Falangism
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Falangism (
The original Falangist party, FE de las JONS, merged with the Carlists in 1937 following the Unification Decree of Francisco Franco, to form FET y de las JONS. This new Falange was meant to incorporate all Nationalist political factions and became the sole political party of Francoist Spain.[4] The merger was opposed by some of the original Falangists, such as Manuel Hedilla.
Falangism places a strong emphasis on the
The Falange's original
The Spanish Falange and its affiliates in Hispanic states around the world promoted a form of panhispanism known as hispanidad that advocated both the cultural and economic union of Hispanic societies around the world.[10]
Falangism has attacked both the political left and the right as its "enemies", declaring itself to be neither left nor right, but a syncretic third position. Some also state they lean more towards authoritarian conservativism.[11] Scholarly sources reviewing Falangism place it on the far right of the political spectrum.[12]
Components
Nationalism and racialism
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During the
Some of the Falangists in Spain had supported
Franco praised Spain's Visigothic heritage, saying that the Germanic tribe of the Visigoths gave Spaniards their "national love for law and order".[21] During the early years of the Falangist regime of Franco, the regime admired Nazi Germany and had Spanish archaeologists seek to demonstrate that Spaniards were part of the Aryan race, particularly through their Visigothic heritage.[22]
The founder of the Falange Española, José Antonio Primo de Rivera, had little interest in addressing the Jewish problem outside areas of political issues.[23] The Falange's position was influenced by the fact of the small size of the Jewish community in Spain at the time that did not favour the development of strong antisemitism.[24] Primo de Rivera saw the solution to the "Jewish problem" in Spain as simple: the conversion of Jews to Catholicism.[25] However, on the issue of perceived political tendencies amongst Jews, he warned about Jewish-Marxist influences over the working classes.[23] The Falangist daily newspaper Arriba claimed that "the Judeo-Masonic International is the creator of two great evils that have afflicted humanity: capitalism and Marxism".[23] Primo de Rivera approved of attacks by Falangists on the Jewish-owned SEPU department stores in 1935.[23]
The Spanish Falange and its Hispanic affiliates have promoted the cultural, economic and racial unity of Hispanic peoples around the world in "hispanidad".[10] It has sought to unite Hispanic peoples through proposals to create a commonwealth or federation of Spanish-speaking states headed by Spain.[15]
Economics
Falangism supports a national, trans-class society while opposing individual-class-based societies such as bourgeois or proletarian societies. Falangism opposes class conflict. José Antonio Primo de Rivera declared that "[t]he State is founded on two principles—service to the united nation and the cooperation of classes".[26]
Initially, Falangism in Spain, as promoted by Primo de Rivera, advocated a "national syndicalist" economy that rejected both capitalism and communism.[11] Primo de Rivera denounced capitalism for being an individualist economy at the hands of the bourgeoisie that turned workers "into a dehumanized cog in the machinery of bourgeois production," and denounced state socialist economies for "enslaving the individual by handing control of production to the state."[11]
The Falange's original manifesto, the "Twenty-Seven Points", called for a social revolution to create a
After the merger of the original Falange with the Carlists in 1937 to form the new Falange (FET y de las JONS) that would serve as the sole political party of Francoist Spain, the result was a Falange intended as a "melting pot" for all of the various political factions on the Nationalist side of the civil war.[4] It proclaimed support for "an economic middle way equidistant from liberal capitalism and Marxist materialism."[28] Private initiative and ownership was recognized as the most effective means of production, but owners and managers were responsible for advancing that production for the common good.[28] At the same time, it was made clear that the economy would continue to rest on private property, whose protection was guaranteed, while the state was envisioned as undertaking economic initiatives only when private enterprise failed or "the interests of the nation require it."[29] In October 1937, the new leader of the Falange, Raimundo Fernández-Cuesta, declared national syndicalism to be fully compatible with capitalism, drawing praise from the non-falangist right.[30]
The Franco-era Falange supported the development of cooperatives such as the Mondragon Corporation because it bolstered the Francoist claim of the nonexistence of social classes in Spain during his rule.[31]
Falangism is staunchly anti-communist.[32][8] The Spanish Falange supported Spanish intervention during World War II against the Soviet Union in the name of anti-communism, resulting in Spain supporting the Anti-Comintern Pact and sending volunteers to join Nazi Germany's foreign legions on the Eastern Front to support the German war effort against the Soviet Union.[8]
Gender roles
The Spanish Falange supported conservative ideas about women and supported rigid gender roles that stipulated that women's main duties in life were to be loving mothers and submissive wives.
Falangist theorists
- José Antonio Primo de Rivera
- Nimio de Anquin
- Álvaro Cunqueiro
- Ernesto Giménez Caballero
- Carlos Ibarguren
- Pedro Laín Entralgo
- Ramiro Ledesma Ramos
- Leopoldo Lugones
- Eugenio d'Ors
- Leopoldo Panero
- José María Pemán
- Onésimo Redondo
- Dionisio Ridruejo
- Luis Rosales
- Pedro Sainz Rodríguez
- Rafael Sánchez Mazas
- Gonzalo Torrente Ballester
- Antonio Tovar
- Samy Gemayel
- Bachir Gemayel
- Pierre Gemayel
See also
- List of Falangist movements
- Falange Auténtica
- Bolivian Socialist Falange
- Falange Española Independiente
- Falangism in Latin America
- Falangist Mountain Unity
- Kataeb Party
- National Falange
- National Radical Camp Falanga
- National syndicalism
- Philippine Falange
Anti-Falangism
- Basque separatism
- Catalan independence movement
- Insubordinate movement in Spain
- Spanish republicanism
References
- ^ a b Cyprian P. Blamires (editor). World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2006. pp. 219–220.
- ^ Stanley G. Payne. Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977. Madison: Wisconsin University Press, 1999. pp. 77–102.
- ^ Martin Blinkhorn. Fascists and Conservatives: The Radical Right and the Establishment in Twentieth-Century Europe. Reprinted edition. Oxon, England: Routledge, 1990, 2001. p. 10
- ^ a b Stanley G. Payne. Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977. Madison, Wisconsin, USA: Wisconsin University Press, 1999. p. 273.
- ^ ISSN 1469-2171.
- ^ a b Stanley Payne. A History of Fascism, 1914–1945. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995. p. 261.
- ^ Ellwood, pp. 99–101.
- ^ a b c Bowen, p. 152.
- ^ a b Hans Rogger, Eugen Weber. The European Right. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press; London: University of Cambridge Press, 1965. p. 195.
- ^ a b Stein Ugelvik Larsen (ed.). Fascism Outside of Europe. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001. pp. 120–121.
- ^ a b c Roger Griffin (ed). Fascism. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. p. 189.
- ^ Rodney P. Carlisle (general editor). The Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and the Right, Volume 2: The Right. Thousand Oaks, California; London; New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2005. p. 633.
- ^ Wayne H. Bowen. Spain during World War II. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2006. p. 26.
- ^ M. K. Flynn. Ideology, mobilization, and the nation: the rise of Irish, Basque, and Carlist national movements in the Nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Palgrave Macmillan, 1999. p. 178.
- ^ a b Stanley G. Payne. Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977. Univ of Wisconsin Press, 1999 pp. 330–331
- ^ Paul Preston. Franco: a biography. BasicBooks, a division of HarperCollins, 1994. p. 857.
- ^ Roger Griffin (ed). Fascism. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. p. 190.
- ^ Roger Griffin (ed). Fascism. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. p. 191.
- ^ Roger Griffin (ed). Fascism. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. pp. 190–191.
- ^ Noguera, Jaime (2019-06-21). "Así eran los 'falangistas negros' de la Guinea Española". Strambotic (in Spanish). Público. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
- ^ Roger Collins. Visigothic Spain 409–711. Blackwell Publishing, 2004. p. 3.
- ^ Philip L. Kohl, Clare Fawcett. Nationalism, Politics and the Practice of Archaeology. Cambridge: Press Syndicate of Cambridge University Press, 1995. p. 46.
- ^ ISBN 978-0002556347
- ^ Walter Laqueur, Judith Tydor Baumel. The Holocaust Encyclopedia. Yale University Press, p. 183.
- ^ Bowen, p. 20.
- ^ Rodney P. Carlisle (general editor). The Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and the Right, Volume 2: The Right. Thousand Oaks, California; London; New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2005. p. 633
- ^ a b Benjamin Welles. Spain: the gentle anarchy. Praeger, 1965. p. 124.
- ^ a b Stanley G. Payne. Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977. Madison: Wisconsin University Press, 1999. p. 298.
- ^ Stanley G. Payne. Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977. Madison: Wisconsin University Press, 1999. p. 299.
- ^ Stanley G. Payne. Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977. Madison: Wisconsin University Press, 1999. p. 281.
- ^ Sharryn Kasmir. The Myth of Mondragón: Cooperatives, Politics, and Working-class Life in a Basque Town. State University of New York, 1996. p. 75.
- ^ Cyprian P. Blamires (editor). World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2006. p. 220: "the Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS was formed... by representatives of very different ideologies united only by their proclaimed and resolute antiliberalism and anti-Marxism."
- ^ a b Rodney P. Carlisle (general editor). The Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and the Right, Volume 2: The Right. Thousand Oaks, California,; London; New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2005. p. 634.
- ^ Gahete Muñoz, Soraya (July–December 2015). "La Sección Femenina de Falange. Discursos y prácticas en Madrid" [The Female Section of the Falange. Speeches and practices in Madrid] (PDF). Arenal (in Spanish). 22 (2): 389–411. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
Sources
- Bowen, Wayne H. (2000) Spaniards and Nazi Germany: collaboration in the new order, Columbia: Missouri University Press. ISBN 978-0826213006.
- Ellwood, S.M. (1987) Spanish fascism in the Franco era: Falange Española de las Jons, 1936–76, London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0333415856.