Fakih Usman
People's Representative Council | |
---|---|
In office 4 March 1956 – 5 July 1959 | |
Constituency | West Java |
Member of the Constitutional Assembly | |
In office 4 March 1956 – 5 July 1959 | |
Constituency | West Java |
Personal details | |
Born | Fakih Usman 2 March 1904 Gresik, Dutch East Indies |
Died | 3 October 1968 Indonesia | (aged 64)
Nationality | Indonesian |
Political party | Masyumi |
Occupation |
|
Cabinet | |
Fakih Usman (alternatively spelled as Faqih Usman;
In 1925 he became involved with the Muhammadiyah, rising quickly through the leadership until he became the head of the Surabaya branch in 1938. He was also active in local politics, in 1937, he became the treasurer of the Indonesian Islamic Assembly. He continued to be involved in politics and Islamic groups during the Japanese occupation and the ensuing national revolution. Following the end of the war, he was appointed Minister of Religious Affairs. As a minister, he oversaw educational and institutional reform, growing in prominence within the Muhammadiyah. He also served as deputy chairman of the organization under several different leaders before being chosen as its chairman in late 1968. He died several days later.
Early life
Fakih Usman was born on 2 March 1904, in
Early career
Fakih's father helped him become a trader, although Fakih continued to study independently.[2] When the modernist Islamic organisation Muhammadiyah opened a branch in Gresik in 1922, Fakih was one of the first to join.[a] Extremely active in the group, he became the Gresik branch's leader within three years, and under his leadership, the group was formally recognized by the central Muhammadiyah administration.[4] Through his work with the Muhammadiyah in Gresik, Fakih became better known. He later transferred to the branch in Surabaya, a much larger city where, in 1929, he was chosen to sit on the city council.[5]
He also remained active in commerce, running a construction material trade and shipbuilding shop. During this period he served on the local chamber of commerce.[3] From 1932 to 1936 Fakih was a member of the Muhammadiyah's regional council, serving concurrently as the editor of the organisation's official magazine Bintang Islam, and on the Legal Affairs Committee.[4] As he became more active, Fakih began commuting regularly from Surabaya to Gresik, handling Muhammadiyah's business in Surabaya and the wood company in Gresik; this commute was done in Fakih's car, a rare luxury at the time.[5]
Studying Dutch in his spare time, Fakih continued to improve his knowledge of Islam by studying the thoughts of
Political career
National revolution
On 9 March 1942, Governor-General
After the
As a result of these talks, Masyumi was made into a political party representing Islamic interests. Although Fakih returned to Gresik after the conference, he and his family soon evacuated to Malang due to the outbreak of a battle at Surabaya between Republican soldiers and British forces tasked with repatriating Dutch prisoners of war.[15] In Malang, Fakih worked with Masjkur and Zainul Arifin to start an armed resistance to fight in the revolution against the returning Europeans. He served as deputy chief in command of this resistance, which consisted of the Japanese-trained Islamic units Sabilillah and Hizbullah. After the Dutch[b] launched Operation Kraai in December 1948, Fakih and his family escaped to Surakarta, where he again became active in Muhammadiyah. Fakih, serving as deputy chair under Bagus Hadikusumo, frequently commuted between Surakarta and the organization's head office in Yogyakarta.[12]
Minister of Religion
In late 1949, the Indonesian and Dutch governments held a conference lasting several months, which resulted in Dutch recognition of Indonesian sovereignty on 27 December 1949.[16] This led to the formation of the United States of Indonesia (Republik Indonesia Serikat, or RIS), which consisted of sixteen member states. On 21 January 1950, Fakih replaced Masjkur as the Minister of Religious Affairs in the Halim Cabinet, representing the Republic of Indonesia; at this point, the republic consisted of Yogyakarta, Banten, and much of Sumatra.[17] Working with the RIS Minister of Religious Affairs Wahid Hasyim, Fakih began instituting a standardized religious curriculum in the public schools and modernizing education at religious schools.[18]
The two also worked to unite the ministries. On 17 August 1950, the RIS and its member states became a unified republic. Hasyim was kept on as minister of religious affairs, with Fakih appointed director of religious education.[19] Meanwhile, the different factions in Masyumi conflicted with the path the party was taking;[20] the NU members thought Masyumi was becoming too political, abandoning its Islamic roots. When the Natsir Cabinet began to collapse, the Masyumi put forth Fakih as a potential Minister for Religious Affairs. This act was controversial because four of the five allocated slots for the party were already filled by non-NU members, and ultimately the NU pulled out of Masyumi, effective 5 April 1952.[21] Fakih had been chosen with a majority of five votes, while the next leading candidate, Usman Raliby, received four.[22]
Fakih was made the Minister of Religious Affairs in the Wilopo Cabinet and sworn in on 3 April 1952, which led to him and his family moving to the capital Jakarta. He began to work on reforming the ministry,[23] including formalising its mission statement: to provide religious teachers, promote interfaith relations, and establish the dates of religious holidays. He worked on internal structure, including formalising the ministry's leadership hierarchy and opening the provincial and regional branches. The ministry also continued its promotion of religious education[24] and was tasked with handling the numerous Indonesian pilgrims who went on the hajj.[25] The Wilopo Cabinet collapsed on 30 July 1953,[23] following an immigration and land dispute in Medan. Fakih was replaced by Masjkur.[26]
Banning of the Masyumi
Fakih continued to work with the ministry and the Muhammadiyah, serving as the organisation's First Deputy Chair under Ahmad Rasyid Sutan Mansur.
Later career
The disbanding of Masyumi left Fakih with more time to focus on the Muhammadiyah, serving as the Second Deputy Chair under Junus Anis.
These concepts were later formulated in 1962 and established as an institutional identity, one which called for Muhammadiyah to work towards creating a truly Islamic society while opposing
Death and legacy
On being chosen as chairman, Fakih began work to ensure there would be a successor, as his health was failing.[33] On 2 October, at a joint meeting of the board at his home, he outlined his plans for his three-year period of leadership; Fakih also appointed Rasjidi and Abdul Rozak Fachruddin as temporary leaders while he went abroad for medical treatment. Fakih died on 3 October 1968, only a few days after being selected, and was replaced by Fachruddin on the day of his death;[c][34] Fachruddin served as chairman for 24 years.[35]
The street where Fakih lived as a child is now known as Fakih Usman Street.
Notes
- kebatinan). As the Muhammadiyah sought to purify the religion from such non-Islamic influences, this criticism was highly controversial within traditional communities; said communities had long considered their practices to represent the true Islam. As such, Muhammadiyah was opposed by officials, Islamic teachers in the countrysides, and pious communities who rejected such ideas as deviant (Ricklefs 1993, p. 171). This opposition could involve threats of violence; Dahlan, for instance, received numerous death threats (Kutoyo 1985, p. 110).
- ^ The British forces had withdrawn in December 1946 (Ricklefs 1993, p. 224).
- ^ Muhammadiyah policy stated that a deceased leader had to be replaced before he was buried (Djurdi 2010, p. 182).
- ^ Original: "... air tenang yang menghanyutkan"
References
Citations
- ^ a b c d Syafruddin 1998, p. 118.
- ^ a b Syafruddin 1998, p. 119.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Muhammadiyah, KH Faqih Usman.
- ^ a b Syafruddin 1998, p. 122.
- ^ a b c d e f Syafruddin 1998, p. 123.
- ^ Syafruddin 1998, p. 125.
- ^ a b Syafruddin 1998, p. 126.
- ^ Adi 2011, pp. 18–24.
- ^ a b Syafruddin 1998, p. 128.
- ^ Djaelani 1994, p. 98.
- ^ Syafruddin 1998, p. 129.
- ^ a b Syafruddin 1998, p. 132.
- ^ Adi 2011, p. 32.
- ^ Ricklefs 1993, pp. 212–217.
- ^ a b Syafruddin 1998, pp. 130–131.
- ^ Imran 1980, p. 83.
- ^ Syafruddin 1998, p. 133.
- ^ Syafruddin 1998, pp. 134–136.
- ^ Syafruddin 1998, p. 138.
- ^ Syafruddin 1998, p. 139.
- ^ Syafruddin 1998, p. 140.
- ^ Djurdi 2010, p. 146.
- ^ a b Syafruddin 1998, p. 141.
- ^ Syafruddin 1998, pp. 142–144.
- ^ Djurdi 2010, p. 144.
- ^ a b Syafruddin 1998, p. 145.
- ^ Basya 2009, A Century of Muhammadiyah.
- ^ Syafruddin 1998, p. 146.
- ^ a b Syafruddin 1998, p. 148.
- ^ Djurdi 2010, p. 169.
- ^ Syafruddin 1998, p. 149.
- ^ Djurdi 2010, p. 182.
- ^ a b c Syafruddin 1998, p. 150.
- ^ Syafruddin 1998, p. 151.
- ^ Mohammad 2006, p. 100.
- ^ Djurdi 2010, p. 271.
- ^ Syafruddin 1998, p. 117.
- ^ Ramly & Sucipto 2010, p. 211.
Sources
- Adi, A. Kresna (2011). Soedirman: Bapak Tentara Indonesia [Soedirman: Father of the Indonesian Military] (in Indonesian). Yogyakarta: Mata Padi Pressindo. ISBN 978-602-95337-1-2.
- Basya, M. Hilaly (26 November 2009). "A Century of Muhammadiyah and Modern Indonesia". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
- Djaelani, Abdul Qadir (1994). Peran Ulama dan Santri dalam Perjuangan Politik Islam di Indonesia [The Role of Ulamas and Santris in Islamic Politics in Indonesia] (in Indonesian). OCLC 34604050.
- Djurdi, Syarifuddin (2010). 1 Abad Muhammadiyah [A Century of Muhammadiyah] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Kompas. ISBN 978-979-709-498-0.
- Imran, Amrin (1980). Panglima Besar Jenderal Soedirman [Commander in Chief General Soedirman] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Mutiara. OCLC 220643587.
- "KH Faqih Usman". Muhammadiyah. Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
- Kutoyo, Sutrisno (1985). Kiai Haji Ahmad Dahlan (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Department of Education and Culture. OCLC 571207832.
- Mohammad, Herry (2006). Tokoh-Tokoh Islam yang Berpengaruh abad 20 [Influential Muslims of the 20th Century] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Gema Insani. ISBN 978-979-560-219-4.
- Ramly, Nadjamuddin; Sucipto, Hery (2010). Ensiklopedi Tokoh Muhammadiyah [Encyclopedia of Muhammadiyah Figures] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Best Media. ISBN 978-602-96791-1-3.
- Ricklefs, M. C. (1993). A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1300 (2nd ed.). Hampshire: MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-333-57689-2.
- Syafruddin, Didin (1998). "K.H. Fakih Usman: Pengembangan Pendidikan Agama" [K.H. Fakih Usman: Development of Religious Education] (PDF). In Azra, Azyumardi; Umam, Saiful (eds.). Menteri-Menteri Agama RI: Biografi Sosio-Politik [Indonesian Ministers of Religion: Socio-Political Biographies] (in Indonesian). ISBN 978-979-95248-3-6. Archived from the original(PDF) on 14 October 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2012.