Extrajudicial killing
An extrajudicial killing (also known as an extrajudicial execution or an extralegal killing)
United Nations
Morris Tidball-Binz was appointed the United Nations Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary, or arbitrary executions on 1 April 2021 by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR).[3][4]
Human rights groups
Many human rights organizations, including Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, are campaigning against extrajudicial punishment.[5][6][7][8][9]
The Human Rights Measurement Initiative[10] measures the right to freedom from extrajudicial execution for countries around the world, using a survey of in-country human rights experts.[11]
International law
Law of war
Article 3(d) of the First Geneva Convention explicitly prohibits carrying out executions without passing a prior judgement by a competent and regularly constituted court with all commonly recognized judicial guarantees for everyone taking part in the trial.[12]
By country
Africa
Burundi
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Burundi.[13][14]
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Democratic Republic of the Congo.[15]
Egypt
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Egypt.[16][17][18][19][20] Egypt recorded and reported more than a dozen unlawful extrajudicial killings of apparent ‘terrorists’ in the country by the NSA officers and the Interior Ministry police in September 2021. A 101-page report detailed the ‘armed militants’ being killed in shootouts despite not posing any threat to the security forces or nations of the country while being killed, which in many cases were already in custody. Statements by the family and relatives of those killed claimed that the victims were not involved in any armed or violent activities.[21]
Eritrea
The 2019 Universal Periodic Review of the United Nations Human Rights Council found that in 2016, Eritrean authorities committed extrajudicial killings, in the context of a "persistent, widespread and systematic attack against the civilian population" since 1991, including "the crimes of enslavement, imprisonment, enforced disappearance, torture, other inhumane acts, persecution, rape and murder".[22]
Ethiopia
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Ethiopia.[23][24][25][26]
Ivory Coast
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Ivory Coast.[27]
Kenya
Extrajudicial executions are common in informal settlements in Kenya.[28] Killings are also common in Northern Kenya under the guise of counter-terrorism operations.[29]
Libya
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Libya.[30]
Americas
Argentina
Argentina's National Reorganization Process military dictatorship during the 1976–1983 period used extrajudicial killings systematically as way of crushing the opposition in the so-called "Dirty War"[31] or what is known in Spanish as La Guerra Sucia. During this violent period, it is estimated that the military regime killed between eleven thousand and fifteen thousand people and most of the victims were known or suspected to be opponents of the regime.[32] These included intellectuals, labor leaders, human rights workers, priests, nuns, reporters, politicians, and artists as well as their relatives.[33][34] Half of the number of extrajudicial killings were reportedly carried out by the murder squad that operated from a detention center in Buenos Aires called Escuela Mecanica de la Armada.[32] The dirty wars in Argentina sometimes triggered even more violent conflicts since the killings and crackdowns precipitated responses from insurgents.[33]
Brazil
Extrajudicial killings and death squads
Chile
When General
Colombia
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Colombia.[44]
An investigation of the
El Salvador
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in El Salvador.[46][47][48] During the
Honduras
Jamaica
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Jamaica.[50][51][52]
Mexico
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Mexico.[53]
Suriname
On 7, 8, and 9 December 1982 fifteen prominent Surinamese men who had criticized Dési Bouterse's ruling military regime were murdered. This tragedy is known as the December murders. The acting commander of the army Dési Bouterse was sentenced 20 years in prison by the Surinamese court martial on the 29 November 2019.
United States
Based on a survey of human rights experts administered by the Human Rights Measurement Initiative, the U.S. scores a 4.1 on a scale of 0-10 on the right to freedom from extrajudicial execution.[54]
Lynching
Targeted killing
One issue regarding extrajudicial killing is the legal and moral status of targeted killing by unmanned aerial vehicles of the United States.
Section 3(a) of the
a deliberate killing not authorized by a previous judgment pronounced by a regular constituted court affording all the judicial guarantees which are recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples. Such term, however, does not include any such killing that, under international law, is lawfully carried out under the authority of a foreign nation.[56][a]
The legality of killings such as in the
Concerns about targeted and sanctioned killings of non-Americans and American citizens in overseas
On September 30, 2011 a
President Donald Trump
President Donald Trump continued the practice of extrajudicial killings of his predecessor. Those killed under this policy include:
- Qasem Soleimani, killed in Baghdad by a drone strike on 3 January 2020
The New York Times reported 13 November 2020 that Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah was assassinated 7 August 2020 on the streets of Tehran by Israeli operatives at the behest of the United States, according to four intelligence officials of the United States.[66]
Comments on Michael Reinoehl's death
On September 3, 2020, a law enforcement officer in
President Joe Biden
President Joe Biden continued his predecessors' practice of extrajudicial killings. Those killed during his administration include:
- Ayman al-Zawhiri, killed in Kabul by a drone strike on 31 July 2022.
Venezuela
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in
Ahead of a three-week session of the United Nations Human Rights Council, the OHCHR chief, Michelle Bachelet, visited Venezuela between 19 and 21 June 2019.[80] Bachelet expressed her concerns for the "shockingly high" number of extrajudiciary killings and urged for the dissolution of the Special Action Forces (FAES).[81] The report also details how the Venezuelan government has "aimed at neutralising, repressing and criminalising political opponents and people critical of the government" since 2016.[81]
Asia
Afghanistan
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan officials presided over murders, abduction, and other abuses with the tacit backing of their government and its western allies,[82] Human Rights Watch alleged in its report from March 2015.[83]
Bangladesh
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Bangladesh.[84][85][86]
The
Beside this many alleged criminals were killed by Bangladesh police by the name of
India
Hardeep Singh Nijjar was a political refugee from India living in Canada. He was murdered 18 June 2023. Prime Minister Justin Trudeau accused 18 September 2023 the Indian government publicly of complicity.[97]
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in India.
Indonesia
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Indonesia.[102]
Iran
In the 1953 Iranian coup d'état a regime was installed through the efforts of the American CIA and the British MI6 in which the Shah (hereditary monarch) Mohammad Reza Pahlavi used SAVAK death squads (also trained by the CIA) to imprison, torture and/or kill hundreds of dissidents. After the 1979 revolution death squads were used to an even greater extent by the new Islamic government. In 1983, the CIA gave the Supreme Leader of Iran—Ayatollah Khomeini—information on KGB agents in Iran. This information was probably used. The Iranian government later used death squads occasionally throughout the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s; however by the 2000s it seems to have almost entirely, if not completely, ceased using them.[103]
The Dutch secretary of Foreign Affairs Stef Blok wrote Januari 2019 to the States General of the Netherlands that the intelligence service AIVD had strong indications that Iran is responsible for the murder of Mohammad Reza Kolahi Samadi in 2015 in Almere and of Ahmad Mola Nissi in 2017 in The Hague.[104]
February 4, 2021 Iranian diplomat Asadollah Asadi and three other Iranian nationals were convicted in Antwerp for plotting to bomb a 2018 rally of National Council of Resistance of Iran in France.
Iraq
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Iraq.[105][106][107][108]
Iraq was formed as a
The country has since become increasingly partitioned following the Iraq War into three zones: a Kurdish ethnic zone to the north, a Sunni center and the Shia ethnic zone to the south. The secular Arab socialist Baathist leadership were replaced with a provisional and later constitutional government that included leadership roles for the Shia (Prime Minister) and Kurdish (President of the Republic) peoples of the nation. This paralleled the development of ethnic militias by the Shia, Sunni, and the Kurdish (Peshmerga).
There were
The victims of these attacks were predominantly young males who had probably been suspected of being members of the Sunni insurgency. Agitators such as Abdul Razaq al-Na'as, Dr. Abdullateef al-Mayah, and Dr. Wissam Al-Hashimi have also been killed. These killings are not limited to men; women and children have also been arrested and/or killed.[114] Some of these killings have also been part of simple robberies or other criminal activities.
A feature in a May 2005 issue of the magazine of The New York Times claimed that the Multi-National Force – Iraq had modelled the "Wolf Brigade", the Iraqi interior ministry police commandos, on the death squads used in the 1980s to crush the left-wing insurgency in El Salvador.[115]
Western news organizations such as Time and People disassembled this by focusing on aspects such as probable militia membership, religious ethnicity, as well as uniforms worn by these squads rather than stating the United States-backed Iraqi government had death squads active in the Iraqi capital of Baghdad.[116]
Israel
In a report from October 2015, Amnesty International documented incidents that "appear to have been extrajudicial executions" against Palestinian civilians.[117] Several of those incidents occurred after Palestinians attempted to attack Israelis or Israel Defense Forces soldiers. Even though the attackers did not pose a serious threat, they were shot without attempting to arrest the suspects before resorting to the use of lethal force. Medical attention for severely wounded Palestinians was in many cases delayed by Israeli forces.[117][118][119]
The New York Times reported 13 November 2020 that Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah was assassinated 7 August 2020 on the streets of Tehran by Israeli operatives at the behest of the United States, according to four intelligence officials of the United States.[66]
Iranian nuclear physicist Mohsen Fakhrizadeh was killed 27 November 2020 on a rural road in Absard, a city near Tehran. One American official — along with two other intelligence officials — said that Israel was behind the attack on the scientist.[120]
On 16 March 2023, the Israeli Army killed four Palestinian militants in Jenin. One motionless victim was shot in the head. According to The Guardian, the Israeli group of military veterans against the occupation, Breaking the Silence, called this an "extrajudicial execution".[121]
Pakistan
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in
Papua New Guinea
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Papua New Guinea.[127][128]
Philippines
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Philippines.[129][130][131][132][133][134][135]
Maguindanao massacre
The
War on drugs
Following the victory of Rodrigo Duterte in the 2016 Philippine presidential election, a campaign against illegal drugs has led to widespread extrajudicial killings. This follows the actions by then-Mayor Duterte to roam Davao in order to "encounter to kill".[137]
The Philippine president has urged its citizens to kill suspected criminals and drug addicts,[138] ordered the police to adopt a shoot-to-kill[139] policy, has offered rewards for killing suspects,[140] and has even admitted to personally killing suspected criminals.[141]
The move has sparked widespread condemnation from international publications[141][142][143][144][145] and magazines,[146][147][148] prompting the Philippine government to issue statements denying the existence of state-sanctioned killings.[149][150][151]
Though Duterte's controversial war on drugs was opposed by the United States under President Barack Obama,[152] the European Union,[153] and the United Nations, Duterte claims that he has received approving remarks from US President Donald Trump.[154]
On September 26, 2016, Duterte issued guidelines that would enable the United Nations Rapporteur on Extrajudicial Killings to probe the rising death toll.[155] On December 14, 2016, Duterte cancelled the planned visit of the Rapporteur who declined to accept government conditions that were not consistent with the code of conduct for special rapporteurs.[156][157]
Saudi Arabia
The Saudi dissident Jamal Khashoggi was assassinated at the Saudi consulate in Istanbul on October 2, 2018.
Syria
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Syria.[158][159][160]
Tajikistan
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Tajikistan.[161][162]
Thailand
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Thailand.[163] Reportedly thousands of extrajudicial killings occurred during the 2003 anti-drug effort of Thailand's prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra.
Rumors still persist that there is collusion between the government, rogue military officers, the radical right wing, and anti-drug death squads.[164][165][166][167][168][169][170]
Both
Turkey
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Turkey.[173][174][175][176][177] In 1990 Amnesty International published its first report on extrajudicial executions in Turkey.[175] In the following years the problem became more serious. The Human Rights Foundation of Turkey determined the following figures on extrajudicial executions in Turkey for the years 1991 to 2001:[178]
1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 |
98 | 283 | 189 | 129 | 96 | 129 | 98 | 80 | 63 | 56 | 37 |
In 2001 the UN Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, Ms. Asma Jahangir, presented a report on a visit to Turkey.[179] The report presented details of killings of prisoners (26 September 1999, 10 prisoners killed in a prison in Ankara; 19 December 2000, an operation in 20 prisons launched throughout Turkey resulted in the death of 30 inmates and two gendarmes).
For the years 2000–2008 the Human Rights Association (HRA) gives the following figures on doubtful deaths/deaths in custody/extra judicial execution/torture by paid village guards[180]
2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 |
173 | 55 | 40 | 44 | 47 | 89 | 130 | 66 | 65 |
In 2008 the human rights organization Mazlum Der counted 25 extrajudicial killings in Turkey.[181]
Vietnam
Europe
Belarus
In 1999 Belarusian opposition leaders Yury Zacharanka and Viktar Hanchar together with his business associate Anatol Krasouski disappeared. Hanchar and Krasouski disappeared the same day of a broadcast on state television in which President Alexander Lukashenko ordered the chiefs of his security services to crack down on "opposition scum". Although the State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus (KGB) had them under constant surveillance, the official investigation announced that the case could not be solved. The disappearance of journalist Dzmitry Zavadski in 2000 has also yielded no results. Copies of a report by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, which linked senior Belarusian officials to the cases of disappearances, were confiscated.[183] Human Rights Watch claims that Zacharanka, Hanchar, Krasouski and Zavadski likely became victims of extrajudicial executions.[184]
Russia
Extrajudicial killings have taken place in Russia.[185][186] In the Russian Federation, a number of journalist murders were attributed to public administration figures, usually where the publications would reveal their involvement in large corruption scandals. It has been regarded that the poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko was linked to Russian special forces. American and British intelligence agents have claimed that Russian assassins, some possibly at orders of the government, are behind at least fourteen targeted killings in the United Kingdom that police authorities have termed non-suspicious.[187] The United Kingdom attributes the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal in March 2018 to the Russian military-intelligence agency GRU. The German foreign minister Heiko Maas said there were "several indications" that Russia was behind the poisoning of Alexei Navalny.[citation needed]
Soviet Union
In
Spain
From 1983 until 1987, the Spanish government supported paramilitary squads, denominated GAL, to fight ETA, a Basque terrorist organization. A relevant example was the Lasa and Zabala case, in which José Antonio Lasa and José Ignacio Zabala were kidnapped, tortured and executed by police forces in 1983.
Ukraine
The Washington Post published 23 October 2023 about extrajudicial killings by Ukraine’s domestic security service, the SBU.[188]
United Kingdom
During
See also
- Assassination
- Blood atonement
- Crime of passion
- Deadly force
- Death flights
- Death squad
- Encounter killing
- Extraordinary rendition
- Extrajudicial punishment
- Feud
- Forced disappearance
- Frontier justice
- Hate crime
- Honor killing
- Israeli targeted killings
- Jungle justice
- List of killings by law enforcement officers
- Lynching
- Manhunt (military)
- Pogrom
- Posse comitatus (common law)
- Purge
- Summary execution
- Targeted killing
- Terrorism
- The Troubles
- Vigilante
- Witch-hunt
References
Notes
- ^ The legal exclusion in the sentence that starts "Such term, however ... " covers the killing of enemy combatants and others who are not protected under international law from extrajudicial killing.
References
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- ^ Special Rapporteur on executions OHCHR
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Further reading
- "India: Torture, rape and deaths in custody". Amnesty International. 26 March 1992.
- ISBN 978-81-88205-48-6.