Persecution of Jews and Muslims by Manuel I of Portugal

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Expulsion of the Jews from Portugal
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Epistola de victoria contra infideles habita, 1507

On 5 December 1496, King Manuel I of Portugal signed the decree of expulsion of Jews and Muslims to take effect by the end of October of the next year.[1]

Background

Until the 15th century, some Jews occupied prominent places in Portuguese political and economic life. For example,

Portuguese culture, and they kept their reputation of diplomats and merchants. By this time, Lisbon and Évora
were home to important Jewish communities.

Expulsion of Jews

See also: History of the Jews in Portugal
Expulsion of the Jews in 1497, in a 1917 watercolour by Alfredo Roque Gameiro

On 5 December 1496, King

Isabella, Princess of Asturias, as an unstated condition to win her hand.[2] The King demonstrated his wish to completely and forever eradicate Judaism from Portugal by issuing two decrees.[1] The initial edict of expulsion of 1496 was turned into an edict of forced conversion in 1497, whereby Portuguese Jews were prevented from leaving the country and were forcibly baptized and converted to Christianity.[3] Those Jews who refused to pay taxes in protest were deported from Portugal and abandoned to their fate in the islands of São Tomé and Príncipe, off the western coast of Africa.[4] Hard times followed for the Portuguese conversos, with the massacre of 2,000 people in Lisbon in 1506, and later the establishment of the Portuguese Inquisition
in 1536.

Burning of Crypto-Jews in Lisbon, Portugal

When the King allowed conversos to leave after the Lisbon massacre of 1506, many went to the Ottoman Empire, notably

Willemstad Snoa. Some of the most famous descendants of Portuguese Jews who lived outside Portugal are the philosopher Baruch Spinoza (Bento de Espinosa in Portuguese), and the classical economist David Ricardo
.

Crypto-Jews

Jews who converted to Christianity were known as

Marranos", some have survived until today (especially the Jewish community from Belmonte in Castelo Branco, plus some scattered families) by their practice of intermarriage and their very limited cultural contacts with the outside world. Only recently, in the late 20th century, have they re-established contact with the international Jewish community and openly practice their religion in a public synagogue with a formal rabbi.[5]

Expulsion of Muslims

According to contemporary historian François Soyer, the expulsion of Muslims from Portugal has been overshadowed by the forced conversion of Jews in the country.[6] While tolerance of Muslim minorities in Portugal was higher than in any other part of Europe,[7] Muslims were still perceived as "alien."[8] Anti-Muslim riots were regular in neighboring Valencia during the 1460s; however, no similar acts of violence occurred in Portugal.[7]

In December 1496, Manuel I ordered all Muslim subjects to leave without any apparent provocation.

Catholic Monarchs") to rid the peninsula of Muslims and create "religious uniformity" and "monolithic Catholic Christian unity".[11] Other historians say it was influenced by ambitions of conquering Morocco,[12] or by the suggestion of the Dominican confessor to the king, Friar Jorge Vogado.[13] Some Muslims found refuge in Castile,[14] but most fled to North Africa.[15]

Return of some Jews to Portugal

In the 19th century, some affluent families of Sephardi Jewish Portuguese origin such as the Ruah and Bensaude, resettled in Portugal from Morocco. The first synagogue to be built in Portugal since the 15th century was the Lisbon Synagogue, inaugurated in 1904.[16]

In 2014 the Portuguese parliament changed the

Sephardi Jews expelled from Portugal. The law is a reaction to historical events that led to their expulsion from Portugal, but also due to increased concerns over Jewish communities throughout Europe. In order to obtain Portuguese nationality, the person must attest being a direct descendant of a Sephardi of Portuguese origin or family connections in a collateral line from a former Portuguese Sephardi community. Use of expressions in Portuguese in Jewish rites or Judaeo-Portuguese or Ladino can also be considered proof.[17]

From 2015 several hundred

Portuguese Jews expelled in 1497 emigrated to Portugal and acquired Portuguese citizenship.[18][19][20]

See also

References

  1. ^
    ISBN 9789004120808
    , p. 10-12.
  2. ^ François Soyer (2008). "King Manuel I and the expulsion of the Castilian Conversos and Muslims from Portugal in 1497: new perspectives" (PDF). Cadernos de Estudos Sefarditas, n.º 8, 2008, pp. 33-62.
  3. ^ Reuven Faingold (2013). "Judeus ibéricos deportados a São Tomé entre 1492-1497". Morashá: História Judaica Moderna (79).
  4. ^ "Sao Tome & Principe". Jewish Virtual Library.
  5. ^ Frédéric Brenner and Stan Neumann, Les Derniers Marranes (Motion Picture), La Sept-Les Film d'Ici, 1990.
  6. ^ Soyer 2007, p. 241.
  7. ^ a b Soyer 2007, p. 258.
  8. ^ Soyer 2007, p. 254, 259.
  9. ^ Soyer 2007, p. 242.
  10. ^ Soyer 2007, pp. 260–261.
  11. ^ Soyer 2007, p. 269.
  12. ^ Soyer 2007, p. 280.
  13. ^ Soyer 2007, p. 273.
  14. ^ Soyer 2007, p. 262.
  15. ^ Soyer 2007, p. 268.
  16. ^ "Shaaré Tikvah Synagogue - Lisbon". Path of Faith.
  17. ^ Lusa. "Descendentes de judeus sefarditas já vão poder pedir a nacionalidade". PÚBLICO.
  18. ^ DEVOS, Olivier. "Amid rising European anti-Semitism, Portugal sees Jewish renaissance". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved Apr 4, 2019.
  19. ^ Liphshiz, Cnaan. "New citizenship law has Jews flocking to tiny Portugal city". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved Apr 4, 2019.
  20. ^ "Portugal open to citizenship applications by descendants of Sephardic Jews". Mar 3, 2015. Retrieved Apr 4, 2019.

Sources

Soyer, François (2007). The Persecution of the Jews and Muslims of Portugal: King Manuel I and the End of Religious Tolerance (1496–7). Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV.

ISBN 9789004162624
. Retrieved 15 May 2017.

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