Fall of Tripoli (1289)
Siege of Tripoli (1289) | |||||||||
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Part of The Crusades | |||||||||
The siege of Tripoli by the Mamluks in 1289. | |||||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||||
Mamluk Sultanate |
County of Tripoli Knights Templar Knights Hospitaller Republic of Genoa | ||||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
Qalawun |
Amalric of Tyre Jean de Grailly |
The Fall of Tripoli was the capture and destruction of the
Context
The County of Tripoli, though founded as a Crusader State and predominantly Christian, had been a vassal state of the
After the destruction of Baghdad and the capture of Damascus, which were the centers of the
The Mongols, for their part, had not proven to be staunch defenders of their vassal, the Christian state of Tripoli. Abaqa Khan, the ruler of the Ilkhanate, who had been sent envoys to Europe in an attempt to form a Franco-Mongol alliance against the Muslims, had died in 1282. He was succeeded by Tekuder, a convert to Islam. Under Tekuder's leadership, the Ilkhanate was not inclined to defend vassal Christian territories against Muslim encroachment. This enabled the Mamluks to continue their attacks against the remaining coastal cities which were still under Crusader control.[4]
Tekuder was assassinated in 1284 and replaced by Abaqa's son
The Mamluk Sultan
The knights and barons united in 1288 to countermand the Bohemond family's dynastic claims and replace it with a republican style commune under the leadership of Bartholomew Embriaco of
Siege
Qalawun started the siege of Tripoli in March 1289, arriving with a sizable army and large
The Mamluks fired their catapults, two towers soon crumbled under the bombardments, and the defenders hastily prepared to flee. The Mamluks overran the crumbling walls, and captured the city on 26 April, marking the end of an uninterrupted Christian rule of 180 years, the longest of any of the major Frankish conquests in the Levant.[12] Lucia managed to flee to Cyprus, with two Marshals of the Orders and Almaric of Cyprus. The commander of the Temple Peter of Moncada was killed, as well as Bartholomew Embriaco.[13] The population of the city was massacred, although many managed to escape by ship. Those who had taken refuge on the nearby island of Saint-Thomas were captured by the Mamluks on 29 April. Women and children were taken as slaves, and 1200 prisoners were sent to Alexandria to work in the Sultan's new arsenal.
Tripoli was razed to the ground, and Qalawun ordered a new Tripoli to be built on another spot, a few miles inland at the foot of
Aftermath
Two years later
Notes
- ^ K. Eubel, ed. Hierarchia catholica medii aevi, I Monasterii, sumptibus et typis librariae Regensbergianae, [1898] 1913, 92. On Mansel genealogy see W. H Rudt de Collenberg, "A Fragmentary Copy of an Unknown Recension of the 'Lignages d'Outre-Mer' in the Vatican Library", English Historical Review, 98/ 387 (1983), 320-5.
- ^ British Library Add MS 27695 f. 5. http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/record.asp?MSID=8334 Archived 2017-08-20 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 14 April 2017); Faunce, The Cocharelli Codex, Chapter 8.
- ^ Grousset, p.727
- ^ Tyerman, p.817
- ^ Faunce, The Cocharelli Codex, Chapter 8.
- '^ Cited in P. F. Crawford, The 'Templar of Tyre' Part II of the 'Deeds of the Cypriots, Crusade Texts in Translation London: Ashgate, 2003, 467: 96. Also see Runciman, The Kingdom of Acre, 404-5.
- ^ Faunce, The Cocharelli Codex, Chapter 8.
- ^ On these dealings see the 'Templar of Tyre', 468-72, 96-8.
- ^ Runciman, p.405
- ^ 'Templar of Tyre', 473-4, 98-9.
- ^ Runciman, p.406
- ^ Tyerman, p.817: "Tripoli followed in 1289, after 180 years of uninterrupted Christian rule, the longest of any of the major Frankish conquests."
- ^ Runciman, p.407
- ^ Jean Richard, p. 475
References
- Crawford, P. F., The 'Templar of Tyre' Part II of the 'Deeds of the Cypriots', Crusade Texts in Translation London: Ashgate, 2003. ISBN 9781840146189
- Faunce, R., "The Cocharelli Codex. Illuminating Virtue: A Fourteenth-century Father's Counsel to his Son", PhD The University of Melbourne, 2016.
- Eubel, K. ed., Hierarchia catholica medii aevi, I, Monasterii, sumptibus et typis librariae Regensbergianae, [1898] 1913.
- Richard, J., Histoire des Croisades, ISBN 2-213-59787-1
- Richard, J., The Crusades c.1071-c.1291, trans. J. Birrell, Cambridge University Press, 1999.
- Rudt de Collenberg, W. H., "A Fragmentary Copy of an Unknown Recension of the 'Lignages d'Outre-Mer' in the Vatican Library", English Historical Review, 98/ 387 (1983), 311–327.
- ISBN 0-14-013705-X.
- ISBN 0-7139-9220-4