostracism – procedure under the Athenian democracy
- Outlawry
- Penal colony
- Petalism
- Porcian Laws, the Roman laws granting citizens the right to voluntary exile in place of capital punishment
- Refugee
- Right of asylum (political asylum)
- Shimanagashi
- Category:Exiles by nationality
- Category:Armies in exile
References
- Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities(3rd ed.), pp. 136–137
- ^ Geoghegan, Tom (2011-04-14). "BBC News – What happens to deposed leaders?". BBC News. Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-05-12.
- ^ Stevie Cameron, Blue Trust: The Author, The Lawyer, His Wife, And Her Money, 1998
- ^ Robert Greenfield, Exile on Main Street: A Season in Hell with the Rolling Stones, 2008.
- ^ Kucera, Danielle (11 May 2012). "Facebook Co-Founder Saverin Gives Up U.S. Citizenship Before IPO". Bloomberg. Bloomberg News. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
- ^ Drawbaugh, Kevin (May 17, 2012). "Facebook's Saverin fires back at tax-dodge critics". Reuters. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
- ^ Mills, Andrew (2009-06-23). "Iraq Appeals Anew to Exiled Academics to Return Home". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved 2011-04-17.
- ^ Fisher, Dan (1990-01-20). "For Exiled Nuns, It's Too Late : Banished by the Communist regime, Czechoslovakia's sisters of Bila Voda were symbols of persecution. Now most are too old or weak to benefit from the revolution". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-04-17.
- ISBN 0424063905
- ^ Peter Richardson, Herod: King of the Jews and Friend of the Romans, Univ. of South Carolina Press, 1996, p.98-99
- ^ Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (1998). A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change. Routledge. p. 156.
- S2CID 150711796.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link - ISBN 9781438110127. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
- S2CID 145378385.
- ^ Salisbury, Harrison, "The Key to Moscow," J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia and New York, 1963, page 52.
- ^ Salisbury, Harrison, "The Key to Moscow," J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia and New York, Copyright 1963, page 52.
- ^ Cf. Helene P. Foley: Reimagining Greek Tragedy on the American Stage. University of California Press, 2012, p. 190
- ISBN 0-691-07057-1
- ^ Baggott, Sophie (2015-08-21). "Tristia by Ovid – high drama and hoax". The Guardian.
- ^ Cf. an unabridged reading by Sven Regener: Amerika, Roof Music, Bochum 2014.
- ISBN 978-0-85303-540-4.
- ISBN 978-3-11-025867-7
- ^ Cf. Klaus Mann: Der Wendepunkt. Ein Lebensbericht. (1949), Frankfurt am Main 2006, p. 514.
- S2CID 152181840.
Further reading
- "Rede: Kulturabend Von Verlust und Zuflucht. Exil". Der Bundespräsident(in German). 23 August 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
External links
Media related to Exile at Wikimedia Commons
- Without a Country Varied experiences of American and British exiles in the 20th century.
- The Seventh Cross at the TCM Movie Database
- The Seventh Cross at IMDb