Expulsion (education)
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
|
Expulsion, also known as dismissal, withdrawal, or permanent exclusion (
The practice of pressuring parents to voluntarily withdraw their child from an educational institution, termed off-rolling in the UK, is comparable to expulsion.[1] Rates of expulsion may be especially high for students of color, even when their behavioral infractions are the same as those of white children.[2] Certain disabilities, such as autism and ADHD, also increases the risk of expulsion,[3] despite the fact that this constitutes unlawful discrimination in many jurisdictions.[4]
By country
Ireland
In Ireland, a school must notify the local Educational Welfare Officer before expelling a student; they will then try and find a solution. The student cannot be expelled until twenty days after the educational welfare officer has been notified.[5][6] Under Section 29 of the Education Act 1998 an expelled child's parent(s) may appeal an expulsion to the Secretary General of the Department of Education.[7] The Child and Family Agency (Tusla) may also appeal an expulsion.[8] If the department upholds the expulsion, a further appeal can be brought to the High Court.[9][10][11]
In 2017–18, 29 primary school pupils were expelled in Ireland, up from 18 the previous year. In 2015–16, 195 secondary school students were expelled.[12]
New Zealand
In New Zealand, exclusion and expulsion are methods for removing a student from a school for misconduct. Both are governed by sections 13 to 19 of the Education Act 1989,[13] and the Education Stand Down, Suspension, Exclusion, and Expulsion Rules 1999.[14]
The difference between exclusion and expulsion is that students aged under 16 are excluded, while students aged 16 and over are expelled. For students excluded, because they are under the minimum
Exclusion/expulsion cannot be directly done by the principal. It must be done through
In 2009, exclusions and expulsions rates were 2.41 and 2.01 per thousand students respectively. Students were more likely to be excluded or expelled if they were male, of Maori or Pacific Island descent, and/or attended a school with a low (1–4)
The most common reasons for exclusions and expulsions in 2009 were:[17][18]
- Continual disobedience – 41.2% of exclusions/25.3% of expulsions
- Drugs incl. substance abuse – 14.2%/25.8%
- Physical assault on other students – 17.3%/16.8%
- Theft – 4.4%/8.9%
- Verbal assault on staff – 5.0%/2.6%
- Physical assault on staff – 4.5%/1.6%
- Weapons – 2.5%/2.6%
- Vandalism – 1.3%/2.6%
- Alcohol – 1.0%/3.7%
- Verbal assault on other students – 1.1%/0.5%
Arson, sexual harassment, sexual misconduct, and smoking were the other main reasons for exclusion and expulsion recorded.
United Kingdom
State sector
If a student has been expelled from two schools, then any state school is legally allowed to refuse admittance of that student. Schools on special measures may refuse to admit a student who has been expelled from only one school. Therefore, a student who has been expelled from two schools might be totally removed from the state education system. As a result, it is rare for a pupil to be expelled or permanently excluded in the UK's state sector.
The exclusion of pupils is governed by the Education Act 2002.[19]
The
Secretary of State's guidance states that exclusion is a serious step. Exclusion should be used only in response to serious breaches of a school's disciplinepolicy and only after a range of alternative strategies to resolve the pupil's disciplinary problems have been tried and proven to have failed and where allowing the pupil to remain in school would be seriously detrimental to the education or welfare of other pupils and staff, or of the pupil himself or herself.
In practice, a student can usually be subject to permanent exclusion for a total of five disciplinary breaches, for which the student does not have to receive formal warnings. Depending on his or her offence, a child can be excluded from the school system within any range of time after his or her misdeed. Though the teaching staff may recommend a pupil to be expelled, only the
When excluding a student, the headteacher must inform the pupil's parents of the duration of the exclusion whether it be temporary or permanent, reasons for exclusion, and the procedures which a parent may take to make an
Reasons for permanent exclusion
A headteacher might expel a student out for a first or one-off incident of appropriate severity.[20] For a single case of one of the following, a pupil can be permanently excluded for:
- A serious act of violence, including actual or threatened violence against a staff member or another student
- Possession of a weapon or any other hazardous item
- A sexual offence, including sexual abuse and assault
- A racially-aggravated offence
- Severe hazing of another student
- A is not normally considered sufficient grounds for expulsion
- Computer hacking
If a student has previous disciplinary records of violating other school rules and regulations, that too could result in expulsion. In these cases, expulsion is used as a final resort if the student has shown no signs of improvement in his or her behaviour despite disciplinary measures, and has failed to respond to a final warning. Some offences which may result in expulsion when repeated persistently include, but is not limited to:
- Defiance and rebellion against authority
- Vandalism
- Bullying
- Lying
- Cheating (including Plagiarism)
- Stealing
- Harassment
- prank calling999 (the British emergency hotline)
- Gambling
- Terroristic threat
- Discrimination
Pupils who have done nothing wrong to merit expulsion are sometimes expelled if the school does not expect them to achieve sufficiently high grades in external examinations. This illegal policy is known as "off-rolling", and seriously harms the life chances of young people.[21]
Appeals
The pupil and their parents can appeal to the
Appeals to the governors
The parents of an excluded pupil are entitled to appeal against expulsion or an exclusion exceeding five days to a panel of school governors acting as a court.
The panel, which consists of parents and staff and cannot include the headteacher, is not legally able to exclude a pupil or extend a term of exclusion; but it can convert a permanent exclusion to a fixed term one, reduce the length of a fixed-term exclusion, or cancel an exclusion.
The appeal must occur no sooner than six days after and no more than 15 days after the exclusion begins. The panel considers oral, written, or physical evidence from the school detailing the case for expulsion, and from the parents of the excluded pupil. The pupil and their parents may argue that the excluded pupil was not responsible for the act for which they have been excluded, or that the punishment was disproportionate to the offence.
Appeal to the local education authority
If the appeal to the governors is unsuccessful, an expelled or excluded student and their parents may go to an appeals board. This panel, which is appointed by the local education authority, must be
The majority of the appeals that these panels hear are not against exclusions, but are for the admission of pupils into schools. Although the local education authority are in theory obligated to provide education to a pupil under school leaving age Year 11 and below, in practice usually when the pupil is denied access to other schools or the pupil referral unit the local education authority employs techniques such as appointing a single tutor for one lesson a week.
Legal advice and representation
There are a number of projects that provide free legal representation to pupils who are appealing against their permanent exclusions from school. The institution cited in letters detailing the reasons for permanent exclusions is the Coram Children's Legal Centre.[22]
There are voluntary groups who provide trainee lawyers to represent parents at both governing body appeals and independent appeal panels. The City Matrix Chambers School Exclusions Project is one such project.[23]
Independent sector
In the
Distinction between expulsion and rustication
Whereas expulsion from a UK independent school means permanent removal from the school, rustication or suspension usually means removal from the school for a set period, for example, the remainder of the current term.
Managed moves
In 1999, protocols were introduced to reduce the amount of permanent exclusions every year.[24] This involved a process called a ‘managed move’ where schools had the option to transfer a student to another school without a permanent exclusion being written on their record.[25] It is usually done on a trial basis where the child can spend 6 to 16 weeks at the new school before integrating. If nothing occurs in between the trial period, the managed move is considered successful.[26]
Oxford
Historically, bannimus (
United States
This section possibly contains synthesis of material which does not verifiably mention or relate to the main topic. (August 2021) |
Expulsion in general
In the United States, expulsion criteria and process vary from state to state or province. Depending on local school board jurisdiction, approval from that school's local school board may be required before a student can be expelled, as opposed to a
Pupil rights
While in the
- Have an expulsion hearing within 30 school days[29]
- To appeal the results of an expulsion hearing
- To remain silent
However, there are rights that pupils do not have during the expulsion process that they would have in a court of law:
- An attorney at no cost to the pupil
- To cross examine any witness[30]
- For the hearing to be heard by an independent party
- The presumption of innocence
- To be found guilty only when the consensus is beyond a reasonable doubt
- Protection from double jeopardy[31]
Expulsion rates
A 2001 report from Justice Policy Institute showed that expulsions nearly doubled from 1974 to 1998 despite student victimization rates remaining stable.
Students who have been expelled from a building in primary and secondary schools are given an option to attend class at an alternate location.
Some states, like Texas, report expulsion to the juvenile court system - the model in Texas was passed in 1995.
Notable expellees
Many celebrities claim to have been expelled from school; however, some may be exaggerating in order to portray a rebellious image, and they may merely have voluntarily withdrawn from a school rather than being formally expelled:
- It is sometimes claimed that dropped out when a film he was editing containing nudity was found in the school AV room.[40]
- Banksy claimed to have been expelled, but as his identity is not public knowledge this cannot be confirmed.[41]
- Cheryl is another; some articles say she was expelled from school twice, others that she was merely suspended twice.[42][43]
- Mark Zuckerberg was almost expelled from Harvard University while creating Facebook's prototype, FaceMash.com; he was charged with breach of security, violating copyrights, and violating individual privacy, as well as a violation of university policy on distribution of digitized images. However, those charges were dropped.[44]
- Amy Winehouse claimed that she was expelled from the Sylvia Young Theatre School, but this was refuted by her old school and by her father.[45]
Actual expellees include:
- 50 Cent (Curtis Jackson), expelled from Andrew Jackson High School (Queens) for cocaine possession[46]
- Ceawlin Thynn, 8th Marquess of Bath, expelled from Bedales School for smoking cannabis.[47]
- Jon Bon Jovi, expelled for hitting a female fellow-student[48]
- soccer international, but his school denied this[49]
- Marlon Brando, expelled from Libertyville High School for riding his motorcycle through the corridors
- Jackie Collins, expelled from Francis Holland School for truancy and smoking; she then threw her school uniform into the Thames[50][51]
- Dizzee Rascal (Dylan Mills)[52]
- sixth-form ball.[47]
- Stephen Fry, expelled from Uppingham School
- Cary Grant, got himself expelled from Fairfield Grammar School deliberately so that he could become an actor[53][54]
- The John Henry Newman School when he was identified as being among a group of boys that attacked a fellow student; he appealed and was re-admitted[55]
- Max Irons, expelled from Bryanston School for having sex with another student.[47]
- Salma Hayek, expelled from boarding school for playing pranks[56]
- Jade Jagger, expelled from St Mary's School, Calne for climbing out of a window to meet a boyfriend.[47]
- Courtney Love, claimed to have been expelled from Nelson College for Girls for truancy and smoking[57]
- Robert Pattinson, expelled for selling pornographic magazines at school[58][59]
- Keanu Reeves, expelled from the Etobicoke School of the Arts[60]
- Guy Ritchie, expelled from Stanbridge Earls School[61]
- John Lydon, expelled for having long hair and for his antisocial behaviour[62][63]
- Noel Gallagher, expelled from The Barlow Roman Catholic High School for throwing a bag of flour at a teacher[64]
- Marc Bolan, expelled for bad behaviour[65]
- Charlie Sheen, expelled from Santa Monica High School for truancy and poor grades[66]
- Frank Sinatra, expelled from A. J. Demarest High School for "general rowdiness"[67]
- Snoop Dogg (Calvin Broadus), claimed to have been expelled from Cleveland Elementary School for gifted children for flashing a female pupil[68]
- Owen Wilson, expelled from the elite prep school St. Mark's School of Texas[69]
- Benjamin Zephaniah[70]
See also
- Rustication (academia)
- Dishonorable discharge
- School dropouts in Latin America
References
- S2CID 144380233.
Other parents have indicated that instead of expelling students, some schools have simply adopted an informal push out policy. Reportedly, parents have been called into the school to discuss their children's behavior upon arriving they were presented with a pre-completed withdrawal form, asked to sign and find a more suitable school for their children.
- ^ Thompson, GL. And Thompson, R. 2014. Yes, you can! Advice for teachers who want a great start and a great finish with their students of color. Thousand Oaks, CANADA Corwin.
- S2CID 145261428.
- ^ "Special Education Discipline: Suspensions and Expulsions | Kids Legal". kidslegal.org. Retrieved 2022-12-03.
- ^ "How does the Educational Welfare Service work?Tusla - Child and Family Agency". www.tusla.ie.
- ^ "School discipline". www.citizensinformation.ie.
- ^ "Education Update: Fair Procedures and Bias in Expulsion Scenarios Mason Hayes Curran". www.mhc.ie.
- ^ "Suspension / Expulsion".
- ^ "Decision to expel student who brought knife to school subject to High Court challenge". www.irishexaminer.com. 8 April 2019.
- ^ O'Loughlin, Ann (April 23, 2020). "Special-needs teen challenges expulsion after allegedly assaulting teacher with brush". Irish Examiner.
- ^ O'Faolain, Aodhan; Managh, Ray. "Decision by school to expel boy (15) ends up before High Court". The Irish Times.
- ^ McBride, Michelle. "Expelled at age 10: 'He hasn't been at school for over a month. I'm heartbroken'". The Irish Times.
- ^ "Education Act 1989 No 80 (as at 14 May 2019), Public Act Contents – New Zealand Legislation". www.legislation.govt.nz.
- ^ "Education (Stand-Down, Suspension, Exclusion, and Expulsion) Rules 1999 (SR 1999/202) (as at 18 June 1999) – New Zealand Legislation". www.legislation.govt.nz.
- ^ "New Zealand Ministry of Education - Education (Stand-down, Suspension, Exclusion, and Expulsion) Rules". Retrieved 2009-03-05.
- ^ "Stand-downs, suspensions, exclusions and expulsions from school -- Indicators -- Education Counts". New Zealand Ministry of Education. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
- ^ "Exclusions from school -- Indicators -- Education Counts". New Zealand Ministry of Education. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
- ^ "Expulsions from school -- Indicators -- Education Counts". New Zealand Ministry of Education. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
- ISBN 1-84478-543-2. DFES reference GTTLC2004 / DFES-0227-2005. Crown copyright 2004 2006.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-84775-160-7.
- ^ Government 'complicit in school's illegal exclusion policy' BBC
- ^ "Coram Children's Legal Centre Home". Coram.
- ^ "City/Matrix School Exclusions Project". City, University of London.
- ^ Lee, H. (24 April 2020). "Experiencing young people's views of managed moves" (PDF).
- ^ Hoyle, Katherine (May 2016). "Secondary school pupils' experiences of managed moves: An interpretative phenomenological analysis" (PDF).
- ^ Jones, H. (2020). "Understanding young people's experiences of a managed move" (PDF).
- ^ Chambers, Ephraim, ed. (1728). "Bannimus". Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al. p. 80.
- ^ "California Education Code § 48900(i)". California Office of Legislative Counsel. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
- ^ "Article 1 of Chapter 6 of Part 27 of Division 4 of Title 2 of the California Education Code". California Office of Legislative Counsel. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
- ^ "California Education Code § 48918(f)(2)". California Office of Legislative Counsel. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
- ^ Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution
- ISBN 978-0-8147-4845-9. Retrieved 2015-03-13.
- ^ a b Russell J. Skiba. "Zero tolerance, zero evidence An analysis of school disciplinary practice" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2003-09-14. Retrieved 2013-01-27.
- ^ Sundius, Jane; Farneth, Molly. "Putting kids out of school: What's causing high suspension rates and why they are dangerous to students, schools, and communities" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-09-27.
- ^ "Task Force on the Education of Maryland's African-American Males" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-04-28. Retrieved 2013-01-27.
- ^ "Wisconsin Statutes governing the power of school boards". Retrieved 2013-12-05.
- ^ "EXPELLED TO NOWHERE: SCHOOL EXCLUSION LAWS IN MASSACHUSETTS" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-12-05.
- ^ Tenerowicz, Lisa (1 May 2001). "Student Misconduct at Private Colleges and Universities A Roadmap". Boston College the Review. 42 (3): 653. Retrieved 19 July 2017. In the absence of constitutional protections, courts generally have required that private school disciplinary proceedings adhere to a fundamental' or basic fairness standard and not be arbitrary or capricious.
- ^ See, e.g., "Mahaffey v. William Carey Univ., 180 So.3d 846 (Miss. Ct. App. 2015)". Google Scholar. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
- ^ Nyman, Shane. "Willem Dafoe talks Appleton East High School on 'Colbert': 'They kicked me out!'". The Post-Crescent.
- ^ "Simon Hattenstone meets Britain's No 1 graffiti artist, Banksy". the Guardian. 2003-07-17. Retrieved 2022-02-20.
- ^ "Cheryl Cole". www.putlearningfirst.com.
- ^ "Cheryl Cole: 'I hate this year'". the Guardian. October 22, 2010.
- ^ Veronika Kero (2019-02-14). "How nearly being expelled from Harvard led Mark Zuckerberg to meet the 'most important' person he knows". Yahoo.com. Retrieved 2021-12-28.
- ^ Mayer Nissim (8 September 2009). "Young: 'We never expelled Winehouse'". Digital Spy.
"I think she genuinely believed that [she had been expelled], because her mum took her out to go to another school.
- ^ Gordon, Taylor (October 7, 2013). "50 Cent Leads 'Dream School' Series Targeting High School Dropouts". Atlanta Black Star.
- ^ a b c d "5 expelled toffs". Tatler. October 28, 2015.
- ^ Tannenbaum, Rob (February 9, 1989). "Bon Jovi in the USSR: Bon Voyage". Rolling Stone.
- ISBN 9781317326472– via Google Books.
- ^ Stout, David (September 19, 2015). "Jackie Collins, Best-Selling Novelist of Hollywood, Dies at 77". The New York Times.
- ^ "Obituary: Jackie Collins – Hollywood queen of raunchy novels". The Irish Times.
- ^ "Dizzee Rascal - National Portrait Gallery". www.npg.org.uk. Retrieved 2022-03-16.
- ^ "Fight to save Cary Grant's school". October 23, 2001 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
- ^ "The Miracle of Cary Grant". The Independent. August 28, 2001.
- ^ "Hamilton: I was expelled from school". October 29, 2007.
- ^ Meunier, Zoe. "Celebrities who were expelled from school". www.kidspot.com.au.
- ^ Hunter-Tilney, Ludovic (2006-12-15). "'I've lived a really weird life'". Financial Times. Retrieved 2022-12-19.
- ^ Abbersteen, Lucy (July 27, 2017). "Robert Pattinson Was Once Expelled From School For Doing This". Marie Claire.
- ^ "Rob Pattinson Reveals Why He Was Expelled From School". July 25, 2017.
- ^ Harkness, Jane (April 5, 2019). "What Keanu Reeves was like before all the fame". Looper.com.
- ^ "Guy Ritchie". dyslexiahelp.umich.edu.
- ^ "Johnny Rotten". Rareirishstuff.com. Retrieved 2021-12-28.
- ^ "Rotten World | Arts and Entertainment | BBC World Service". www.bbc.co.uk.
- ^ Hattenstone, Simon (6 December 2008). "Interview: Noel Gallagher talks Oasis past and present". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 28 June 2009.
- ISBN 1-85685-138-9.
- ^ "Charlie Sheen". Biography.
- ISBN 9780767924238.
- ^ "Irish Examiner". www.irishexaminer.com. 24 January 2005.
- ^ Ribecca, Carmen (August 4, 2017). "The untold truth of Owen Wilson". NickiSwift.com.
- ^ "Benjamin Zephaniah: 'Coppers were standing on my back and I thought: OK, I'm going to die here.' | Benjamin Zephaniah | The Guardian". amp.theguardian.com. Retrieved 2022-09-27.