Ezekiel 31

Ezekiel 31 is the thirty-first chapter of the

The original text was written in the Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 18 verses.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008).^[3]

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BC. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^B; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^Q; 6th century).^[4][a]

Verse 1

Now it came to pass in the eleventh year, in the third month, on the first day of the month, that the word of the Lord came to me, saying,^[6]

The date corresponds to June 21, 587 BCE, based on an analysis by German theologian Bernhard Lang,^[7] around 7 weeks after the proclamation against Egypt in Ezekiel 30:20–26.

Verse 2

"Son of man, say to Pharaoh king of Egypt and to his multitude:

‘Whom are you like in your greatness?’"^[8]

• "Son of man" (Hebrew: בן־אדם ḇen-’ā-ḏām): this phrase is used 93 times to address Ezekiel.^[9]
• "Pharaoh" (Hebrew: פרעה par-‘ōh; Egyptian: pr-±o, "great house"; Greek: Φαραω, Pharao): the title of ancient Egyptian kings, of royal court, and (in new kingdom) of the king, until the Persian invasion.^[10][11]

Verse 3

Indeed Assyria was a cedar in Lebanon,

With fine branches that shaded the forest,

And of high stature;

And its top was among the thick boughs.^[12]

Assyria was a superpower which fell into the hand of the Babylonians (see Nahum 3:8–10). In the New Living Translation, Assyria "was once like a cedar of Lebanon",^[13] making it clear that the reference to Lebanon is a metaphor,^[14] not a locational statement. and that Assyria's influence in the region had now waned.^[14]

Ezekiel anticipates that soon Egypt will fall likewise.^[15]

Verse 8

The cedars in the garden of God could not hide it;

The fir trees were not like its boughs,

And the chestnut trees were not like its branches;

No tree in the garden of God was like it in beauty.^[16]

The "garden of God" is the garden of Eden.^[14]

See also

Notes

References