Falkland Islands

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Coordinates: 51°44′S 59°13′W / 51.73°S 59.22°W / -51.73; -59.22
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"Falklands" and "Malvinas" redirect here. For other uses, see Falklands (disambiguation) and Malvinas (disambiguation).

Falkland Islands
British Overseas Territory
parliamentary dependency under a constitutional monarchy
• Monarch
Charles III
• Governor
Alison Blake
Andy Keeling
Legislature
+500
UK postcode
FIQQ 1ZZ
ISO 3166 codeFK
Internet TLD.fk
Websitewww.falklands.gov.fk

The Falkland Islands (

British overseas territory, the Falklands have internal self-governance, but the United Kingdom takes responsibility for their defence and foreign affairs. The capital and largest settlement is Stanley
on East Falkland.

Controversy exists over the Falklands' discovery and subsequent colonisation by Europeans. At various times, the islands have had French, British, Spanish, and Argentine settlements. Britain reasserted its rule in 1833, but Argentina maintains its claim to the islands. In April 1982, Argentine military forces invaded the islands. British administration was restored two months later at the end of the Falklands War. In a 2013 sovereignty referendum, almost all Falklanders voted in favour of remaining a UK overseas territory. The territory's sovereignty status is part of an ongoing dispute between Argentina and the UK.

The population (3,662 inhabitants in 2021)

British citizens
.

The islands lie at the boundary of the

Falkland Islands Government
, remains controversial as a result of maritime disputes with Argentina.

Etymology

See also: List of Falkland Islands placenames

The name "Falkland Islands" comes from Falkland Sound, the strait that separates the two main islands.[6] The name "Falkland" was applied to the channel by John Strong, captain of an English expedition that landed on the islands in 1690. Strong named the strait in honour of Anthony Cary, 5th Viscount Falkland, the Treasurer of the Navy who sponsored his journey.[7] The Viscount's title originates from the town of Falkland, Scotland—the town's name probably comes from a Gaelic term referring to an "enclosure" (lann),[A] but it could less plausibly be from the Anglo-Saxon term "folkland" (land held by folk-right).[9] The name "Falklands" was not applied to the islands until 1765, when British captain John Byron of the Royal Navy claimed them for King George III as "Falkland's Islands".[10] The term "Falklands" is a standard abbreviation used to refer to the islands.

The common Spanish name for the archipelago, Islas Malvinas, derives from the French Îles Malouines—the name given to the islands by

Louis-Antoine de Bougainville in 1764.[11] Bougainville, who founded the islands' first settlement, named the area after the port of Saint-Malo (the point of departure for his ships and colonists).[12] The port, located in the Brittany region of western France, was named after St. Malo (or Maclou), the Christian evangelist who founded the city.[13]

In 1965, at the 20th session

Fourth Committee determined that, in all languages other than Spanish, all UN documentation would designate the territory as Falkland Islands (Malvinas). In Spanish, the territory was designated as Islas Malvinas (Falkland Islands).[15] The nomenclature used by the United Nations for statistical processing purposes is Falkland Islands (Malvinas).[16]

History

Main articles: History of the Falkland Islands and Timeline of the history of the Falkland Islands

Although Fuegians from Patagonia may have visited the Falkland Islands in prehistoric times,[17][18] the islands were uninhabited when Europeans first explored them.[19] European claims of discovery date back to the 16th century, but no consensus exists on whether early explorers sighted the Falklands or other islands in the South Atlantic.[20][21][B] The first undisputed landing on the islands is attributed to English captain John Strong, who, en route to Peru and Chile's littoral in 1690, explored the Falkland Sound and noted the islands' water and game.[23]

The Falklands remained uninhabited until the 1764 establishment of

War was narrowly avoided by its restitution to Britain in 1771.[28]

The British and Spanish settlements coexisted in the archipelago until 1774, when Britain's new economic and strategic considerations led it to withdraw the garrison from the islands, leaving a plaque claiming the Falklands for King George III.

British invasions of the Río de la Plata during the Napoleonic Wars in Europe, the islands' governor evacuated the archipelago in 1806; Spain's remaining colonial garrison followed suit in 1811, except for gauchos and fishermen who remained voluntarily.[30]

Thereafter, the archipelago was visited only by fishing ships; its political status was undisputed until 1820, when Colonel David Jewett, an American privateer working for the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, informed anchored ships about Buenos Aires' 1816 claim to Spain's territories in the South Atlantic.[31][D] Since the islands had no permanent inhabitants, in 1823 Buenos Aires granted German-born merchant Luis Vernet permission to conduct fishing activities and exploit feral cattle in the archipelago.[E] Vernet settled at the ruins of Puerto Soledad in 1826, and accumulated resources on the islands until the venture was secure enough to bring settlers and form a permanent colony.[35] Buenos Aires named Vernet military and civil commander of the islands in 1829,[36] and he attempted to regulate sealing to stop the activities of foreign whalers and sealers.[30] Vernet's venture lasted until a dispute related to fishing and hunting rights led to a raid by the American warship USS Lexington in 1831,[37][F] when United States Navy commander Silas Duncan declared the dissolution of the island's government.[38]

corral, shepherds and sheep in 1849 (painting by Royal Navy Admiral Edward Fanshawe
)

Buenos Aires attempted to gain influence over the settlement by installing a garrison in October 1832, which mutinied within a month and was followed the next year by the arrival of British forces, who

Samuel Lafone began a venture to encourage British colonisation.[47]

Stanley, as Port Jackson was soon renamed, officially became the seat of government in 1845.[48] Early in its history, Stanley had a negative reputation due to cargo-shipping losses; only in emergencies would ships rounding Cape Horn stop at the port.[49] Nevertheless, the Falklands' geographic location proved ideal for ship repairs and the "Wrecking Trade", the business of selling and buying shipwrecks and their cargoes.[50] Aside from this trade, commercial interest in the archipelago was minimal due to the low-value hides of the feral cattle roaming the pastures. Economic growth began only after the Falkland Islands Company, which bought out Lafone's failing enterprise in 1851,[I] successfully introduced Cheviot sheep for wool farming, spurring other farms to follow suit.[52] The high cost of importing materials, combined with the shortage of labour and consequent high wages, meant the ship repair trade became uncompetitive. After 1870 it declined as the replacement of sail ships by steamships was accelerated by the low cost of coal in South America; by 1914, with the opening of the Panama Canal, the trade effectively ended.[53] In 1881, the Falkland Islands became financially independent of Britain.[48] For more than a century, the Falkland Islands Company dominated the trade and employment of the archipelago; in addition, it owned most housing in Stanley, which greatly benefited from the wool trade with the UK.[52]

Two battling ships, with one sinking
Naval confrontation during the 1914 Battle of the Falkland Islands (painting by William Lionel Wyllie)

In the first half of the 20th century, the Falklands served an important role in Britain's territorial claims to

Second World War, following the December 1939 Battle of the River Plate, the battle-damaged HMS Exeter steamed to the Falklands for repairs.[19] In 1942, a battalion en route to India was redeployed to the Falklands as a garrison amid fears of a Japanese seizure of the archipelago.[55] After the war ended, the Falklands economy was affected by declining wool prices and the political uncertainty resulting from the revived sovereignty dispute between the United Kingdom and Argentina.[49]

Simmering tensions between the UK and Argentina increased during the second half of the century, when Argentine President

UK Parliament, and tensions between the UK and Argentina effectively limited sovereignty negotiations until 1977.[59]

Concerned at the expense of maintaining the Falkland Islands in an era of budget cuts, the UK again considered transferring sovereignty to Argentina in the early

deminer casualties, initial attempts to clear the mines ceased in 1983.[64][J] Demining operations recommenced in 2009 and were completed in October 2020.[66]

Based on

long haul flights.[67] Oil exploration also began in the 2010s, with indications of possible commercially exploitable deposits in the Falklands basin.[68] Landmine clearance work restarted in 2009, in accordance with the UK's obligations under the Ottawa Treaty, and Sapper Hill Corral was cleared of mines in 2012, allowing access to an important historical landmark for the first time in 30 years.[69][70] Argentina and the UK re-established diplomatic relations in 1990, but neither has agreed on the terms of future sovereignty discussions.[71]

Government

Main article: Politics of the Falkland Islands
Large, rambling house with greenhouse and white fence
Government House in Stanley is the Governor's official residence.

The Falkland Islands are a

Monarch of the United Kingdom is the head of state, and executive authority is exercised on the monarch's behalf by the governor, who appoints the islands' chief executive on the advice of members of the Legislative Assembly.[74] Both the governor and the chief executive serve as the head of government.[75]

Governor Alison Blake was appointed in July 2022[76] and Chief Executive Andy Keeling was appointed in April 2021.[77] The UK minister responsible for the Falkland Islands since 2023, David Rutley, administers British foreign policy regarding the islands.[78]

The governor acts on the advice of the islands'

independent; no political parties exist on the islands.[79] Since the 2013 general election, members of the Legislative Assembly have received a salary and are expected to work full-time and give up all previously held jobs or business interests.[80]

As a territory of the United Kingdom, the Falklands were part of the

Privy Council.[83][84] Law enforcement is the responsibility of the Royal Falkland Islands Police (RFIP).[82]

Defence

Main article: Military of the Falkland Islands

Defence of the islands is provided by the United Kingdom.

platoon to company-sized light infantry Falkland Islands Defence Force.[86] The Falklands claim an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) extending 200 nmi (370 km) from its coastal baselines, based on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea; this zone overlaps with the EEZ of Argentina.[87]

Sovereignty dispute

Main article: Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute

The UK and Argentina both assert sovereignty over the Falkland Islands. The UK bases its position on its continuous administration of the islands since 1833 and the islanders' "right to

UN Charter".[88][89][90] Argentina claims that, when it achieved independence in 1816, it acquired the Falklands from Spain.[91][92][93] The incident of 1833 is particularly contentious; Argentina considers it proof of "Britain's usurpation" whereas the UK discounts it as a mere reassertion of its claim.[94][L]

In 2009, the British prime minister, Gordon Brown, had a meeting with the Argentine president, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, and said that there would be no further talks over the sovereignty of the Falklands.[97] In March 2013, the Falkland Islands held a referendum on its political status: 99.8% of votes cast favoured remaining a British overseas territory.[98][99] Argentina does not recognise the Falkland Islanders as a partner in negotiations.[91][100][101]

Geography

Main article: Geography of the Falkland Islands
Topographic image
Map of the Falkland Islands

The Falkland Islands have a land area of 4,700 sq mi (12,000 km2) and a coastline estimated at 800 mi (1,300 km).[102] The archipelago consists of two main islands, West Falkland and East Falkland, and 776 smaller islands.[103] The islands are predominantly mountainous and hilly,[104] with the major exception being the depressed plains of Lafonia (a peninsula forming the southern part of East Falkland).[105] The Falklands consists of continental crust fragments resulting from the break-up of Gondwana and the opening of the South Atlantic that began 130 million years ago. The islands are located in the South Atlantic Ocean, on the Patagonian Shelf, about 300 mi (480 km) east of Patagonia in southern Argentina.[106]

The Falklands' approximate location is latitude 51°40′ – 53°00′ S and longitude 57°40′ – 62°00′ W.

natural harbours.[109] East Falkland houses Stanley (the capital and largest settlement),[107] the UK military base at RAF Mount Pleasant, and the archipelago's highest point: Mount Usborne, at 2,313 ft (705 m).[108] Outside of these significant settlements is the area colloquially known as "Camp", which is derived from the Spanish term for countryside (Campo).[110]

The climate of the islands is cold, windy, and humid maritime.[106] Variability of daily weather is typical throughout the archipelago.[111] Rainfall is common over half of the year, averaging 610 mm (24 in) in Stanley, and sporadic light snowfall occurs nearly all year.[104] The temperature has historically stayed between 21.1 and −11.1 °C (70.0 and 12.0 °F) in Stanley, with mean monthly temperatures varying from 9 °C (48 °F) early in the year to −1 °C (30 °F) in July.[111] Strong westerly winds and cloudy skies are common.[104] Although numerous storms are recorded each month, conditions are normally calm.[111]

Biodiversity

Main article: Wildlife of the Falkland Islands
Large group of short, squat penguins on barren shore
Colony of southern rockhopper penguins on Saunders Island

The Falkland Islands are

avifauna. The only endemic bird species on the Falkland Islands are the flightless Falkland steamer duck and Cobb's wren.[114][115][116] 63 species breed on the islands, including 14 endemic subspecies.[117]

There is also abundant

warrah, was hunted to extinction by European settlers.[121]

The islands are frequented by marine mammals, such as the southern elephant seal and the South American fur seal, and various types of cetaceans; offshore islands house the rare striated caracara. There are also five different penguin species and a few of the largest albatross colonies on the planet.[122] Endemic fish around the islands are primarily from the genus Galaxias.[118] The Falklands are treeless and have a wind-resistant vegetation predominantly composed of a variety of dwarf shrubs.[123]

Virtually the entire land area of the islands is used as pasture for sheep.[124] Introduced species include reindeer, hares, rabbits, Patagonian foxes, brown rats, and cats.[125] Several of these species have harmed native flora and fauna, so the government has tried to contain, remove or exterminate foxes, rabbits and rats. Endemic land animals have been the most affected by introduced species, and several bird species have been extirpated from the larger islands.[126] The extent of human impact on the Falklands is unclear, since there is little long-term data on habitat change.[113]

Economy

Main article: Economy of the Falkland Islands
Aerial photograph of small seaside city
Stanley, now officially a city, is the financial centre of the Falkland Islands' economy.[127]

As of 2023, the economy of the Falkland Islands is ranked the 221st largest out of 229 in the world by GDP (

pegged to the British pound sterling.[131]

Economic development was advanced by

synthetic fibres damaged the sheep-farming sector, the government secured a major revenue stream by the establishment of an exclusive economic zone and the sale of fishing licences to "anybody wishing to fish within this zone".[134] Since the end of the Falklands War in 1982, the islands' economic activity increasingly focused on oil field exploration and tourism.[135] All large settlements are now connected by road and, since 2008, a ferry links West and East Falkland.[136] The islands' major exports include wool, hides, venison, fish and squid; its main imports include fuel, building materials and clothing.[124]

The port settlement of Stanley has regained the islands' economic focus, with an increase in population as workers migrate from Camp.

illegal fishing and fish market price fluctuations led to increased interest in oil drilling as an alternative source of revenue. As of 2001 exploration efforts had yet to find "exploitable reserves".[127] By 2023, oil exploration was still proceeding off the shelf of the islands with a deepwater project led by Rockhopper Exploration. In 2023, Rockhopper (working with Tel Aviv-listed Navitas Petroleum) indicated that it had been presented with a new development plan for its Sea Lion project that aimed to cut costs and proceed in phases. It was stated that: "If realized, the new plan – with a total price tag of $2.2 billion – could lead to 80,000 barrels per day of production (up to 100,000 b/d at peak) via a leased floating production, storage and offloading unit". A final investment decision was targeted for early 2024.[138]

Development projects in education and sports have been funded by the Falklands government, without aid from the United Kingdom.[134]

The primary sector of the economy accounts for most of the Falkland Islands' gross domestic product, with the fishing industry alone contributing between 50% and 60% of annual GDP; agriculture also contributes significantly to GDP and employs about a tenth of the population.[139] A little over a quarter of the workforce serves the Falkland Islands government, making it the archipelago's largest employer.[140] Tourism, part of the service economy, has been spurred by increased interest in Antarctic exploration and the creation of direct air links with the United Kingdom and South America.[141] Tourists, mostly cruise ship passengers, are attracted by the archipelago's wildlife and environment, as well as activities such as fishing and wreck diving; the majority find accommodation in Stanley.[142] The main international airport, located at RAF Mount Pleasant on East Falkland, provides flights to RAF Brize Norton in the UK and mainland South America.[136] Port Stanley Airport provides internal flights.[143] Despite COVID-19 pandemic restrictions causing suspensions of flights from Santiago and São Paulo and prohibited cruise ship tourism, the economy of the islands remains stable and healthy.[144]

Demographics

See also: Origins of Falkland Islanders and Religion in the Falkland Islands
Photograph of a building
Christ Church Cathedral, the local parish church of the Anglican Communion. Most Falklanders identify themselves as Christian.

The Falkland Islands population is homogeneous, mostly descended from Scottish and Welsh immigrants who settled in the territory after 1833.

British citizenship was given to Falkland Islanders under the British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act 1983.[145]

A significant population decline affected the archipelago in the 20th century, with many young islanders moving overseas in search of education, a modern lifestyle, and better job opportunities,

Falkland Islander (59 per cent), followed by British (29 per cent), Saint Helenian (9.8 per cent), and Chilean (5.4 per cent).[151] A small number of Argentines also live on the islands.[152]

The Falkland Islands

British Ministry of Defence civil servants present in the Falklands.[140] Stanley (with 2,121 residents) is the most-populous location on the archipelago, followed by Mount Pleasant (369 residents, primarily air-base contractors) and Camp (351 residents).[151] The islands' age distribution is skewed towards working age (20–60). Males outnumber females (53 to 47 per cent), and this discrepancy is most prominent in the 20–60 age group.[146]

In the 2012 census, most islanders identified themselves as Christian (66 per cent), followed by those with no religious affiliation (32 per cent). The remaining 2 per cent identified as adherents of other religions, including the

Roman Catholicism.[157]

GCE Advanced Level or vocational qualifications. The Falkland Islands government pays for older students to attend institutions of higher education, usually in the United Kingdom.[158]

Culture

Main article: Culture of the Falkland Islands
mate
at Hope Place in East Falkland, influenced the local dialect.

Falklands culture is based on the cultural traditions of its British settlers but has also been influenced by Hispanic South America.[150] Falklanders still use some terms and place names from the former Gaucho inhabitants.[159] The Falklands' predominant and official language is English, with the foremost dialect being British English; nonetheless, some inhabitants also speak Spanish.[150] According to naturalist Will Wagstaff, "the Falkland Islands are a very social place, and stopping for a chat is a way of life".[159]

The islands have one weekly newspaper

The Penguin News,[160] and television and radio broadcasts generally feature programming from the United Kingdom.[150] Wagstaff describes the local cuisine as "very British in character with much use made of the home-grown vegetables, local lamb, mutton, beef, and fish". Common between meals are "homemade cakes and biscuits with tea or coffee".[161] Social activities are, according to Wagstaff, "typical of that of a small British town with a variety of clubs and organisations covering many aspects of community life".[162]

Sport

Main article: Sport in the Falkland Islands

Despite their small size, the Falkland Islands compete in the Commonwealth Games and Island Games.[163] The Falkland Islands national cricket team is a member of the International Cricket Council.[164]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ According to researcher Simon Taylor, the exact Gaelic etymology is unclear as the "falk" in the name could have stood for "hidden" (falach), "wash" (failc), or "heavy rain" (falc).[8]
  2. ^ Based on his analysis of Falkland Islands discovery claims, historian John Dunmore concludes that "[a] number of countries could therefore lay some claim to the archipelago under the heading of first discoverers: Spain, Holland, Britain, and even Italy and Portugal – although the last two claimants might be stretching things a little."[22]
  3. George III of Great Britain.[24][25]
  4. ^ According to Argentine legal analyst Roberto Laver, the United Kingdom disregards Jewett's actions because the government he represented "was not recognized either by Britain or any other foreign power at the time" and "no act of occupation followed the ceremony of claiming possession".[32]
  5. ^ Before leaving for the Falklands Vernet stamped his grant at the British Consulate, repeating this when Buenos Aires extended his grant in 1828.[33] The cordial relationship between the consulate and Vernet led him to express "the wish that, in the event of the British returning to the islands, HMG would take his settlement under their protection".[34]
  6. ^ The log of the "Lexington" only reports the destruction of arms and a powder store, but Vernet made a claim for compensation from the US Government stating that the entire settlement was destroyed.[37]
  7. Baring Brothers".[41] In 1850, Rosas' government ratified the Arana–Southern Treaty, which put "an end to the existing differences, and of restoring perfect relations of friendship" between the United Kingdom and Argentina.[42]
  8. ^ Argentina protested in 1841, 1849, 1884, 1888, 1908, 1927 and 1933, and has made annual protests to the United Nations since 1946.[44]
  9. ^ There were continual tensions with the colonial administration over Lafone's failure to establish any permanent settlers, and over the price of beef supplied to the settlement. Moreover, although his concession required Lafone to bring settlers from the UK, most of the settlers he brought were gauchos from Uruguay.[51]
  10. ^ The minefields were fenced off and marked; there remain unexploded ordnance and improvised explosive devices.[64] Detection and clearance of mines in the Falklands has proven difficult as some were air-delivered and not in marked fields; approximately 80% lie in sand or peat, where the position of mines can shift, making removal procedures difficult.[65]
  11. ^ In 1976, Lord Shackleton produced a report into the economic future of the islands; but his recommendations were not implemented because Britain sought to avoid confronting Argentina over sovereignty.[67] Lord Shackleton was once again tasked, in 1982, to produce a report into the economic development of the islands. His new report criticised the large farming companies, and recommended transferring ownership of farms from absentee landlords to local landowners. Shackleton also suggested diversifying the economy into fishing, oil exploration, and tourism; moreover, he recommended the establishment of a road network, and conservation measures to preserve the islands' natural resources.[67]
  12. ^ Argentina considers that, in 1833, the UK established an "illegal occupation" of the Falklands after expelling Argentine authorities and settlers from the islands with a threat of "greater force" and, afterwards, barring Argentines from resettling the islands.[91][92][93] The Falkland Islands' government considers that only Argentina's military personnel was expelled in 1833, but its civilian settlers were "invited to stay" and did so except for 2 and their wives.[95] International affairs scholar Lowell Gustafson considers that "[t]he use of force by the British on the Falkland Islands in 1833 was less dramatic than later Argentine rhetoric has suggested".[96]
  13. ^ At the time of the 2012 census, 91 Falklands residents were overseas.[151]

References

  1. ^ a b "2021 Census Report" (XLSX). Policy and Economic Development Unit, Falkland Islands Government. 2022.
  2. ^ "State of the Falkland Islands Economy" (PDF). March 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
  3. ^ "Gini Index coefficient". CIA World Factbook. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  4. ^ a b Avakov 2013, p. 47.
  5. ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6
    .
  6. ^ Jones 2009, p. 73.
  7. ^ See:
  8. ^ Taylor & Márkus 2005, p. 158.
  9. ^ Room 2006, p. 129.
  10. ^ See:
  11. ^ Hince 2001, p. 121.
  12. ^ See:
  13. ^ Balmaceda 2011, Chapter 36.
  14. ^ "United Nations General Assembly Twentieth Session". United Nations Digital Library. 1967. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  15. ^ Foreign Office 1961, p. 80.
  16. ^ "Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications". United Nations Statistics Division. 13 February 2013. Archived from the original on 28 June 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
  17. PMID 34705512
    .
  18. S2CID 129083566
    .
  19. ^ a b Carafano 2005, p. 367.
  20. ^ White, Michael (2 February 2012). "Who first owned the Falkland Islands?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 10 February 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
  21. ^ Goebel 1971, pp. xiv–xv.
  22. ^ Dunmore 2005, p. 93.
  23. ^ See:
  24. ^ Gustafson 1988, pp. 9–10.
  25. ^ Dunmore 2005, pp. 139–40.
  26. ^ See:
  27. ^ Segal 1991, p. 240.
  28. ^ Gibran 1998, p. 26.
  29. ^ Gibran 1998, pp. 26–27.
  30. ^ a b c Gibran 1998, p. 27.
  31. ^ See:
  32. ^ Laver 2001, p. 73.
  33. ^ Cawkell 2001, pp. 48–50.
  34. ^ Cawkell 2001, p. 50.
  35. ^ See:
  36. ^ Pascoe & Pepper 2008, pp. 540–46.
  37. ^ a b Pascoe & Pepper 2008, pp. 541–44.
  38. ^ Peterson 1964, p. 106.
  39. ^ Graham-Yooll 2002, p. 50.
  40. ^ Reginald & Elliot 1983, pp. 25–26.
  41. ^ Laver 2001, pp. 122–23.
  42. ^ Hertslet 1851, p. 105.
  43. ^ Gustafson 1988, pp. 34–35.
  44. ^ Gustafson 1988, p. 34.
  45. ^ a b Graham-Yooll 2002, pp. 51–52.
  46. ^ Aldrich & Connell 1998, p. 201.
  47. ^ See:
  48. ^ a b c Reginald & Elliot 1983, p. 9.
  49. ^ a b Bernhardson 2011, Stanley and Vicinity: History.
  50. ^ Strange 1987, pp. 72–74.
  51. ^ Strange 1987, p. 84.
  52. ^ a b See:
  53. ^ Strange 1987, pp. 72–73.
  54. ^ Day 2013, p. 129–30.
  55. ^ Haddelsey & Carroll 2014, Prologue.
  56. ^ Zepeda 2005, p. 102.
  57. ^ a b Laver 2001, p. 125.
  58. ^ Thomas 1991, p. 24.
  59. ^ Thomas 1991, pp. 24–27.
  60. ^ Norton-Taylor, Richard; Evans, Rob (28 June 2005). "UK held secret talks to cede sovereignty: Minister met junta envoy in Switzerland, official war history reveals". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 19 September 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
  61. ^ Thomas 1991, pp. 28–31.
  62. ^ See:
  63. ^ Gibran 1998, pp. 130–35.
  64. ^ a b c "The Long Road to Clearing Falklands Landmines". BBC News. 14 March 2010. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
  65. ISSN 1533-6905. Archived
    from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
  66. ^ "Falklands community invited to 'Reclaim the Beach' to celebrate completion of demining – Penguin News". Penguin News. 23 October 2020. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
  67. ^ a b c d Cawkell 2001, p. 147.
  68. ^ Fletcher, Nick (23 November 2012). "Desire Petroleum optimistic over Falklands oil prospects". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
  69. ^ "The Falkland Islands, 30 Years After the War with Argentina". Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
  70. ^ Grant Munro (8 December 2011). "Falklands' Land Mine Clearance Set to Enter a New Expanded Phase in Early 2012". MercoPress. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
  71. ^ See:
  72. ^ Cahill 2010, "Falkland Islands".
  73. ^ a b "New Year begins with a new Constitution for the Falklands". MercoPress. 1 January 2009. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
  74. ^ a b c "The Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008" (PDF). The Queen in Council. 5 November 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
  75. ^ Buckman 2012, p. 394.
  76. ^ "As of Saturday, Falklands have the first woman Governor, Ms Alison Blake CMG". MercoPress. 23 July 2022.
  77. ^ "Andy Keeling: New Chief Executive to arrive in the Falklands next week". MercoPress. 23 March 2021.
  78. ^ "Minister of State (Overseas Territories, Commonwealth, Energy, Climate and Environment)". GOV.UK.
  79. ^ Central Intelligence Agency 2011, "Falkland Islands (Malvinas) – Government".
  80. ^ "Falklands lawmakers: "The full time problem"". MercoPress. 28 October 2013. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2014.
  81. ^ EuropeAid (4 June 2014). "EU relations with Overseas Countries and Territories". European Commission. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  82. ^ a b Sainato 2010, pp. 157–158.
  83. ^ "A New Approach to the British Overseas Territories" (PDF). London: Ministry of Justice. 2012. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  84. ^ "The Falkland Islands (Appeals to Privy Council) (Amendment) Order 2009", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, SI 2006/3205
  85. ^ Central Intelligence Agency 2011, "Falkland Islands (Malvinas) – Transportation".
  86. ^ Martin Fletcher (6 March 2010). "Falklands Defence Force better equipped than ever, says commanding officer". The Times. Archived from the original on 11 May 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
  87. ^ International Boundaries Research Unit. "Argentina and UK claims to maritime jurisdiction in the South Atlantic and Southern Oceans". Durham University. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
  88. ^ Lansford 2012, p. 1528.
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