Family tree

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Family tree (disambiguation).
Example of a family tree. Reading left to right Lucas Grey is the father of three children, the grandfather of five grandchildren and the great-grandfather of three siblings Joseph, John and Laura Wetter.
Family tree showing the relationship of each person to the orange person, including cousins and gene share

A family tree, also called a genealogy or a pedigree chart, is a chart representing family relationships in a conventional tree structure. More detailed family trees, used in medicine and social work, are known as genograms.

Representations of family history

kurbits
tree

Genealogical data can be represented in several formats, for example, as a

Kings of Germany, which represents the reliance on marriage to link dynasties
together.

The passage of time can also be included to illustrate ancestry and descent. A time scale is often used, expanding radially across the center, divided into decades. Children of the parent form branches around the center and their names are plotted in their birth year on the time scale. Spouses' names join children's names and nuclear families of parents and children branch off to grandchildren, and so on. Great-grandparents are often in the center to portray four or five generations, which reflect the natural growth pattern of a tree as seen from the top but sometimes there can be great great grandparents or more. In a descendant tree, living relatives are common on the outer branches and contemporary cousins appear adjacent to each other. Privacy should be considered when preparing a living family tree.[citation needed]

The image of the tree probably originated with that of the

Boccaccio's Genealogia Deorum Gentilium ("On the Genealogy of the Gods of the Gentiles"), whose first version dates to 1360.[3]

Common formats

In addition to familiar representations of family history and genealogy as a tree structure, there are other notable systems used to illustrate and document ancestry and descent.

Ahnentafel

Main article: Ahnentafel
An ahnentafel family tree displaying an ancestor chart of Sigmund Christoph, Graf von Zeil und Trauchburg

An

genealogical numbering system
for listing a person's direct ancestors in a fixed sequence of ascent:

  1. Subject (or proband)
  2. Father
  3. Mother
  4. Paternal grandfather
  5. Paternal grandmother
  6. Maternal grandfather
  7. Maternal grandmother

and so on, back through the generations. Apart from the subject or proband, who can be male or female, all even-numbered persons are male, and all odd-numbered persons are female. In this scheme, the number of any person's father is double the person's number, and a person's mother is double the person's number plus one. This system can also be displayed as a tree:

An ahnentafel family tree, showing three generations of the Kennedy family
4. Paternal grandfather
2. Father
5. Paternal grandmother
1 Subject (or proband)
6. Maternal grandfather
3. Mother
7. Maternal grandmother

Fan chart

Screenshot of Gramps (v. 5.0.1) displaying a fan chart and the given name cloud gramplet on the bottom

A fan chart features a half circle chart with concentric rings: the subject is the inner circle, the second circle is divided in two (each side is one parent), the third circle is divided in four, and so forth. Fan charts depict paternal and maternal ancestors.

Graph theory

While family trees are depicted as trees, family relations do not in general form a

perfect binary tree
, as each person has exactly one mother and one father; these thus have a regular structure. A Descendant chart, on the other hand, does not, in general, have a regular structure, as a person can have any number of children or none at all.

Notable examples

Family trees are an age-old phenomenon. This example dates from the sixteenth century.[4]

Family trees have been used to document family histories across time and cultures throughout the world.

Africa

In Africa, the

King Solomon via the Queen of Sheba. Through this claim, the family traced their descent back to the House of David
.

The genealogy of

Ptolomaic Kingdom
; although this is not a record of one continuously-linked family lineage, and surviving records are incomplete.

Elsewhere in Africa,

oral traditions of genealogical recording predominate. Members of the Keita dynasty of Mali, for example, have had their pedigrees sung by griots during annual ceremonies since the 14th century. Meanwhile, in Nigeria, many ruling clans—most notably those descended from Oduduwa—claim descent from the legendary King Kisra. Here too, pedigrees are recited by griots attached to the royal courts.[5]

The Americas

In some pre-contact

Native American civilizations
, genealogical records of ruling and priestly families were kept, some of which extended over several centuries or longer.

East Asia

There are extensive genealogies for the ruling dynasties of China, but these do not form a single, unified family tree. Additionally, it is unclear at which point(s) the most ancient historical figures named become mythological.

In Japan, the ancestry of the

Imperial Family
is traced back to the mythological origins of Japan. The connection to persons from the established historical record only begins in the mid-first millennium AD.

The longest family tree in the world is that of the Chinese philosopher and educator Confucius (551–479 BC), who is descended from King Tang (1675–1646 BC). The tree spans more than 80 generations from him and includes more than 2 million members. An international effort involving more than 450 branches around the world was started in 1998 to retrace and revise this family tree. A new edition of the Confucius genealogy was printed in September 2009 by the Confucius Genealogy Compilation Committee, to coincide with the 2560th anniversary of the birth of the Chinese thinker. This latest edition was expected to include some 1.3 million living members who are scattered around the world today.[6]

Europe and West Asia

Before the

Classical Antiquity. Records of the lines of succession of the Popes and the Eastern Roman Emperors through this transitional period have survived, but these are not continuous genealogical histories of single families. Refer to descent from antiquity
.

Many noble and aristocratic families of European and West Asian origin can reliably trace their ancestry back as far as the mid to late first millennium AD; some claiming undocumented descent from Classical Antiquity or mythological ancestors. In Europe, for example, the pedigree of

Niall Noígíallach would be a contender for the longest, through Conn of the Hundred Battles (fl. 123 AD)[citation needed]; in the legendary history of Ireland, he is further descended from Breogán
, and ultimately from Adam, through the sons of Noah.

Another very old and extensive tree is that of the

Guinness Book of Records recorded the Lurie family in the "longest lineage" category as one of the oldest-known living families in the world today.[8]

Family trees and representations of lineages are also important in religious traditions. The biblical genealogies of Jesus also claim descent from the House of David, covering a period of approximately 1000 years. In the Torah and Old Testament, genealogies are provided for many biblical persons, including a record of the descendants of Adam. Also according to the Torah, the

Technion has shown that most modern Kohanim share common Y-chromosome origins, although there is no complete family tree of the Kohanim. In the Islamic world, claimed descent from Muhammad
greatly enhanced the status of political and religious leaders; new dynasties often used claims of such descent to help establish their legitimacy.

Elsewhere

Elsewhere, in many human cultures,

tribal
associations are based on claims of common ancestry, although detailed documentation of those origins is often very limited.

Global

Forms of family trees are also used in

about human history, ancestry and evolution and demonstrates a novel computational method for estimating how human DNA is related via a series of 13 million linked trees along the genome, a tree-sequence,[clarification needed] which has been described as the largest "human family tree".[9][10][11]

Other uses

The author

rock bands. In this instance, the entries represent a membership of certain groups, and personnel changes within them, rather than family relationships. Several books have been produced with his family trees,[12] which in turn have led to a BBC television series about them, including interviews from the bands depicted in the trees.[13]

Another common use is in the creation of

Christian traditions that believe in apostolic succession
. In this case, the connection is not made through blood, but through the order of succession of bishops.

See also

References

  1. ^ GRENSTAM pp. 490-491
  2. ^ Simon Julian Gilmour (2000) Daz Sint Noch Ungelogeniu Wort: A Literary and Linguistic Commentary on the Gurnemanz Episode in Book III of Wolfram's Parzival. Universitätsverlag Winter, 2000. p.64
  3. OCLC 1155486357
    .
  4. ^ "Stambomen van de families de Cordes, de Langhe, Bouckaert, Berquyn en Steelant [manuscript]". lib.ugent.be. Retrieved 2020-08-27.
  5. ^ "What Is A Griot And Why Are They Important". theculturetrip.com. 24 May 2018.
  6. ^ Confucius family tree has two million members from China Daily, unknown date, updated February 16, 2008
  7. ISBN 978-1-886223-17-2
    .
  8. ^ Bill Gladstone (October 24, 2004). "The oldest family in the world". JTA.
  9. ^ Guy, Jack. "DNA reveals biggest-ever human family tree, dating back 100,000 years". CNN. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  10. ^ Wong, Yan; Wohns, Anthony Wilder. "We're analysing DNA from ancient and modern humans to create a 'family tree of everyone'". Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  11. S2CID 247106458
    .
  12. ^ Amazon – Even More Rock Family trees. ASIN 1844490076.
  13. ^ "BBC Four : Rock Family Trees". Retrieved 20 September 2012.

External links

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