Familialism
The examples and perspective in this deal primarily with Western culture and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (March 2021) |
Familialism or familism is an ideology that puts priority to family.[1] The term familialism has been specifically used for advocating a welfare system wherein it is presumed that families will take responsibility for the care of their members rather than leaving that responsibility to the government.[1] The term familism relates more to family values.[1] This can manifest as prioritizing the needs of the family higher than that of individuals.[1] Yet, the two terms are often used interchangeably.[2]
In the
Regarding familism as a fertility factor, there is limited support among Hispanics of an increased number of children with increased familism in the sense of prioritizing the needs of the family higher than that of individuals.[3] On the other hand, the fertility impact is unknown in regard to systems where the majority of the economic and caring responsibilities rest on the family (such as in Southern Europe), as opposed to defamilialized systems where welfare and caring responsibilities are largely supported by the state (such as Nordic countries).[4]
Western familism
In the
Historical and philosophical background of Western familism
Ancient political familialism
"
Aristotle (384–322 BCE) argued that the schema of authority and subordination exists in the whole of nature. He gave examples such as man and animal (domestic), man and wife, slaves and children. Further, he claimed that it is found in any animal, as the relationship he believed to exist between soul and body, of "which the former is by nature the ruling and the later subject factor".[3] Aristotle further asserted that "the government of a household is a monarchy since every house is governed by a single ruler".[4] Later, he said that husbands exercise a republican government over their wives and monarchical government over their children, and that they exhibit political office over slaves and royal office over the family in general.[5]
Arius Didymus (1st century CE), cited centuries later by Stobaeus, wrote that "A primary kind of association (politeia) is the legal union of a man and woman for begetting children and for sharing life". From the collection of households a village is formed and from villages a city, "So just as the household yields for the city the seeds of its formation, thus it yields the constitution (politeia)". Further, Didymus claims that "Connected with the house is a pattern of monarchy, of aristocracy and of democracy. The relationship of parents to children is monarchic, of husbands to wives aristocratic, of children to one another democratic".[6]
Modern political familialism
The family is in the center of the social philosophy of the early
"Our 'individualism' is really 'familism'. ... The family is still the unit in production and consumption."[8]
Some modern thinkers, such as
- "(It) calls man the reason, the head, the power of woman: Vir caput est mulieris (the man is head of the woman) says St. Paul. It calls woman the helper or minister of man: "Let us make man," says Genesis, "a helper similar to him." It calls the child a subject, since it tells it, in a thousand places, to obey its parents".[9]
Bonald also sees divorce as the first stage of disorder in the state, insisting that the deconstitution of the family brings about the deconstitution of state, with
Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn also connects family and monarchy:
- "Due to its inherent patriarchalism, monarchy fits organically into the ecclesiastic and familistic pattern of a Christian society. (Compare the teaching of Pope fatherland' and the people is one of mutual love".[11]
Criticism of Western familism
Criticism in practice
Familialism has been challenged as historically and sociologically inadequate to describe the complexity of actual family relations.[5] In modern American society in which the male head of the household can no longer be guaranteed a wage suitable to support a family, 1950s-style familialism has been criticized as counterproductive to family formation and fertility.[6][7]
Imposition of Western-style familialism on other cultures has been disruptive to traditional non-nuclear family forms such as matrilineality.[8]
The rhetoric of "family values" has been used to demonize single mothers and LGBT couples, who allegedly lack them. This has a disproportionate impact on the African-American community, as African-American women are more likely to be single mothers.[9]
Criticism from the LGBT community
LGBT communities tend to accept and support the diversity of intimate human associations, partially as a result of their historically ostracized status from nuclear family structures. From its inception in the late 1960s, the gay rights movement has asserted every individual's right to create and define their own relationships and family in the way most conducive to the safety, happiness, and self-actualization of each individual.
For example, the glossary of LGBT terms of Family Pride Canada, a Canadian organization advocating for family equality for LGBT parents, defines familialism as:
a rigidly conservative ideology promoted by the defenders of "Family Values," who insist, despite all the sociological evidence to the contrary, that the only real family is a traditional 1950s-style white, middle-class household with a faithfully married dad and a mom whose sex life is strictly yet blissfully procreative, and whose high moral standards are passed on like old china to their perfectly heterosexual children.[10]
Criticism in psychology
Normalization of the nuclear family as the only healthy environment for children has been criticized by psychologists. In a peer-reviewed study from 2007, adoptees have been shown to display self-esteem comparable with non-adoptees.[11]
In a meta-study from 2012, "quality of parenting and parent–child relationships" is described as the most important factor to children development. Also "Dimensions of family structure including such factors as divorce, single parenthood, and the parents' sexual orientation and biological relatedness between parents and children are of little or no predictive importance"[12]
Criticism in psychoanalysis
Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, in their now-classic 1972 book Anti-Oedipus, argued that psychiatry and psychoanalysis, since their inception, have been affected by an incurable familialism, which is their ordinary bed and board.[13][14][15] Psychoanalysis has never escaped from this, having remained captive to an unrepentant familialism.[16]
Through familialism, and the psychoanalysis based on it, guilt is inscribed upon the family's smallest member, the child, and
According to Deleuze and Guattari, among the psychiatrists only
Criticism in Marxism
In
In
Engels pointed out disparities between the legal recognition of a marriage, and the reality of it. A legal marriage is entered into freely by both partners, and the law states both partners must have common ground in rights and duties.[25] There are other factors that the bureaucratic legal system cannot take into account however, since it is "not the law's business".[25] These may include differences in the class position of both parties and pressure on them from outside to bear children.[25]
For Engels, the obligation of the husband in the traditional two-parent familial structure is to earn a living and support his family.[25] This gives him a position of supremacy.[25] This role is given without a particular need for special legal titles or privileges.[25] Within the family, he represents the bourgeois, and the wife represents the proletariat.[25] Engels, on the other hand, equates the position of the wife in marriage with one of exploitation and prostitution, as she sells her body "once and for all into slavery".[25]
More recent criticism from a
In politics
Part of a series on |
Conservatism |
---|
This section has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
|
Australia
The
In the 2007 Australian election, Family First came under fire for giving preferences in some areas to the
United Kingdom
Family values was a recurrent theme in the Conservative government of John Major. His Back to Basics initiative became the subject of ridicule after the party was affected by a series of sleaze scandals. John Major himself, the architect of the policy, was subsequently found to have had an affair with Edwina Currie. Family values were revived under David Cameron, being a recurring theme in his speeches on social responsibility and related policies, demonstrated by his Marriage Tax allowance policy which would provide tax breaks for married couples.
New Zealand
Family values politics reached their apex under the social conservative administration of the Third National Government (1975–84), widely criticised for its populist and social conservative views about abortion and homosexuality. Under the Fourth Labour Government (1984–90), homosexuality was decriminalised and abortion access became easier to obtain.
In the early 1990s, New Zealand
At present,
Russia
Federal law of Russian Federation no. 436-FZ of 2010-12-23 "On Protecting Children from Information Harmful to Their Health and Development" lists information "negating family values and forming disrespect to parents and/or other family members" as information not suitable for children ("18+" rating).[30] It does not contain any separate definition of family values.
Singapore
Singapore's main political party, the People's Action Party, promotes family values intensively. Former Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong said that "The family is the basic building block of our society. [...] And by "family" in Singapore, we mean one man, one woman, marrying, having children and bringing up children within that framework of a stable family unit."[31] One MP has described the nature of family values in the city-state as "almost Victorian in nature". The government is opposed to same-sex adoption. The Singaporean justice system uses corporal punishment.[32]
United States
This article is part of a series on |
Conservatism in the United States |
---|
The use of family values as a political term dates back to 1976, when it appeared in the Republican Party
In 1998, a
- 52% of women and 42% of men thought family values means "loving, taking care of, and supporting each other"
- 38% of women and 35% of men thought family values means "knowing right from wrong and having good values"
- 2% of women and 1% men thought of family values in terms of the "traditional family"
The survey noted that 93% of all women thought that society should value all types of families (Harris did not publish the responses for men).[35]
Republican Party
Since 1980, the Republican Party has used the issue of family values to attract socially conservative voters.[36] While "family values" remains an amorphous concept, social conservatives usually understand the term to include some combination of the following principles[citation needed] (also referenced in the 2004 Republican Party platform):[37]
- opposition to sex outside of marriage
- support for a traditional role for women in "the family"
- opposition to gender transition
- support for complementarianism[38][39][40]
- opposition to legalized induced abortion
- support for abstinence-only sex education
- support for policies said to protect children from obscenity and exploitation
Social and religious
Democratic Party
Although the term "family values" remains a core issue for the Republican Party, the Democratic Party has also used the term, though differing in its definition. In his acceptance speech at the 2004 Democratic National Convention, John Kerry said "it is time for those who talk about family values to start valuing families".[43]
Other
While conservative sexual ethics focus on preventing premarital or non-procreative sex, liberal sexual ethics are typically[quantify] directed rather towards consent, regardless of whether or not the partners are married.[46][47][48]
Demographics
Population studies have found that in 2004 and 2008, liberal-voting ("blue") states have lower rates of divorce and teenage pregnancy than conservative-voting ("red") states. June Carbone, author of Red Families vs. Blue Families, opines that the driving factor is that people in liberal states tend to wait longer before getting married.[49]
A 2002 government survey found that 95% of adult Americans had premarital sex. This number had risen slightly from the 1950s, when it was nearly 90%. The median age of first premarital sex has dropped in that time from 20.4 to 17.6.[50]
Christian right
The Christian right often promotes the term family values to refer to their version of familialism.[51][52][53]
See also
- Nepotism, favoritism granted to relatives and friends without regard to merit
- Nuclear family, a family group consisting of a pair of adults and their children
- Natalism, a belief that promotes human reproduction
- Extended family
- Single parent
- Family Coalition Party of British Columbia
- Family Party of Germany
- League of Polish Families
- Nepal Pariwar Dal
- New Reform Party of Ontario, founded as Family Coalition Party of Ontario
- Party for Japanese Kokoro
- The People of Family
- We Are Family (Slovakia)
- World Congress of Families
References
- ^ ISBN 9789004264359.
- PMID 18426288.
- PMID 24068847.
- PMID 23440941.
- ^ DePaulo, B. and Milardo, R. (2011). "Interview: Beyond the Nuclear Family".
- ISBN 978-0-7425-4585-4.
- ISBN 978-90-481-8968-7.
- ISBN 978-0-415-93447-3.
- University of Santa Clara. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
- ^ "Family Pride Canada: Glossary of LGBT Terms: Familialism". Archived from the original on 25 July 2009. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
- PMID 17967094.
- S2CID 145728456.
- ^ Arthur Redding (1997) God the linguist teaches us to breathe: Ivan Blatný's English poems
- ^ Mindy Badía, Bonnie L. Gasior (2006) Crosscurrents: transatlantic perspectives on early modern Hispanic drama p. 144
- ^ Emma L. Jeanes and Christian De Cock (2005) Making the Familiar Strange: A Deleuzian Perspective on Creativity, University of Exeter, Creativity and Innovation Management Community Workshop, 23–24 March 2005, Oxford
- ^ Deleuze and Guattari (1972) Anti-Oedipus pp. 101–2, 143, 181, 293, 304, 393
- ^ Deleuze and Guattari (1972) Anti-Oedipus p. 102
- The History of Madness, Routledge 2006, pp. 490–1, 507–8, 510–1
- ^ Deleuze and Guattari (1972) Anti-Oedipus pp. 293, 393
- ^ Deleuze and Guattari (1972) Anti-Oedipus p. 304
- ^ Deleuze and Guattari (1972) Anti-Oedipus p. 143
- ^ Deleuze and Guattari (1972) Anti-Oedipus pp. 189–1
- ^ a b c d e Gaspar, Phil. "The Communist Manifesto", Google Books, Chicago, 2005. Retrieved on 24 October 2013. p. 65.
- ^ Gaspar, Phil. "The Communist Manifesto", Google Books, Chicago, 2005. Retrieved on 24 October 2013. p. 66.
- ^ Marxists.org, 2010. Retrieved on 24 October 2013.
- ^ Healy, Lisa. "Capitalism and the Transforming Family Unit", Socheolas, University of Limerick, November 2009. Retrieved on 24 October 2013.
- ^ Healy, Lisa. "Capitalism and the Transforming Family Unit", Socheolas, University of Limerick, November 2009. Retrieved on 24 October 2013. p. 25.
- ^ a b c d Healy, Lisa. "Capitalism and the Transforming Family Unit", Socheolas, University of Limerick, November 2009. Retrieved on 24 October 2013. p. 26.
- ^ Lewis, Steve (6 November 2007). "Christian party's unholy alliance". Herald Sun.
- ^ Антон Одынец (4 January 2011). Детей защитят от 'вредных' книг и фильмов [Protecting children against 'harmful' books and movies] (in Russian). Фонтанка.Ру. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
- ^ "Global Rights/Commonwealth, Stage 1, Appendix 3". Alex Au. 3 October 2009. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 26 September 2010.
- ^ Han, Kirsten (January 2019). "A London DJ's punishment sheds light on Singapore's caning shame". The Guardian.
- ^ Stone, Lawrence (16–17 November 1994). "Family Values in a Historical Perspective" (PDF). The Tanner Lectures on Human Values. University of Utah. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
- ^ Coontz, Stephanie (1 May 2005). "For Better, For Worse". Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
- ^ "Public Opinion on the Family – Family Diversity". Libraryindex.com. Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
Questions about family values have generally included issues concerning the current diversity of family structures.
- ^ "T. Rexs Guide to Life — Main / Republican Family Values". Archived from the original on 24 February 2007.
- ^ "2004 Republican Party Platform: A Safer World and a More Hopeful America" (PDF). MSNBC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 May 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
- ISBN 9781602581876. Retrieved 31 December 2007.
Late Victorian culture assumed that family was the basic model for society and that the relationships and values of the family, which were based on complementarian gender assumptions, ought to be extended into social ...
- ISBN 9780802144201. Retrieved 31 December 2007.
The new right put a positive spin on anti-pluralist morality. They weren't just against sinners and feminists; they were the "pro-family" and "pro-life" champions of wholesome "family values." Still, defense of the family meant battling the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), abortion, pornography, gay rights, and gun control.
- ISBN 978-0300155730. Retrieved 31 December 2007.
Founded at the same time that the evangelical pro-life movement was gathering stream, Focus was politicized from its inception. In the 1980s Dobson became more involved in politics, focusing on a cluster of issues related to family matters, including abortion, pornography, and the women's movement.
- ^ "American Family Association". Afa.net. 6 August 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
- ^ "A Rebirth of Constitutional Government".
- ^ John Woolley; Gerhard Peters (29 July 2004). "Speech to the 2004 Democratic National Convention". Boston, Massachusetts: The American Presidency Project. Archived from the original on 1 November 2004. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
- The Huffington Post, 2008-05-21
- ^ "/ News / Boston Globe / Opinion / Op-ed / Walking the walk on family values". Boston.com. 31 October 2004. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
- ISBN 978-1-58005-257-3.
- ^ Corinna, Heather. "What Is Feminist Sex Education?". Scarleteen. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
- ^ Corinna, Heather (11 May 2010). "How Can Sex Ed Prevent Rape?". Scarleteen. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
- ^ "Red Families Vs. Blue Families". NPR. 9 May 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
- ^ Jayson, Sharon (19 December 2006). "Most Americans have had premarital sex, study finds". USA Today. Retrieved 22 May 2010. Based on data from National Survey of Family Growth (2002).
- ISBN 978-1-881871-49-1.
- ISSN 0884-8971.
- ^ Seth Dowland, Family Values and the Rise of the Christian Right (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015)
- ^ Focus on the Family Issue Analysts. "Our Position (Adoption)". Focus on the Family. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
- ^ Culver, Virginia (5 February 2002). "Adoption plan stirs controversy Gays applaud doctors' stance; Focus on Family denounces it". The Denver Post.
- ^ Draper, Electa. "Adoption initiative halves numbers of kids needing families". The Denver Post. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
- ^ [1] SPLC on anti-gay groups
- ^ Eichler, Alex. "13 New Organizations Added to Anti-Gay 'Hate Groups' List". The Wire via The Atlantic. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
- ^ Lin, Joy (25 March 2015). "Family Research Council Demands Apology Over 'Hate Group' Label". FoxNews. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
- ^ Plutarch: The Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans, trans. by John Dryden and revised by Arthur Hugh Clough, The Modern Library (div of Random House, Inc). Bio on Lycurgus; pg 65.
- ^ Politics, Aristotle, Loeb Classical Library, Bk I, §II 8–10; 1254a 20–35; pg 19–21
- ^ Politics, Bk I, §11,21;1255b 15–20; pg 29.
- ^ Hellenistic Commentary to the New Testament, ed. By M. Eugene Boring, Klaus Berger, Carsten Colpe, Abingdon Press, Nashville, TN, 1995.
- ^ Hellenistic Commentary to the New Testament, ed. By M. Eugene Boring, Klaus Berger, Carsten Colpe, Abingdon Press, Nashville, TN, 1995.
- ^ On Divorce, Louis de Bonald, trans. By Nicholas Davidson, Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, 1993. pp 44–46.
- ^ On Divorce, Louis de Bonald, pp 88–89; 149.
- ^ Liberty or Equality, Von Kuehnelt-Leddihn, pg 155.
- ISBN 0-226-46796-1
- ^ Frank H. Knight, (1923). The Ethics of Competition. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 37(4), 579–624. https://doi.org/10.2307/1884053, p. 590f.
- ISBN 3-258-05836-9
Further reading
- Anne Revillard (2007) Stating Family Values and Women's Rights: Familialism and Feminism Within the French Republic French Politics 5, 210–228.
- Alberto Alesina; Paola Giuliano (2010) The Power of the Family doi:10.3386/w13051
- Frederick Engels (1884) The Monogamous Family The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State. Chapter 2, Part 4. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
- Carle C. Zimmerman (1947) Family and Civilization The close and causal connections between the rise and fall of different types of families and the rise and fall of civilizations. Zimmerman traces the evolution of family structure from tribes and clans to extended and large nuclear families to the small nuclear families and broken families of today.