F1 hybrid

An F1 hybrid (also known as filial 1 hybrid) is the first filial generation of offspring of distinctly different parental types.^[1] F1 hybrids are used in genetics, and in selective breeding, where the term F1 crossbreed may be used. The term is sometimes written with a subscript, as F₁ hybrid.^[2][3] Subsequent generations are called F₂, F₃, etc.

The offspring of distinctly different parental types produce a new, uniform

For mass production of F1 hybrids with uniform phenotype, the parent plants must have predictable genetic effects on the offspring. Inbreeding and selection for uniformity for multiple generations ensures that the parent lines are almost homozygous. The divergence between the (two) parent lines promotes improved growth and yield characteristics in offspring through the phenomenon of heterosis ("hybrid vigour" or "combining ability").

Two

F2 hybrids, the result of self or cross-pollination of F1s, lack the consistency of F1s, though they may retain some desirable traits and can be produced more cheaply because hand pollination or other interventions are not required. Some seed companies offer F2 seed at less cost, particularly in bedding plants, where consistency is less critical.^[5]

In animals

F1 crosses in animals can be between two inbred lines or between two closely related species or subspecies. In fish such as cichlids, the term F1 cross is used for crosses between two different wild-caught individuals that are assumed to be from different genetic lines.^[6]

Mules are F1 hybrids between horses (mares) and donkeys (jacks); the opposite sex cross results in hinnies.^{[citation needed]} However, such offspring are almost always sterile.

Today, certain domesticated–wild hybrid breeds, such as the

As explained in the International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies,^{[citation needed]} there are four reasons for species hybridizations:

1. Small population size
2. Habitat fragmentation and species introduction
3. Anthropogenic hybridization
4. Visual, chemical, and acoustic interferences

Small population size can be caused by inadequate or obliterated natural habitats that lead to species escaping to other habitats and as a result, this may lead to lesser mate availability and can cause breeding between distinct species.^[7] Habitat fragmentation and species introduction can be man-made or caused by mother nature such as deforestation, desertification, eutrophication, urbanization, water oil extraction causing changes in the ecosystem that leads to animal migration or evading new surroundings.^[8] Third, is anthropogenic hybridization, which is "artificial or human-led hybridization" is supported for researchers to study "reproductive compatibility between species".^[9] Lastly, visual, chemical, and acoustic interferences cues are what causes species to signal sexual cues by differentiating between the same and opposite-sex leading to hybridization.^[10]

Advantages

• Homogeneity and predictability: The genes of an individual plant or animal F1 offspring of homozygous pure lines display limited variation, making their phenotype uniform, so attractive for mechanical operations and easing fine population management. Once the characteristics of the cross are known, repeating this cross yields the same result.
• Higher performance: As most
  genetic defect
  .

The advantages of species hybridization are 1.) evolution of new interspecific breed, 2.) hybrid vigour, and 3.) enhanced longevity and immunity to diseases (Dubey, A. 2019). Dubey explains each as follows: 1.) A new interspecific breed is due to the mating of two distinguished species. 2.) Hybrid vigour is defined as a species becoming sturdier, more dynamic, and stronger than the parents. Lastly, 3.) Hybrids can have improved longevity and are "highly immune to diseases" (Dubey, A. 2019).

Disadvantages

• The main advantage of F1 hybrids in agriculture is also their drawback. When F1 cultivars are used as parents, their offspring (F2 generation) vary greatly from one another. Some F2s are high in homozygous genes, as found in their grandparents, and these will lack hybrid vigour. From the point of view of a commercial
  genetic assortment
  is the desired characteristic.
• Both inbreeding and crossing the ancestral lines of the hybrid are costly, because of the time and number of generations involved, which translates into a much higher price.^{[citation needed]} Not all crop species exhibit a sufficiently high heterosis effect to offset this disadvantage.
• F1 hybrids mature at the same time when raised under the same environmental conditions. They all ripen simultaneously and can be more easily harvested by machine. Traditional cultivars and landraces are often more useful to gardeners because they crop over a longer period of time, avoiding gluts or food shortages.^{[citation needed]}

In contrast, the limitations can be due to genetic extinction and/or outbreeding depression. Dubey explains that genetic extinction can be caused by "hybrid swarms" noting the various degrees of hybrids.^[11] Outbreeding depression is the "cross between genetically distant populations" causing hybrids to reduce fit and isolation leading to reduced reproduction.^[12]

See also

• Backcrossing
• Heterosis ("hybrid vigour")
• Heirloom plant

References