Faisal of Saudi Arabia
Faisal | |||||
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Regent of Saudi Arabia | |||||
Tenure | 4 March 1964 – 2 November 1964 | ||||
Monarch | Saud | ||||
Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia | |||||
Tenure | 16 August 1954 – 21 December 1960 | ||||
Predecessor | Saud bin Abdulaziz | ||||
Successor | Saud bin Abdulaziz | ||||
Tenure | 31 October 1962 – 25 March 1975 | ||||
Predecessor | Saud bin Abdulaziz | ||||
Successor | Khalid bin Abdulaziz | ||||
Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia | |||||
Tenure | 9 November 1953 – 2 November 1964 | ||||
Monarch | Saud | ||||
Predecessor | Saud bin Abdulaziz | ||||
Successor | Khalid bin Abdulaziz | ||||
Minister of Foreign Affairs | |||||
Tenure | 19 December 1930 – 22 December 1960 | ||||
Monarch | Abdulaziz Saud | ||||
Predecessor | Office established | ||||
Successor | Ibrahim bin Abdullah Al Suwaiyel | ||||
Tenure | 16 March 1962 – 25 March 1975 | ||||
Monarch | Saud Himself | ||||
Predecessor | Ibrahim bin Abdullah Al Suwaiyel | ||||
Successor | Viceroy of Hejaz | ||||
Tenure | 9 February 1926 – 22 September 1932 | ||||
Monarch | Abdulaziz | ||||
Successor | Khalid bin Abdulaziz | ||||
Born | Al-Oud cemetery , Riyadh | 14 April 1906||||
Spouses | List
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Issue Among others ... | List
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Abdulaziz of Saudi Arabia | |||||
Mother | Tarfa bint Abdullah Al Sheikh | ||||
Occupation |
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Signature | |||||
Military career | |||||
Allegiance | Saudi Arabia | ||||
Service/ | Armed Forces of Saudi Arabia | ||||
Years of service | 1917–1975 | ||||
Battles/wars |
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Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (
Faisal was the son of Abdulaziz and
Faisal implemented a policy of modernization and reform. His main foreign policy themes were
Early life and education
Faisal bin Abdulaziz was born in
Tarfa bint Abdullah died in 1906 when Faisal was six months old.
According to Helen Chapin Metz, Faisal, and most of his generation, was raised in an atmosphere in which courage was extremely valued and reinforced.[17] From 1916 he was tutored by Hafiz Wahba who later served in various governmental posts.[18][19]
Early political experience
As one of Abdulaziz's eldest sons, Faisal was given numerous responsibilities. In 1919 the British government invited Abdulaziz to visit London.[20] He could not go, but he assigned his eldest son, Turki, as his envoy.[20] However, Prince Turki died due to Spanish flu before the visit.[20] Therefore, Faisal was sent to London instead, making him the first ever Saudi Arabian royal to visit England.[20] His visit lasted for five months, and he met with British officials.[21] During the same period, he also visited France, again being the first Saudi Arabian royal to pay an official visit there.[22]
Abdulaziz gave his son Faisal many military duties to consolidate authority over Arabia. After the capture of
Viceroy of Hejaz and foreign minister
Prince Faisal was appointed viceroy of Hejaz on 9 February 1926 following his father's takeover of the region.[24][25][26] He often consulted with local leaders during his tenure.[27] Faisal was the president of the Consultative Assembly and the minister of interior.[28] In December 1931, following the announcement of the constitution of the Council of Deputies (Majlis al Wukala), he also became the president of the four-member council and minister of foreign affairs.[28] He would continue to oversee Saudi foreign policy until his death—even as king, with only a two-year break[29] between 1960 and 1962.[25]
Faisal visited several countries in this period, including Iran in May 1932,
As King Abdulaziz neared the end of his life, he favored Faisal as a possible successor over his eldest living son, Crown Prince Saud, due to Faisal's extensive knowledge, as well as his years of experience. Since Faisal was a child, Abdulaziz recognized him as the most brilliant of his sons and often tasked him with responsibilities in war and diplomacy. In addition, Faisal was known to embrace a simple Bedouin lifestyle. "I only wish I had three Faisals", Abdulaziz once said when discussing who would succeed him.[37] However, Abdulaziz made the decision to keep Saud as crown prince in the fear that otherwise would lead to decreased stability.[38]
Crown prince and prime minister
King Abdulaziz died on 9 November 1953, and Prince Faisal was at his side.[7][39][40] Faisal's elder half-brother, Saud, became king. Faisal was then appointed crown prince. On 16 August 1954 he was made prime minister.[41]
King Saud embarked on a spending program that included the construction of a massive royal residence on the outskirts of the capital, Riyadh. He also faced pressure from neighboring Egypt, where
A power struggle ensued between Saud and Faisal, and on 18 December 1960, Faisal resigned as prime minister in protest, arguing that Saud was frustrating his financial reforms. Saud took back his executive powers and, having induced Prince Talal to return from Egypt, appointed him as minister of finance in July 1958.[43][44] In 1962, however, Faisal rallied enough support within the royal family to install himself as prime minister for a second time.[42] Less than a month before this event Faisal held a secret meeting with US president John F. Kennedy in Washington, D.C., on 4 October 1962.[45][46] The same year, Faisal announced the Ten Point Program, which outlined Saudi Arabia's path to becoming an industrialized nation by implementing economic, financial, political, and legal principles. Among the highlights were:
- Issuing a basic system of governance derived from Islamic Sharia and developing the system of governance and the Saudi Arabian Council of Ministers.
- Establishing a system for the provinces, clarifying the method of local government, in the various regions of the Kingdom.
- Establishing a system for the independence of the judiciary, under the control of a Supreme Judicial Council, and establishing the Ministry of Justice.
- Establishing a Supreme Council for issuing fatwas, comprising twenty jurists.
- Improving the social level of the Saudi people, through free medical treatment, free education, and the exemption of many foodstuffs from customs duties. In addition, a social security system and a system to protect workers from unemployment were established.
- Establishing a program for economic recovery, strengthening the financial position of the Kingdom, developing a program to raise the standard of living of citizens, establishing a road network linking parts of the Kingdom and its cities, providing water sources for drinking and agriculture, and ensuring the protection of light and heavy national industries. This includes allocating all the additional sums that the government would receive from Aramco for its rights claimed by the companies for the past years, and harnessing them to serve development projects.
- Continuing to develop girls' education as well as the advancement of women.
- The liberation of slaves and the abolition of slavery, once and for all in Saudi Arabia.[47][24]
Faisal founded the Economic Development Committee in 1958.[48] He was instrumental in the establishment of the Islamic University of Madinah in 1961. In 1962 he helped found the Muslim World League, a worldwide charity to which the Saudi royal family has reportedly since donated more than a billion dollars.[49] In 1963 he established the country's first television station, though actual broadcasts would not begin for another two years.[50]
Struggle with King Saud
During this period, the struggle with King Saud continued in the background, with the royal princes meeting and asking Faisal to take over effective control from Saud. Saud had driven the country into serious debt and embarrassed the royal family by becoming embroiled in a plan to assassinate United Arab Republic president Gamal Abdel Nasser.[51]
Faisal took advantage of Saud's absence from the country for medical reasons in early 1963 to amass greater power for himself as Saudi Arabia's political and economic circumstances worsened. He removed many of Saud's loyalists from their posts and appointed like-minded princes in key military and security positions,[52][53] such as his half-brother Prince Abdullah, to whom he gave command of the National Guard in 1962. Upon his return, Saud rejected Faisal's new arrangement and requested that all of his powers be restored.[51]
In response, Faisal called a meeting of all senior members of the royal family, excluding Saud, as well as ulema and tribal elders. Faisal had convened the tribe chiefs in response to Saud's demand that his full powers be restored.[51] As a result, the assembly supported Faisal and proposed that Saud be deposed from the throne and Faisal be proclaimed monarch. The Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia, Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh, a maternal cousin of Faisal, issued a fatwa (edict) calling on the King to accede to his brother's demands.[51] Faisal, on the other hand, urged that Saud keep the royal title. He was said to have felt bound by his oath to his father that he would recognize Saud as king. All that mattered, he maintained, was that Saud leave power in Faisal's hands and stay out of public life.[52]
As a last-ditch attempt to reclaim executive powers, Saud ordered the deployment of the Royal Guard at Nasriyah Palace, prompting Faisal to order the National Guard to surround Saud's palace.[51] His loyalists outnumbered and outgunned, Saud relented, and on 4 March 1964, Faisal was appointed regent. A meeting of the elders of the royal family and the ulema was convened later that year, and the grand mufti decreed a second fatwa, calling on Saud to abdicate the throne in favor of his brother. Faisal believed that Saud's continued ill health compelled him to take the throne, thus absolving him of the oath.[54] The royal family supported the fatwa and immediately informed Saud of their decision. Saud, by now shorn of all his powers, agreed, and Faisal was proclaimed king on 2 November 1964.[42][53] Saud then went into exile, finding refuge in Egypt before eventually settling in Greece.[55]
Abolition of slavery
Slavery did not vanish in Saudi Arabia until Faisal issued a decree for its total abolition in 1962. BBC presenter Peter Hobday stated that about 1,682 slaves were freed at that time, at a cost to the government of $2,000 each.[56] The political analyst Bruce Riedel argued that the US began to raise the issue of slavery after the meeting between King Abdulaziz and US president Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1945 and that John F. Kennedy finally persuaded the House of Saud to abolish slavery in 1962.[57]
King of Saudi Arabia
In a speech shortly after becoming king, Faisal said:
I beg of you, brothers, to look upon me as both brother and servant. 'Majesty' is reserved to God alone and 'the throne' is the throne of the Heavens and Earth.[58]
One of the earliest actions Faisal took as king was to establish a council to deal with future succession issues.
Faisal's most senior adviser during his reign was Rashad Pharaon, his father's private physician.[62] Another adviser was Grand Mufti Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al Sheikh, who was influential in shaping the King's political role in the Arab world.[63]
Modernization
Early in his rule, Faisal issued an edict that all Saudi princes had to school their children inside the country, rather than sending them abroad; this had the effect of making it popular for upper-class families to bring their sons back to study in the Kingdom.
One of Faisal's modernization attempts was the new laws on media, publishing, and archiving and
Economic development
Faisal pursued strategies to maximize the utilization of oil revenue and initiated a thorough evaluation of the profit-sharing agreement with Aramco, which he deemed inequitable and requested its revision. Additionally, the government transitioned from engaging in oil reservoir exploitation agreements to exclusively granting oil investment concessions to state institutions.[68] Following the declaration of bankruptcy within the government treasury, Faisal directed his focus towards revitalizing industrial, agricultural, financial, and economic enterprises, earning recognition for his instrumental role in the economic and administrative rejuvenation of the Kingdom.[69]
Faisal took charge of formulating the nation's five-year plans and started setting up the structure of administrative regions. To bolster the capabilities of state service institutions, he enlisted the aid of foreign consulting firms. Furthermore, he actively participated in the development of industries, agriculture, project initiatives, land investments, and the exploration of natural resources and sources of potable water. Faisal played a pivotal role in the establishment of the Petromin Corporation and laid the foundation for a comprehensive network of power plants. Additionally, he spearheaded the creation of essential industries such as petrochemicals, iron, steel, cement, and mining. Recognizing the significance of skill development, Faisal advocated for sending students to Western countries for training, thereby contributing to the growth of industrial ventures. In 1969, the Kingdom initiated its inaugural development strategy.[70] Faisal held a meeting with US president Lyndon B. Johnson in 1966, forging a Saudi-American alliance focused on collaborative endeavors for the advancement of the Kingdom. Subsequently, in 1971, Faisal engaged with President Richard Nixon during a meeting in Washington. Three years later, in 1973, the Joint Saudi-American Economic Committee was established. A milestone occurred in 1974 when Nixon became the first US president to visit Saudi Arabia.[71][72]
Agricultural development
In 1965, the Ministry of Agriculture collaborated with multinational consulting firms to establish a comprehensive program for water exploration. This initiative aimed to systematically search for water resources by extraction. The Ministry dedicated its endeavors to enhance agricultural practices, promote livestock and fisheries, conserve plant species, combat
Transportation development
Under his leadership, Faisal oversaw the extensive expansion of modern
Education development
Education received paramount attention and underwent significant improvements during Faisal's reign. Reforms were implemented in the curricula, accompanied by an increase in foreign educational missions. Special provisions were made to financially support families who lacked resources to educate their children, emphasizing equal opportunities for both male and female students. Textbooks were distributed free of charge, eliminating any associated fees. In 1974, Faisal also directed the establishment of
Faisal is recognized for his significant contributions to women's education in Saudi Arabia, starting from his time as crown prince. In 1956, he established the first regular government school for girls in the country, known as Dar Al Hanan. This school was established under the patronage of his wife Iffat. A major milestone occurred in 1960 when a royal order was issued during the reign of King Saud, leading to the establishment of the General Presidency for Girls Education. This marked the official beginning of women's education in Saudi Arabia, providing them with broader access to educational opportunities.[77]
Health development
Medical professionals, including doctors and nursing staff, were recruited from various countries worldwide under the leadership of King Faisal. Recognizing the importance of healthcare, he issued an order to establish the
Military development
Upon ascending to the throne, Faisal devised a comprehensive strategy for the Royal Saudi Air Force that aligned with the prevailing needs and demands of the era. Recognizing the necessity of a distinguished institution capable of accommodating a substantial number of Saudi students and providing them with top-tier training, he embarked on the task of finding a suitable college. Consequently, the announcement regarding the establishment of the King Faisal Air Academy was made in 1967, and it officially commenced its operations three years later, specifically in 1970.[80]
In December 1965, Faisal initiated a procurement of advanced weaponry and equipment, which included forty Lightning fighters. This consisted of 34 single-seat aircraft and 6 two-seat aircraft. Deliveries of these aircraft commenced on July 1, 1968, with two (F.Mk 53) aircraft taking off from Wharton and reaching Jeddah. The delivery process concluded in September 1969, with the receipt of the final aircraft manufactured, bearing the serial number (53-700), on June 29, 1972. The Lightning fighters remained in active service until January 1986.
In 1972, Faisal placed an order for 39 Mirage 5 aircraft from France. However, upon their arrival in the Kingdom in 1974, and before the Royal Saudi Air Force could utilize them, the King decided to donate the aircraft to Egypt in order to bolster their air force. Faisal undertook this gesture of support to assist Egypt in strengthening its military capabilities.[81]
Military cities
During his reign, Faisal oversaw the establishment of the first advanced military cities. These cities were designed as modern complexes, encompassing military bases, training and shooting fields, warehouses for storing ammunition and combat equipment vehicles, as well as residential neighborhoods with educational, healthcare, recreational, and commercial facilities. These military cities also featured landscaped gardens, green spaces, and sports clubs. The inaugural military city was the King Faisal Military City, established in 1971 near the city of Khamis Mushait in the southern region. Subsequently, the King Abdulaziz Military City was established in the northwestern region and was officially inaugurated by King Faisal in 1973. These military cities represented significant developments in infrastructure and provided comprehensive facilities to support military personnel and their families.[82][83]
Steps against coups d'état
The 1950s and 1960s saw numerous
Religious inclusiveness
Faisal seemed to hold the pluralist view, favouring limited, cautious accommodation of popular demands for inclusive reform, and made repeated attempts to broaden political representation, harking back to his temporarily successful national integration policy from 1965 to 1975. The King acknowledged his country's religious and cultural diversity, which includes the predominantly
The role and authority of the state clergy declined after Faisal became king in 1964, even though they had helped bring him to the throne. Despite his piety and biological relationship through his mother to the Al as Shaykh family, and his support for the pan-Islamic movement in his struggle against pan-Arabism, he decreased the ulema's power and influence.[93] Unlike his successor Khalid, Faisal attempted to prevent radical clerics from controlling religious institutions such as the Council of Senior Ulema, the highest religious institution in Saudi Arabia, or taking religious offices such as Grand Mufti, responsible for preserving Islamic law. But his advisers warned that, once religious zealots had been motivated, disastrous effects would result.[49]
Due to his status as a pious Muslim, Faisal was able to implement careful social reforms such as female education. Despite this, religious conservatives staged large protests. By holding talks with the conservatives, he was able to persuade them of the importance of progress in the coming years by using their own logic.[93][94]
Corruption in the royal family was taken very seriously by religious figures in the Islamic theological colleges. They challenged some of the accepted theological interpretations adopted by the Saudi regime. One such influential figure was Sheikh
Interest in holy sites
The
The Muslim World League planned to renovate Maqam Ibrahim in 1965, with the maqam housed inside a crystal pillar with a silver lid. Faisal agreed and issued an order putting the plan in motion. Buildings were demolished to make the circumambulation rituals easier. By 1967, the area around Maqam Ibrahim had grown, and crowds were able to perform the circumambulation rituals in comfort and ease.[96]
In the case of the Prophet's Mosque, Faisal gave an order to construct prayer areas to the west of the mosque following the completion of the first Saudi expansion, which opened in 1955 and due to an increase in the number of pilgrims. It was built in 1973 and stood until the second Saudi expansion, when it was decommissioned. The Saudi Binladin Group was also sent to East Jerusalem in 1964 to perform restoration work on the Dome of the Rock.[97]
Foreign policy
As king, Faisal employed Islam as one of Saudi Arabia's foreign policy tools which differentiated him from King Abdulaziz and King Saud.[98] However, he continued the close alliance with the United States begun by King Abdulaziz, and relied on the US heavily for arming and training his armed forces. Faisal's first official visit as king to the US was in June 1966.[36]
Faisal was
Faisal is said to have reminded the
Palestinian cause
After he became foreign minister, Prince Faisal was recognized for his support for the Palestinian cause. His involvement with the Palestinian cause began in 1938, when he represented his father in the London Conference on the Palestine issue, where he delivered an important address opposing the partition plan. He wrote a message to the Saudi people in 1948 in which he discussed the Palestinian struggle and the suffering of the Palestinian people.[102]
The Saudi delegation was led by Faisal and his brother Khalid at the
Faisal was a global advocate for Palestinian rights, as evidenced by one of his speeches to the United Nations in 1963, in which he claimed that the Palestinian crisis is the only thing that has ruined Arab peace since the UN resolution to partition Palestine. One of his policies on this issue was to refuse to recognize Israel, to unite Arab efforts while leaving differences aside, to donate money and fight, to establish a body representing Palestinians, and to involve Muslims in the defense of the cause.[107]
In his speech on 22 September 1947 to the United Nations, Faisal said:
But today the Arabs wish to repel the aggression of a political minority group, namely, the Zionists. It is a group which does not represent world
Nazis.[107]
Arson attack on Al-Aqsa Mosque
Between 23 and 25 September 1969, Faisal convened a conference in
North Yemen Civil War
The
In September 1964, Nasser and Faisal met in Alexandria, Egypt, at the Arab summit. At the time, Egypt had 40,000 troops in Yemen, with 10,000 civilians killed. The two leaders committed in their formal declaration to completely cooperate in resolving current disagreements between Yemen's diverse factions, collaborate in preventing armed clashes in Yemen, and to reach a peaceful conclusion. The declaration was widely praised in the Arab world, and Washington praised it as a "statesmanlike action" and a "major step toward eventual peaceful resolution of the long civil war." At Alexandria's airport, Nasser and Faisal exchanged heartfelt embraces and referred to each other as "brother." Faisal said he was leaving Egypt "with my heart brimming with love for President Nasser."[110]
Gamal Abdel Nasser traveled to Jeddah on the Freedom ship in August 1965, marking his first visit to Saudi Arabia since 1954, when he came to perform Hajj. Faisal greeted Nasser warmly when he arrived.[111] Despite their differences, the two countries' relations were restored. Both men came to an agreement on the following (known as the Jeddah Agreement) within 48 hours:
- The gradual withdrawal of Egyptian forces from Yemen within ten months[111]
- The cessation of all Saudi aid to the royalists[111]
- The formation of a Yemeni council of 50 members representing all Yemeni factions and charged with forming a transitional government in preparation for a general referendum to determine the future of Yemen[111]
Sami Sharaf, an Egyptian official, recognized that implementing the agreement would be difficult because it had been rejected by all Yemeni parties. Republican chairman Abdullah al-Sallal stated, "The agreement is a blatant interference in the independence of the Yemen Arab Republic, and a blatant attack on its sovereignty for all International laws." The royalists, on the other hand, backed the agreement at first before rejecting any attempt to terminate the war with the republicans.[111]
The Haradh conference was conducted on November 23, 1965, under the auspices of Egypt and Saudi Arabia, to put the Saudi-Egyptian declaration between the two parties of the Yemeni conflict into effect.[112] Judge Abd al-Rahman al-Iryani led the republican delegation, while Ahmed Muhammad al-Shami, the royalists' foreign minister, led the royal delegation. The conflicting parties, however, were unable to strike a compromise, which resulted in further bloodshed between republicans and royalists.[113]
Egypt indicated its willingness to stop the war in Yemen as part of the
Six-Day War
During the Six-Day War, Faisal ordered the Saudi Arabian Armed Forces to be on alert, canceling all vacations and mobilizing forces in the Kingdom's north. Following that, orders were issued for a force of 20,000 Saudi soldiers to travel to Jordan to participate alongside the Arab forces. After the war, he directed that a Saudi force be stationed inside Jordanian territory to provide support and assistance as needed for ten years.[118][119][120]
Furthermore, at the
Faisal's grandson, Prince Amr bin Mohammed Al Faisal, said "I am told by my relatives, my other relatives, after 1967 and the fall of Jerusalem to the Israelis, that was a turning point in his life. He never smiled again, according to them. I didn't see him smile much, and he became very quiet and contemplative, and mostly he would spend his time listening rather than speaking himself."[123]
Ramadan War
After President Nasser of Egypt died in 1970, Faisal drew closer to Nasser's successor,
In 1974 Faisal was named Time magazine's Man of the Year, and the financial windfall generated by the crisis fueled the economic boom that occurred in Saudi Arabia after his death. The new oil revenue also allowed Faisal to greatly increase the aid and subsidies begun following the 1967 Six-Day War[126] to Egypt, Syria, and the Palestine Liberation Organization.[127]
It is a commonly-held belief in Saudi Arabia, and the wider Arab world, that Faisal's oil embargo was the real cause of his assassination, via a Western conspiracy.[128][129]
Personal life
Faisal married many times concurrently.[15] His spouses were from powerful families: Al Kabir, Al Sudairi, Al Jiluwi and Al Thunayan.[130] His wives were:
- Sultana bint Ahmed Al Sudairi, the mother of his eldest son Hassa bint Ahmed, the mother of the Sudairi brothers.[55]
- Al Jawhara bint Saud Al Kabir, the daughter of his aunt
- Haya bint Turki bin Abdulaziz Al Turki, the mother of Princess Noura,
- Hessa bint Muhammad bin Abdullah Al Muhanna Aba Al Khail, the mother of Princess Al Anoud (died June 2011) and Princess Al Jawhara (died April 2014).[15]
- Munira bint Suhaim bin Hitimi Al Thunayan Al Mahasher, the mother of Princess Hessa (died in December 2020).[144]
- Fatima bint Abdulaziz bin Mushait Al Shahrani, the mother of Princess Munira (died young).[15]
Faisal's children were well educated and had prominent roles in Saudi society and government. His daughters were educated abroad and they went on to graduate from a variety of schools and universities around the world.
Faisal's daughter Haifa is married to
Unlike most of his half-brothers, Faisal spoke fluent English and French. However, he preferred to speak in Arabic. When his translators made errors, Faisal would correct them.[159]
Personality and appearance
Faisal was known for his integrity, extreme humility, kindness, and tact with everyone. As a result, he was ascetic, avoiding displays of extravagance and luxury. He had many hobbies, some of which were falconry, hunting, literature, reading, and poetry. He was also a big admirer of the yearly Najdi festivals and celebrations.[160] Faisal chose to work long hours and set aside some of his interests after assuming power and becoming preoccupied with state affairs.[161]
After coming to power in 1964, Faisal quickly caught the attention of the international public. The New York Times stated that Faisal looked like "someone out of a poem by Rudyard Kipling or a casting office in Hollywood."[159] He was around six feet tall, above average height,[159] but not quite as tall as his father Abdulaziz and his brother Saud.[162][163] Compared to other Muslim rulers such as Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran, who almost exclusively wore European-styled outfits, Faisal was known to have dressed modestly, as he was most often seen wearing a traditional Saudi thawb, even in the presence of foreign dignitaries.[159]
Assassination and aftermath
On 25 March 1975, the King was shot point-blank and killed by
In the waiting room, Prince Faisal talked to Kuwaiti representatives who were also waiting to meet King Faisal. When the prince went to embrace him, King Faisal leaned to kiss his nephew in accordance with Saudi custom. At that instant, Prince Faisal took out a pistol and shot him. The first shot hit the King's chin and the second one went through his ear. A bodyguard hit Prince Faisal with a sheathed sword. Oil minister
King Faisal was quickly taken to Central Hospital in Riyadh. He was still alive as doctors massaged his heart and gave him a blood transfusion. Their efforts were unsuccessful, and he died shortly afterward. Both before and after the attack the assassin was reported to be calm. Following the killing, Riyadh had three days of mourning during which all government activities were suspended.[165] The funeral service for King Faisal was performed in 'Id mosque in Riyadh,[166] and he was buried in Al Oud cemetery on 26 March 1975.[167][168] During the funeral, the newly ascended King Khalid wept over his murdered brother's body.[169]
One theory for the King's murder was avenging the death of Prince Khalid bin Musaid, the brother of Prince Faisal bin Musaid. King Faisal instituted secular reforms that led to the installation of television, which provoked violent protests. Prince Khalid led an attack on a television station in 1966, and he was shot dead by a policeman.[170]
In a documentary entitled Faisal, Legacy of a King, Faisal's grandson Amr bin Mohammed bin Faisal claims that the King had distanced himself from the world days before his death. Zaki Yamani claimed that King Faisal told his own relatives and friends about a dream he had in which his father, the late King Abdulaziz, was traveling in a car and asked him to get in. Yamani went on to say that Faisal felt that his death was approaching. According to Islamic beliefs, if a dead person takes a living person in a dream, the living person will most likely die within a short amount of time.[171][172]
Prince Faisal bin Musaid was captured directly after the attack. He was at first officially declared insane, but following the trial a panel of Saudi medical experts decided that he was sane when he shot the King. The nation's high religious court convicted him of regicide and sentenced him to execution. He was publicly beheaded in Deera Square in Riyadh.[165]
Memorials and legacy
After his death, Faisal's sons established an international philanthropic organisation, the King Faisal Foundation, in his honour.[173] Faisal was eulogized by lyricist Robert Hunter in the title track of the Grateful Dead's 1975 album Blues for Allah.[174]
In October 1976 King Khalid initiated the construction of Faisal Mosque in Islamabad, Pakistan.[177] Lyallpur, the third largest city of Pakistan, was renamed Faisalabad (literally, "City of Faisal") in 1979 in Faisal's honour.[178][179] One of the two major Pakistan Air Force bases in Karachi, the largest city in Sindh province, is named "PAF Base Faisal" in Faisal's honour.[179][180]
Views
The livers are torn apart, and the wings are torn apart when we hear or see our brothers in religion, in the homeland, and in blood, their sanctities are violated, they are displaced and abused daily, not for something they committed, nor for the aggression they attacked, but for the love of control and aggression and to commit injustice. –King Faisal bin Abdulaziz[181]
Faisal held pro-Palestinian views. Throughout his career, he supported the Palestinian cause, and he was noted for his strong criticism of Israel.[126] He was also anti-communist, and Saudi Arabia under Faisal continued to be allied with the United States against the Soviet Union.[99] Faisal also supported pan-Islamism, and he sought to establish unity among Muslims. Nevertheless, he reduced the power of the Islamic clergy during his reign.[93]
Honours
Styles of King Faisal | ||
---|---|---|
Reference style His Majesty | | |
Spoken style | Your Majesty |
Faisal has received numerous honours from the countries he visited both before and after assuming power.[182] The honours and awards given to Faisal are displayed at the King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies in Riyadh which was established by the King Faisal Foundation in 1983.[173][182] The awards are as follows:
- Afghanistan:
- Collar of the Order of the Supreme Sun[182]
- Order of Independence[182]
- Belgium:
- Grand Officer of the Order of Leopold[182]
- Chad:
- Grand Cross of the National Order of Chad[182]
- Egypt:
- Order of Ismail[182]
- Grand Cordon of the Order of the Nile[182]
- Collar of the Order of the Nile[182]
- France:
- Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour[182]
- Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour[182]
- Greece:
- Grand Cross of the Order of George I[182]
- Guinea:
- Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit[182]
- Indonesia:
- First Class of the Star of the Republic of Indonesia[182]
- Iran:
- Order of the Crown (1953)[183]
- Order of Pahlavi[182]
- Order of Taj[182]
- Iraq:
- Order of the Two Rivers[182]
- Order of Faisal I[182]
- Italy:
- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy[182]
- Japan:
- Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum[182]
- Jordan:
- Collar of the Order of Al-Hussein bin Ali[182]
- Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Renaissance, twice[182]
- Lebanon:
- Grand Cordon of the National Order of the Cedar[182]
- Liberia:
- Grand Cordon of the Order of the Pioneers of Liberia[182]
- Libya:
- Grand Collar of the Order of Idris I[182]
- Malaysia:
- Mauritania:
- Morocco:
- Collar of the Order of Muhammad[182]
- Netherlands:
- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau[182]
- Oman:
- Collar of the Order of Oman (military)[182]
- Poland:
- Commander's Cross with Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta[182]
- Pakistan:
- Saudi Arabia:
- Senegal:
- Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit[182]
- Somalia:
- Collar of the Order of the Somali Star[182]
- South Korea:
- First Class of the Order of Diplomatic Service Merit[182]
- Spain:
- Collar of the Order of Civil Merit[182]
- Sudan:
- Syria:
- Order of Umayyad[182]
- Taiwan:
- Grand Cordon of the Order of Brilliant Jade[185]
- Special Grand Cordon of the Order of Brilliant Star[185]
- Tunisia:
- Grand Cordon of the Order of Glory[182]
- Collar of the Order of Independence[182]
- Turkey:
- Gold Red Crescent Medal[182]
- Uganda:
- First Class of the Distinguished Order of The Nile[182]
- United Kingdom:
- Royal Victorian Chain[182]
- Knight Grand Cross of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire[182]
- Second Class of the Order of St Michael and St George[182]
- Zaire:
- Grand Cordon of the National Order of the Leopard[182]
Notes
- Turki I bin Abdulaziz, was born to Wadha bint Muhammad Al Orair. Prince Turki was the heir to his father, but he died in 1919. Abdulaziz's next eldest son, Turki's full brother Saud, would eventually become king in 1953.
- a kingdom in 1927.[3] Abdulaziz united the two kingdoms in 1932, reigning thereafter as King of Saudi Arabia until his death in 1953.[4]
- ^ Faisal associated Communism with Zionism, which he also opposed.[5]
- Prince Sultan.
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External links
- Quotations related to Faisal of Saudi Arabia at Wikiquote
- Media related to Faisal bin Abdulaziz al Saud at Wikimedia Commons