Exorcism

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Exorcisms
)
For other uses, see Exorcism (disambiguation).

St. Guy Heals a Possessed Man (1474)

Exorcism (from

Ancient Greek ἐξορκισμός (exorkismós) 'binding by oath') is the religious or spiritual practice of evicting demons, jinns, or other malevolent spiritual entities from a person, or an area, that is believed to be possessed.[1] Depending on the spiritual beliefs of the exorcist, this may be done by causing the entity to swear an oath, performing an elaborate ritual
, or simply by commanding it to depart in the name of a higher power. The practice is ancient and part of the belief system of many cultures and religions.

Christianity

Main articles: Exorcism in Christianity and Minor exorcism in Christianity
Gustav Doré
, 1865.

In

headcovering by Christian females confers protection against fallen angels, which they teach are referenced in 1 Corinthians 11:3–10.[2][3][4] The exorcist often invokes God, Jesus or several different angels and archangels to intervene with the exorcism. Protestant Christian exorcists most commonly believe the authority given to them by the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit (the Trinity) is the sole source of their ability to cast out demons.[5]

In general, people considered to be possessed are not regarded as evil in themselves, nor wholly responsible for their actions, because possession is considered to be unwilling manipulation by a demon resulting in harm to self or others. Therefore, practitioners regard exorcism as more of a cure than a punishment. The mainstream rituals usually take this into account, making sure that there is no violence to the possessed, only that they be tied down if there is potential for violence.[6]

Requested and performed exorcism began to decline in the United States by the 18th century and occurred rarely until the latter half of the 20th century when the public saw a sharp rise due to the media attention exorcisms were getting. There was "a 50% increase in the number of exorcisms performed between the early 1960s and the mid-1970s".[7]

Catholicism

Main article: Exorcism in the Catholic Church

In Catholicism, exorcisms are performed in the name of

priests given special permission from the Catholic Church, while deliverance ministry is prayer for people who are distressed and wish to heal emotional wounds, including those purportedly caused by evil spirits.[9]

The statue of Saint Philip of Agira with the Gospel in his left hand, the symbol of the exorcists, in the May celebrations in his honor at Limina, Sicily.

The Catholic rite for a formal exorcism, called a "Major Exorcism", is given in Section 11 of the

Ritual lists guidelines for conducting an exorcism, and for determining when a formal exorcism is required.[12] Priests are instructed to carefully determine that the nature of the condition is not actually a psychological or physical illness before proceeding.[8]

In Catholic practice, the person performing the exorcism, known as an exorcist, must be an ordained

Archangel Michael to intervene with the exorcism. According to Catholic understanding, several weekly exorcisms over many years are sometimes required to expel a deeply entrenched demon.[12][13]

Holy Rosary also has an exorcistic and intercessory power.[15]

Prayer to St. Michael
.

Eastern Orthodoxy

The Eastern Orthodox Church has a rich and complex tradition of exorcism.[16] The practice is traced to biblical accounts of Jesus expelling demons and exhorting his apostles to "cast out devils".[17] The church views demonic possession as the devil's primary means of enslaving humanity and rebelling against God. Orthodox Christians believe objects, as well as individuals, can be possessed.[18]

As in other Christian churches, Orthodox exorcists expel demons by invoking God through the name of Jesus Christ.

Saint Basil and Saint John Chrysostom
.

negative emotions.[16] This belief is most likely rooted in pre-Christian paganism, and although the church rejects the notion that the evil eye can have such power, it does recognize the phenomenon as morally and spiritually undesirable and thus a target for exorcism.[21]

Lutheran Churches

From the 16th century onward,

Lutheran pastoral handbooks describe the primary symptoms of demonic possession to be knowledge of secret things, knowledge of languages one has never learned, and supernatural strength.[22] Before conducting a major exorcism, Lutheran liturgical texts state that a physician be consulted in order to rule out any medical or psychiatric illness.[22] The rite of exorcism centers chiefly around driving out demons "with prayers and contempt" and includes the Apostles' Creed and the Lord's Prayer.[22]

minor exorcism.[23][24]

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

While a very rare practice in the Church, there are two methods for performing an exorcism. The first is by

stake presidents.[25]
Exorcisms are not recorded by the Church and therefore the number of exorcisms performed in the religion are unknown.

Demonic possession is rarely talked about in the church. Demonic possession has been talked about twice by Joseph Smith, the founder of the faith. The first time refers to his experience during the First Vision[25] and he recorded the following in his "1831 account of the First Vision":

I kneeled down and began to offer up the desires of my heart to God, I had scarcely done so, when immediately I was seized upon by some power which entirely overcame me and had such astonishing influence over me as to bind my tongue so that I could not speak. Thick darkness gathered around me and it seemed to me for a time as if I were doomed to sudden destruction. But exerting all my powers to call upon God to deliver me out of the power of this enemy which had seized upon me, and at the very moment when I was ready to sink into despair and abandon myself to destruction, not to an imaginary ruin but to the power of some actual being from the unseen world who had such a marvelous power as I had never before felt in any being, just at this moment of great alarm I saw a pillar of light exactly over my head above the brightness of the sun, which descended gradually until it fell upon me.[27]

His second experience comes from a journal entry in which he talks about the time he performed an exorcism on a friend.[28][25][26]

Criticism

When someone becomes ill, pastors – exorcism practitioners – visit the sick person's home, especially in rural areas and communities. Then, with the help of others who believe in faith healing, strive to heal them without the use of drugs or anything else. Sometimes the exorcist party gets in the way of local authorities or public health officials trying to heal a sick person. Sometimes they don't even ask the sick's consent – a child or a person who can't respond consciously to them – and continue the process. This has not gone well, and critics from scientists, health officials, and the general public have expressed their fears and dislikes for why this should be halted – since the sick individual often dies when he could have been spared if he was put in the common health system.[29][30][31]

Buddhism

Main articles: Paritta and Āṭānāṭiya Sutta

The practice of reciting or listening to the

Sacca-kiriyā, or asseveration of something quite true is an aspect of the work ascribed to the paritta.[32] Several scriptures in the Paritta like Metta Sutta, Dhajagga Sutta, or Ratana Sutta can be recited for exorcism purposes, and Āṭānāṭiya Sutta is regarded as particularly effective.[33]

Tibetan Buddhism

Main article: Ghosts in Tibetan culture

The ritual of the Exorcising-Ghost day is part of Tibetan tradition. The Tibetan religious ceremony 'Gutor' ༼དགུ་གཏོར་༽, literally offering of the 29th, is held on the 29th of the 12th Tibetan month, with its focus on driving out all negativity, including evil spirits and misfortunes of the past year, and starting the new year in a peaceful and auspicious way.

The temples and monasteries throughout Tibet hold grand religious dance ceremonies, with the largest at Potala Palace in Lhasa. Families clean their houses on this day, decorate the rooms and eat a special noodle soup called 'Guthuk'. ༼དགུ་ཐུག་༽ In the evening, the people carry torches, calling out the words of exorcism.[34]

Hinduism

Hanuman temple in Sarangpur is said to be so powerful that its gaze drives evil spirits out of victims.[35]

In many Hindu traditions, people can be possessed by bhoots or preths, restless and often malignant beings roughly analogous to ghosts,[36] and to a lesser extent, demons.[37]

Of four

Vedic traditions as well as the Tantra
, the later esoteric teachings and practices within Hinduism.

Within the dominant Hindu sect of Vaishnava, which reveres Vishnu as the supreme being, exorcisms are performed by reciting the names of Narasimha, a fierce avatar of Vishnu that seeks to destroy evil and restore Dharma, or by reading the Bhagavata Purana, a highly revered text that tells the story of good vanquishing evil. Another resource for exorcisms is the Garuda Purana, a vast corpus of literature mostly centered on Vishnu, deals heavily with topics related to death, disease, good versus evil, and spiritual health.[40]

The devotional hymn known as Hanuman Chalisa advises conducting exorcisms by praying to Lord Hanuman, the most devoted follower of Rama, a major Hindu deity as according to a shloka(couplet) (भूत पिशाच निकट नहिं आवै। महावीर जब नाम सुनावै॥) of this hymn, merely uttering Hanuman's name terrifies evil spirits into leaving the possessed. Some Hindu temples, most notably the Mehandipur Balaji Temple in Rajasthan, host exorcism rituals that invoke incarnations of Hanuman.[37]

Islam

Main article:
Exorcism in Islam

Terms for exorcism practices include ṭard (or dafʿ) al-shayṭān/al-jinn (expulsion of the demon/the spirit), ʿilāj (treatment), and ibrāʾ al-maṣrūʿ (curing the possessed), but also ruḳya (enchantment or cleansing)[41] is used to exorcise various spirits.[42]

The Islamic prophet Muhammad taught his followers to read the last three

Surat an-Nas (Mankind). The permissibility of exorcism, as well as models for its practice, can be traced to Hadiths reporting Muhammad and Jesus performing exorcism rites.[42]

Islamic exorcisms might consist of the treated person lying down, while a

The Throne Verse (Arabic: آية الكرسي Ayatul Kursi)) and invoke God's help. In some cases, the adhan (call for daily prayers) is also read, as this has the effect of repelling non-angelic unseen beings or the jinn.[45]

According to a study by Alean Al-Krenawi and John Graham, the process of Quranic healing in order to exorcise spirits can be divided into three stages:

  1. Removing any (haram) distractions, such as music instruments, amulets (tabiz) and golden jewelry. All pictures in the room that (it is believed) would allow angels to enter are removed. The healer then tells the client and the family that everything happens by God's will and that he is merely a mediator, also mentioning that other forms of healing, such as by sorcery, are not acceptable to Islam.
  2. The healer determines if the client is possessed or not and tries to enter a dialogue with the spirit. The healer might ask the spirit about type (Zar ("red wind"), Arwah (ghosts), jinn (genii), shayatin (devils), div (demons), religion, sex or reason for possession. He also asks the client, not the spirit, about dreams and feelings involved in the dream. After that, the healer cleans himself, the room, and asks the people in the room to do the same.
  3. The actual exorcism begins by reciting Quranic verses such as
    An-Nas and Al-Falaq), depending on the type of spirit. Other treatments include using honey and water, as a purification ritual to clean the soul and body from sins.[46]

Judaism

See also: Dybbuk

Josephus reports exorcisms performed by administering poisonous root extracts and others by making sacrifices.[47]

In more recent times, Rabbi Yehuda Fetaya (1859–1942) authored the book Minchat Yahuda, which deals extensively with exorcism, his experience with possessed people, and other subjects of Jewish thought. The book is written in Hebrew and was translated into English.

The Jewish exorcism ritual is performed by a rabbi who has mastered Kabbalah. Also present is a minyan (a group of ten adult males), who gather in a circle around the possessed person. The group recites Psalm 91 three times, and then the rabbi blows a shofar (a ram's horn).[48]

The shofar is blown in a certain way, with various notes and tones, in effect to "shatter the body" so that the possessing force will be shaken loose. After it has been shaken loose, the rabbi begins to communicate with it and ask it questions such as why it is possessing the body of the possessed. The minyan may pray for it and perform a ceremony for it in order to enable it to feel safe, and so that it can leave the person's body.[48]

Sikhism

demonic possession. Therefore, exorcism is considered a violation of Sikh Code of Conduct.[49][50]

Taoism and Chinese folk religion

Main articles: History of Taoism, Chinese ritual mastery traditions, and Fulu

In

Fashi
, who are both Chinese ritual specialists and Taoist priests, are able to conduct particular rituals for exorcism. These rituals will vary between the many sects which are further influenced by the geographic region in which the specific Taoist is from. A Zheng Yi sect Taoist in Beijing may conduct a ritual completely different from a Taoist of the same sect in a southern area such as Hong Kong.

For example, the leaders of these exorcism rituals who are

tangki that invited the divine powers from the Deities and conduct a dramatic performance to call out against the demons so the village can once again have peace. The leaders strike themselves with various sharp weapons to show their invincibility to ward off the demons and also to let out their blood. This form of blood is considered to be sacred and powerful, so after the rituals, the blood is blotted with talismans and placed on the door of houses as an act of spiritual protection against evil spirits.[52]
Such ritual using blood however is more common among folk sects such as LuShan, and does not take place in more orthodox sects such as QuanZhen or Zheng Yi who are more monastic in nature. However, it is possible that folk Taoists in rural areas descended from orthodox sects may be influenced by local folk religions, so it may be seen.

Historically, all Taoist exorcisms include usage of Fulu, chanting, physical gesture like mudras, and praying as a way to drive away the spirit is common in all sects.[53]

Scientific view

Tourette's syndrome, epilepsy, schizophrenia or dissociative identity disorder.[54][55][56][57][58]

Additionally, there is a form of monomania called demonomania or demonopathy in which the patient believes that they are possessed by one or more demons.[59] The illusion that exorcism works on people experiencing symptoms of possession is attributed by some to placebo effect and the power of suggestion.[60][61] Some cases suggest that supposedly possessed persons are actually narcissists or have low self-esteem and act demonically possessed in order to gain attention.[62]

Within the scientific community, the work of psychiatrist

Jesuit, despite the fact that Peck consistently called Martin a liar and a manipulator.[63][64] Other criticisms leveled against Peck included claims that he had transgressed the boundaries of professional ethics by attempting to persuade his patients to accept Christianity.[63]

Exorcism and mental illness

One scholar has described

trepanation having been widely used to release demons from the brain.[65] Meanwhile, another scholar has equated psychotherapy with exorcism.[66]

United Kingdom

In the UK, the numbers of exorcisms performed were increasing as of 2017[update]. A Church of England thinktank, Theos, stated that the exorcisms mostly took place in charismatic and Pentecostal churches, and also among communities of West African origin. Frequently, the people exorcised were people with mental health problems, who often stopped taking their medications in response to the exorcism. The report described the exorcism as a "well-meaning initiative with the potential for serious harm" with the risk of constituting "psychological abuse".[67]

Anthropological view

Exorcism is the religious practice of evicting evil spirits from person or place. The phrase itself is most commonly associated with Christianity, specifically Catholicism. It is recognized culturally around the world, and in modern discourse. This phenomenon has been made popular both in cinema and literature, with notable films such as The Exorcist (1973) taking a forefront in pop culture. The circumstances in which an exorcism would take place were determined by values set in place by religious collectives reflecting that time period. Even in modern times, the necessity of an exorcism is dictated by religious collectives. The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, state on their website: “the actual determination of whether a member of the faithful is genuinely possessed by the devil is made by the Church.” [68]

This is exemplary of how religion has considerable power over one's life and system of thought.[69] Religious institutions hold great sway over societal hierarchies within communities. Religious collectives are engaged in the relentless process of developing organizational power and authority to guard and preserve their definitive religious experiences from members outside those communities.[70]

Priests and other high ranking religious officials had a considerable amount of influence in determining the norm within these societies. The Pope, for example, within Catholicism exudes Papal Supremacy providing him with universal power over the church. Sudden onsets of peculiar attitudes and behaviours within these societies was often diagnosed as demonic influence, or in extreme cases, demonic possession. It is known those who follow religious practise, are more likely to turn to a religious figure than a medical professional in the occurrence of these different behaviours,[71] therefore leading to a higher incidence of the occurrence of a demonic possession.

Religious figures would have been presented with an individual and base their diagnosis of possession upon their own knowledge, which would be based on religious understandings. The occurrence of a possession, has similar characteristics of someone who is experiencing a mental illness.[72] Characteristics such as an abrupt change in behaviour and demeanor, loss of faith, thoughts of being chosen by a demonic power, experiences in seeing and hearing evil entities, and persistent fear in demonic forces.[72] These are deemed as unfavorable within religious influence, therefore are treated and diagnosed within religious collectives, as illness.

However, not all possessions were deemed as negative, possessions occurring among the higher classes typically went untreated as they were said to be undertaken by benevolent spirits upholding social order; whereas possessions experienced by the powerless were considered as expressing anti-hegemonic sentiment and needed to be treated immediately.[73]

This reflects a style of dichotomy that establishes spiritual possession as an illness which is socially mediated, and reflective of the social climate in which it is produced. Exorcisms are performed in response to spiritual possessions which cause distress or are found to be challenging the status quo and/or hegemonic values within the individual; otherwise, possessions are treated as holy communication from deities.[73] These illnesses/possessions are culturally constructed as either psychological or spiritual.[74] Spiritual possession and exorcism come as a pair, representative of social expectations of ‘normal’ functioning, and can often be engaged as a tool to challenge or maintain religious collective values.

The Catholic Church, for example, enters a relationship with the victims of spiritual possession akin to the Shamanistic Complex.[75] The victim also represents what Nancy Scheper Hughes would call the ‘individual body’, that is, the victims’ personal belief system as a Christian would assist in the healing process. In the sense that their belief that there is a demon within their body and that through the power of Christ the demon can be removed, creates a diagnosis and cure for this illness. A non-Christian may respond differently to this healing process. A non-Christian most likely would not even seek out religious intervention based on their symptoms, they would believe them to from a different illness, and would not find an exorcism an effective treatment.

The Shamanistic Complex gives a possible explanation as to what makes an exorcism effective or can increase the effectiveness. Exorcism exists within a realm of cultural healing practices, social processes that are informed by social norms.[76] This much is true of most other healing practices, inclusive of those focussed on spiritual, psychological, and physical health. As such the systems set out by religious communities, like the Catholic Church, to diagnose and combat spiritual possession as a disease, as only effective as the psychological belief within these aspects.

The Catholic practice of exorcism is carried out solely by ordained priests who have received direct orders from the highest echelon of the Catholic church. The priest initially carries out a ‘discernment’, when he believes that all biomedical attempts have failed to find the cause of the ‘possession’ he looks for ‘spirits’ or ‘demons’ in the victim, that are categorized by predetermined religious values.

A series of incantations follows and depending on the victim, the exorcist (the priest) and the family/friends surround the event, the person becomes healed only when all parties believe the demon has been removed. The affirmations by the parties involved, victims, families church members in many cases (not all), have positive outcomes on the effectiveness upon these rituals and in this scenario dictate their completion.

Notable exorcisms and exorcists in history

Part of a series on
Esotericism
Esoteric symbolism
Key concepts
Esoteric rites
Esoteric societies
Notable figures
See also: Louviers possessions, Aix-en-Provence possessions, and Loudun possessions
  • (1578) Martha Brossier was a young woman who was made infamous around the year of 1578 for her feigned demonic possession discovered through exorcism proceedings.[77]
  • (1619) Mademoiselle Elizabeth de Ranfaing, who having become a widow in 1617 was later sought in marriage by a physician (afterwards burned under judicial sentence for being a practicing magician). After being rejected, he gave her potions to make her love him which occasioned strange developments in her health and proceeded to continuously give her some other forms of medicament. The maladies which she had were incurable by the various physicians that attended her and eventually led to a recourse of exorcisms as prescribed by several physicians that examined her case. They began to exorcise her in September, 1619. During the exorcisms, the demon that possessed her purportedly made detailed and fluid responses in varying languages including French, Greek, Latin, Hebrew and Italian and was able to know and recite the thoughts and sins of various individuals who examined her. She was further also purported to describe in detail with the use of various languages the rites and secrets of the church to experts in the languages she spoke. There was even a mention of how the demon interrupted an exorcist, who after making a mistake in his recital of an exorcism rite in Latin, corrected his speech and mocked him.[78]
  • (1778) George Lukins[79]
  • (1842-1844) Johann Blumhardt performed the exorcism of Gottliebin Dittus over a two-year period in Möttlingen, Germany, from 1842 to 1844. Pastor Blumhardt's parish subsequently experienced growth marked by confession and healing, which he attributed to the successful exorcism.[80][81]
  • (1906) Clara Germana Cele was a South African school girl who claimed to be possessed.[82]
  • (1947) Art expert Armando Ginesi claims Salvador Dalí received an exorcism from Italian friar Gabriele Maria Berardi while he was in France. Dalí would have created a sculpture of Christ on the cross that he would have given to the friar in thanks.[83]
  • (1949) A boy identified as
    Jesuit scholastic Fr. Walter Halloran, S.J.[88]
  • (1974)
    Michael Taylor[89]
  • (1975) Anneliese Michel was a Catholic woman from Germany who was said to be possessed by six or more demons and subsequently underwent a secret, ten-month-long voluntary exorcism. Two motion pictures, The Exorcism of Emily Rose and Requiem, are loosely based on Anneliese's story. The documentary movie Exorcism of Anneliese Michel[90] (in Polish, with English subtitles) features the original audio tapes from the exorcism. The two priests and her parents were convicted of negligent manslaughter for failing to call a medical doctor to address her eating disorder as she died weighing only 68 pounds (31 kg).[91] The case has been labelled a misidentification of mental illness, negligence, abuse, and religious hysteria.[92]
  • Bobby Jindal, former governor of Louisiana, wrote an essay in 1994 about his personal experience of performing an exorcism on an intimate friend named "Susan" while in college.[93][94]
  • Mother Teresa allegedly underwent an exorcism late in life under the direction of the Archbishop of Calcutta, Henry D'Souza, after he noticed she seemed to be extremely agitated in her sleep and feared she "might be under the attack of the evil one."[95]
  • (2005) Tanacu exorcism is a case in which a mentally ill Romanian nun was killed during an exorcism by priest Daniel Petre Corogeanu. The case inspired motion pictures Beyond the Hills and The Crucifixion.
  • The
    October 2007 mākutu lifting (ceremonial lifting of a sorcery or witchcraft curse) in the Wellington, New Zealand, suburb of Wainuiomata led to a death by drowning of a woman and the hospitalization of a teen. After a long trial, five family members were convicted and sentenced to non-custodial sentences.[96]

See also

References

  1. ISBN 9780192800886
    .
  2. ^ Gordon, Greg (31 August 2015). "Are Head Coverings Really for Today?". Evangelical Focus. Retrieved 2 May 2022. K. P. Yohannan [founder of the Believers Eastern Church] says, "Have you considered why there is so much tension and fighting over placing a small piece of cloth on one's head? When a woman wears the symbol of God's government, a head covering, she is essentially a rebuke to all the fallen angels. Her actions say to them, 'You have rebelled against the Holy God, but I submit to Him and His headship. I choose not to follow your example of rebellion and pride.'"
  3. ISBN 978-0-9831171-6-2
    .
  4. ^ Weaver, Brenda M. (20 August 2014). "Why We Wear a Headship Covering". Wilkes-Barre Mennonite Church. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
  5. ^ Mohr, M. D., & Royal, K. D. (2012). "Investigating the Practice of Christian Exorcism and the Methods Used to Cast out Demons", Journal of Christian Ministry, 4, p. 35. Available at: http://journalofchristianministry.org/article/view/10287/7073 Archived 2019-01-11 at the Wayback Machine.
  6. ISBN 0-06-065337-X
  7. ^ Martin, M (1992). Hostage to the Devil: The Possession and Exorcism of Five Contemporary Americans. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco. p. 120.
  8. ^ a b Libreria Editrice Vaticana; Pope John Paul II, eds. (28 April 2000), "Sacramentals", Catechism of the Catholic Church (2ND ed.), Citta del Vaticano: United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, p. 928,
    ISBN 978-1-57455-110-5
    , retrieved 15 February 2012
  9. ^ Carroll, Rory (9 June 2022). "Irish exorcist calls for extra help for people oppressed by evil spirits". The Guardian.
  10. ^ "The Roman ritual". www.ewtn.com. Translated by Weller, Philip T. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
  11. ^ "Rituale Romanum" (PDF). www.liturgia.it. 10 June 1925. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
  12. ^
    ISBN 978-0-385-52271-7
    .
  13. ISBN 978-0-898-70710-6
    . Anthropological date collected by Mohr and Royal (2012), in which they surveyed nearly 200 Protestant Christian exorcists, revealed stark contrasts to traditional Catholic practices.
  14. OCLC 948778692. Archived
    from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  15. cruxnow.com
    . 6 October 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  16. ^ a b Milosevic, Sasa (17 August 2011). "The Secrets Of Orthodox Exorcists". HuffPost. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
  17. ^ Matt.10:8; Luke 10:17-20.
  18. ^ a b "Exorcism in the Orthodox Church - Theology - Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America". www.goarch.org. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
  19. ^ Library of the Greek Fathers and Church Writers, Athens: Apostolike Diakonia 1955, Vol. 3, pp. 288-89)
  20. ^ Archbishop Iakovos, Exorcism and Exorcists in the Greek Orthodox Tradition, Sage Chapel, Cornell University, March 10, 1974.
  21. ^ "Exorcism in the Orthodox Church - Theology - Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America". www.goarch.org. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  22. ^ a b c Mayes, Benjamin. "Quotes from Lutheran Pastoral Handbooks on the Topic of Demon Possession". Archived from the original on 27 August 2009. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
  23. ISBN 9780768487916
    . A brief exorcism found its way into early Lutheran baptismal services and an exorcism prayer formula is recorded in the First Prayer Book of Edward VI (1549).
  24. ISBN 9781493411450
    . This liturgy retained the minor exorcism (a formal renunciation of the devil's works and ways), which later in the sixteenth century became an issue dividing Lutherans and Calvinists.
  25. ^
    S2CID 151502698. Archived
    from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2021 – via Cambridge University Press.
  26. ^ a b "Mormon exorcism lore, with Stephen Taysom [MIPodcast #71]". Neal A. Maxwell Institute | BYU. 27 October 2017. Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  27. ^ Snell, David (2 September 2017). "3 Times Joseph Smith and Satan Went Head to Head". Third Hour. Archived from the original on 6 October 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  28. ^ "The Knight Family: Ever Faithful to the Prophet". www.churchofjesuschrist.org. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  29. ^ "The 'exorcism' that turned into murder". BBC. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  30. ^ "Sri Lanka girl, 9, dies in 'exorcism' ritual". BBC News. 1 March 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  31. ^ "Johann Hari: The devilish church practice of exorcism". The Independent. 17 January 2008. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  32. C.A.F. Rhys Davids
    , Dialogues of the Buddha, part 3, p. 186.
  33. ^ Aggacitta, Āyasmā (2003). Discourse on Atanatiya Protection. Sasanarakkha Buddhist Sanctuary. pp. 3–9. Archived from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
  34. ^ "Supernatural Traditional Days Around The World". Straight Forward Guidance. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  35. ISBN 9780391024809. Archived
    from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2009.
  36. ^ "bhut | Hinduism | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
  37. ^ a b Iwanek, Krzysztof. "Gods Against Ghosts: The Exorcisms of India's Mehandipur Balaji". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
  38. ISBN 9781618202772.[permanent dead link
    ]
  39. ^ Monier-Williams (1974), pp. 25–41.
  40. ^ Holly A. Hunt. Emotional Exorcism: Expelling the Four Psychological Demons That Make Us Backslide. ABC-CLIO. p. 6.
  41. ISBN 9789004161214. Archived from the original
    on 4 July 2021.
  42. ^
    doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_26268. Archived from the original on 4 July 2021. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help
    )
  43. ^ "Belgium court charges six people in deadly exorcism of Muslim woman". Al Arabiya. 14 May 2012. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
  44. ^ "Belgium court charges six people in deadly exorcism of Muslim woman". Al Arabiya. 14 May 2012. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
  45. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4
    , 1960–2007 "All their (jinn) activities take place at night and come to an end with the first cock-crow or the first call to morning prayer."
  46. S2CID 71504194
    .
  47. ^ Josephus, "B. J." vii. 6, § 3 Archived 2019-10-23 at the Wayback Machine; Sanh. 65b.
  48. ^ a b Belanger, Jeff (29 November 2003). "Dybbuk – Spiritual Possession and Jewish Folklore". Ghostvillage.com. Archived from the original on 9 September 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
  49. ISBN 9780806534336
    .
  50. ISBN 9781447324331
    .
  51. ^ "Taoist Exorcism by Taoist Master". TAOIST SORCERY. Archived from the original on 9 September 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
  52. ^ "Taoism Ritual, Worship, Devotion, Symbolism, Taoism Rites and Ceremonies". www.patheos.com. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
  53. ^ "Exorcism and Mental Illness Across Different Cultures – HOPES". 16 July 2015. Archived from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
  54. ^ Henderson, J. (1981). Exorcism and Possession in Psychotherapy Practice. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 27: 129–34.
  55. ^ Maniam, T. (1987). Exorcism and Psychiatric Illness: Two Case Reports. Medical Journal of Malaysia. 42: 317–19.
  56. ^ Pfeifer, S. (1994). Belief in demons and exorcism in psychiatric patients in Switzerland. British Journal of Medical Psychology 4 247–58.
  57. ISBN 1-57392-021-5
  58. ^ Ross, C. A., Schroeder, B. A. & Ness, L. (2013). Dissociation and symptoms of culture-bound syndromes in North America: A preliminary study. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation 14: 224–35.
  59. ISBN 0-8160-6405-9
  60. ISBN 0-8153-1031-5
  61. LiveScience
    . "To the extent that exorcisms "work," it is primarily due to the power of suggestion and the placebo effect."
  62. ISBN 0-8153-1031-5
  63. ^ a b The devil you know Archived 2016-12-27 at the Wayback Machine, National Catholic Reporter, 29 April 2005, a commentary on Glimpses of the Devil by Richard Woods
  64. ^ The Patient Is the Exorcist Archived 2008-10-05 at the Wayback Machine, an interview with M. Scott Peck by Laura Sheahen
  65. ^ Silverman, W A. "Neurosurgical Exorcism." Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 15.2 (2001): 98–99.
  66. ^ Gettis, Alan. "Psychotherapy as exorcism." Journal of Religion and Health 15.3 (1976): 188–90.
  67. ^ 'Spiritual abuse': Christian thinktank warns of sharp rise in UK exorcisms Archived 2019-07-11 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian
  68. ^ "Exorcism | USCCB". www.usccb.org. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  69. S2CID 257390685
    .
  70. JSTOR 3711652
    – via JSTOR.
  71. S2CID 257390685
    – via APA.
  72. ^
    S2CID 237853652
    – via APA.
  73. ^
    S2CID 221404656
    .
  74. S2CID 40861711
    – via Taylor & Francis.
  75. ISBN 0786724439
    .
  76. ISBN 978-1-315-47061-0
    .
  77. ^ Calmet (2021), p. 132.
  78. ^ Calmet (2021), pp. 138–143.
  79. ISBN 9780758267009. Archived
    from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
  80. ^ "Blumhardt's Battle: A Conflict With Satan". Thomas E. Lowe, LTD. Archived from the original on 26 August 2009. Retrieved 23 September 2009.
  81. ^ Friedrich Zuendel. The Awakening: One Man's Battle With Darkness (PDF). The Plough. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2010. Retrieved 23 September 2009.
  82. ISBN 9781438131917. Archived
    from the original on 2 July 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
  83. ^ Dali's gift to exorcist uncovered Archived 11 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine Catholic News 14 October 2005.
  84. ISBN 978-1-57500-028-2. Archived
    from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2007. The Reverend Luther Miles Schulze, was called in to help and took Mannheim to his home where he could study the phenomenon at close range;
  85. ISBN 978-81-7806-166-5. Archived
    from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2007. A thirteen-year-old American boy named, Robert Mannheim, started using an...The Reverend Luther Miles Schulze, who was called to look into the matter,...
  86. ISBN 978-0-615-15801-3. Archived
    from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
  87. ^ Garrison, Chad. "Hell of a House". Archived from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
  88. ^ "Part I – The Haunted Boy: the Inspiration for the Exorcist". Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2008.
  89. ISBN 978-0813126821. Archived
    from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
  90. YouTube
  91. ^ "Bizarre exorcism draws suspended prison terms". The Press-Courier. 22 April 1978. Archived from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
  92. ISBN 978-1-60899-664-3
  93. ^ "FLASHBACK: Bobby Jindal's Exorcism Problem". Archived from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  94. ^ "Bobby Jindal's Story about Demons and Spiritual Warfare". CBN News. 24 February 2009. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
  95. ^ Bindra, Satinder (7 September 2001). "Archbishop: Mother Teresa underwent exorcism". CNN. Archived from the original on 17 September 2005. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
  96. The Dominion Post. 13 June 2009. Archived
    from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2011.

Works cited

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Exorcism.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exorcism&oldid=1212032644"