Extrajudicial punishment

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Not to be confused with Non-judicial punishment.

Extrajudicial punishment is a punishment for an alleged crime or offense which is carried out without legal process or supervision by a court or tribunal through a legal proceeding.

Politically motivated

Extrajudicial punishment is often a feature of

democracies
have been known to use extrajudicial punishment under certain circumstances.

Although the legal use of

La Cosa Nostra
, have reportedly been employed for such a purpose.

Another possibility is for uniformed security forces to punish a victim, but under circumstances that make it appear as

extrajudicial murder
.

A

political organization or by a third party with the authorization, support, or acquiescence of a state or political organization, followed by a refusal to acknowledge the person's fate and whereabouts, with the intent of placing the victim outside the protection of the law.[1]

Extrajudicial punishment may be planned and carried out by a particular branch of a state, without informing other branches, or even without having been ordered to commit such acts. Other branches sometimes tacitly approve of the punishment after the fact. They can also genuinely disagree with it, depending on the circumstances, especially when complex intragovernmental or internal policy struggles also exist within a state's policymaking apparatus.

In times of

rioting and other violent acts, especially if caught in flagrante delicto
. This position is sometimes itself corrupted, resulting in the death of merely inconvenient persons, that is, relative innocents who are just in the wrong place at the wrong time.

Around the world

Historically

Wyatt Earp led a federal posse, in the Earp Vendetta Ride, during the spring of 1882 which was implicated in the murder of four outlaw "Cowboys" they believed had ambushed his brothers Virgil and Morgan Earp, maiming the former and killing the latter.[2]

The

East German Stasi, Romanian Securitate
have also used it from time to time.

Most Latin American dictatorships have regularly instituted extrajudicial killings of their enemies; for one of the better-known examples, see Operation Condor.[3]

The deaths of the leaders of the

urban guerrilla group, the Red Army Faction, Ulrike Meinhof, Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin and Jan-Carl Raspe in West Germany are regarded by some of those in the radical left movements as extrajudicial killings, a theory partly based on the testimony of Irmgard Möller
.

During the

crime against humanity
.

Present day

In

illegal drugs for periods of up to four years. Re-education through labor sentences were given by the police, rather than through the judicial system.[citation needed
]

In the

Second Chamber, such as Michiel van Nispen. [5]

For many years, the

extrajudicial killings.[6][7] With 140 police killings in a population of 3 million, "Jamaica’s police force [is] among the deadliest in the world".[8]

It has been discussed[who?] that the use of psychiatric treatments to reduce unwanted behaviors can be seen as extrajudicial punishments, due to many side-effects associated to these treatments.[9]

The US has been known to employ extrajudicial tactics including

CIA[10][11][12][13] and other US agencies have employed rendition techniques to transfer suspected terrorists to countries known to utilize torture. While denied by the US, where it is a crime to transfer anyone to any location for the purpose of torture, critics claim that torture has been employed with the knowledge or acquiescence of US agencies. Condoleezza Rice (then the United States Secretary of State) stated:[14]

...the United States has not transported anyone, and will not transport anyone, to a country when we believe he will be tortured. Where appropriate, the United States seeks assurances that transferred persons will not be tortured.

The CIA has been accused of operating secret detention and interrogation centres known as black sites. These are allegedly located in countries other than the US, thus evading US laws as they are outside US jurisdiction.[citation needed]

Human rights groups

Many human rights organisations like Amnesty International are campaigning against extrajudicial punishment.[15][16][17][18][19]

See also

Sources

  • Miethe, Terance D.; Lu, Hong (2005). Punishment: A Comparative Historical Perspective.
    ISBN 978-0-521-60516-8
    .
  • Adam Possamai; James T Richardson; Bryan S Turner (4 December 2014). The Sociology of Shari'a: Case Studies from around the World. Springer. pp. 40–41.
    ISBN 978-3-319-09605-6
    .
  • Collective Punishment. Human Rights Watch. GGKEY:9K4181KYTQU.

References

  1. ISBN 978-0-521-80899-6
    .
  2. ^ WGBH American Experience: Wyatt Earp, Complete Program Transcript. January 25, 2010. Archived from the original on January 30, 2017.
  3. ^ Stanley, Ruth (2006). "Predatory States. Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America/When States Kill. Latin America, the U.S., and Technologies of Terror". Journal of Third World Studies. Archived from the original on 2011-06-16. Retrieved 2007-07-08.
  4. ^ Merwe, Hugo van der (2009). "Transitional Justice and DDR: The case of South Africa" (PDF). ICTj. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  5. ^ "Tweede Kamer ongeduldig over problemen met strafbeschikking".
  6. ^ "Jamaica:Killings and Violence by Police: How many more Victims?". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 2009-08-02.
  7. ^ Summers, Chris (2004-05-14). "Jamaica wrestles with police violence". BBC news.
  8. ^ "Island of music and murder". Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  9. ^ "Coercive psychiatry a torture system". Archived from the original on 12 April 2010. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  10. ^ Charlie Savage (17 February 2009). "Obama's War on Terror May Resemble Bush's in Some Areas". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2016-08-13. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
  11. ^ "Background Paper on CIA's Combined Use of Interrogation Techniques". 30 December 2004. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
  12. ^ "New CIA Docs Detail Brutal 'Extraordinary Rendition' Process". Huffington Post. 28 August 2009. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
  13. ^ Fact sheet: Extraordinary rendition, American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved 29 March 2007 (in English)
  14. ^ "Remarks of Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice Upon Her Departure for Europe, 5 Dec 2005". U.S. State Department. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
  15. ^ "Project on Extrajudicial Executions". Archived from the original on 2011-10-31. Retrieved 2007-07-07.
  16. ^ UN independent expert on extrajudicial killings urges action on reported incidents
  17. ^ Document Information | Amnesty International Archived 2007-07-05 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ^ Dickey: Iraq, Salvador and Death-Squad Democracy - Newsweek The War in Iraq - MSNBC.com Archived 2005-11-01 at the Wayback Machine
  19. ^ Special Forces May Train Assassins, Kidnappers in Iraq - Newsweek The War in Iraq - MSNBC.com Archived 2005-01-14 at the Wayback Machine

External links

Media related to Extrajudicial killings at Wikimedia Commons

Monitoring organizations
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