Fang Lizhi
Fang Lizhi | |
---|---|
方励之 | |
1986 Student Demonstrations | |
Spouse |
Li Shuxian (m. 1961) |
Chinese name | |
Hanyu Pinyin | Fāng Lìzhī |
IPA | [fáŋ lîʈʂí] |
Fang Lizhi (
Life and career in China
Fang was born on 12 February 1936 in
In 1952, he enrolled in the Physics Department at
while Li stayed at Peking University as a junior faculty member.In 1957, during the
Fang published his first research paper on nuclear physics in Acta Physica Sinica 17, p. 57 (1961) under the pseudonym Wang Yunran, since as a rightist he was not entitled to publish research papers. Later, on the recommendation of
Academic activities were interrupted when the Cultural Revolution broke out in 1966. In 1969, along with other universities and research institutes, USTC was ordered to be evacuated out of Beijing, ostensibly in anticipation of an impending invasion by the Soviet Union. USTC was moved to Hefei, the capital of Anhui Province, where it remains to this day. Upon arriving in Hefei in 1969, Fang, along with other "problematic members" of the faculty, were sent to do hard labour for "re-education by the worker class" in a coal mine. Fang secretly brought with him one physics book, the "Classical Theory of Fields" by Lev Landau and learned the theory of general relativity by reading this book in the evening.[13] Later, in 1971, along with a number of other faculty members, he was assigned to do labour work in a brick factory, which produced the bricks for constructing the new USTC campus buildings.[14]
Research in astrophysics and cosmology
In 1972, the worst chaos of the Cultural Revolution was over and scientific research resumed. Fang found an opportunity to read some recent astrophysics papers in western journals, and soon wrote his first paper on cosmology, "A Cosmological Solution in Scalar-tensor Theory with Mass and Blackbody Radiation", which was published on the journal Wu Li (Physics), Vol. 1, 163 (1972). This was the first modern cosmological research paper in mainland China. Fang assembled a group of young faculty members of USTC around him to conduct astrophysics research.[15]
At the time, conducting research on relativity theory and cosmology in China was very risky politically, because these theories were considered to be "idealistic" theories in contradiction with dialectical materialism, a central component of the Communist Party's ideology. According to the dialectical materialism philosophy, both time and space must be infinite, while the Big Bang theory allows the possibility of the finiteness of space and time. During the Cultural Revolution, campaigns were waged against Albert Einstein and the Theory of Relativity in Beijing and Shanghai. Once Fang published his theory, some of the critics of the Theory of Relativity, especially a group based in Shanghai, prepared to attack Fang politically. However, by this time the "leftist" line was declining in the Chinese academia. Professor Dai Wensai, the most well-known Chinese astronomer at the time and chair of the Astronomy Department of Nanjing University, also supported Fang. Many of the members of the "Theory of Relativity Criticism Group" changed to study the theory and conduct research in it. Subsequently, Fang was regarded as the father of cosmological research in China.
Fang published a large number of papers on astrophysics and cosmology. In the late 1970s, he and his group used the luminosity of selected radio
He was elected as the youngest member of the
Fang also trained many younger colleagues and students in the field of astrophysics and cosmology; he was considered an excellent teacher. Fang and Li coauthored "Introduction to Mechanics", an introductory book on Newtonian mechanics and special theory of relativity. This book has been considered a classic by many teachers and students,[20] although few students are aware of it in recent years.[citation needed] Fang was also the first scientist in China to write popular accounts of contemporary astrophysical developments, such as cosmology and black holes. Fang's book, "Creation of the Universe" (Yuzhou de chuangsheng in Chinese) which was published in 1987, introduced basic cosmological ideas, and influenced a large number of physics and astronomy students growing up in the 1980s in China.[citation needed]
Political activism
During the Anti-Rightist Campaign, Fang was expelled from the Chinese Communist Party for his "reactionary activities",[21]: 428 viz. publishing an article critical of the government's policies on science education.
He was rehabilitated after the reform of China in late 1970s, and resumed his party membership. During this time, he held many academic positions, including the director of the astrophysics research group of USTC, and director of the science history research group, chief editor of the USTC academic journal, chair of the Chinese society of gravity and relativistic astrophysics. In 1984, Fang was appointed as the vice president of the USTC under president Guan Weiyan. Fang was very active in this role; for example he helped to set up the telex service for USTC.[22] He was very popular among the students. Fang also begin to write essays for publication in popular magazines, and give lectures on a variety of topics in universities, though usually not in USTC. Many such essays and lectures expressed his liberal view on politics, reflections on history, and criticisms on CCP dogma. He also emphasized social responsibility of intellectuals. In late 1986, Fang, together with Xu Liangying and Liu Binyan, wrote letters to a number of well-known "Rightists" from the 1957 Anti-Rightist campaign, suggesting a meeting in memory of that event.[23]
In December 1986, college students demonstrated in over a dozen Chinese cities in demanding greater economic and political freedoms. Fang was against the student demonstration, believing it would be suppressed by the CCP; he tried to persuade the USTC students not to go off-campus.[9] After two straight weeks of student demonstrations, believing that the student movement was a result of "bourgeois liberalization", Deng Xiaoping named three Communist Party members to be expelled: Fang, Liu Binyan and Wang Ruowang. Deng directed then-CCP General Secretary Hu Yaobang to expel them from the Party, but Hu refused. Because of his refusal, Hu Yao Bang was dismissed from his position as General Secretary in January 1987, effectively ending his period of influence within the Chinese government.[24]
Fang was again expelled from Chinese Communist Party in January 1987, and removed from his position as the vice president of the university. He was moved to Beijing as a research scientist at the Beijing Astronomical Observatory, now a part of the
1989 democracy movement and exile
In February 1989, Fang mobilized a number of well known intellectuals to write an open letter to
During U.S. President George H.W. Bush's February 1989 visit to China, the U.S. embassy invited Fang to a banquet that Bush was hosting at the Sheraton Great Wall Hotel in honor of Deng Xiaoping.[25]: 147 Deng had a negative view of Fang.[25]: 147–148 Public Security stopped Fang on his way to the banquet and prevented him from attending.[25]: 148
On 5 June 1989, the day after the government cracked down on the Tiananmen Square protests, Fang and Li sought
Fang and his wife remained in the US Embassy until 25 June 1990, when they were allowed by Chinese authorities to leave the embassy and board a U.S. Air Force C-135 transport plane to Britain.[29] This resolution partly came about after confidential negotiations between Henry Kissinger, acting on behalf of US President George H. W. Bush, and Deng.[21][28] Other factors were a false confession by Fang, an attempted intervention by US National Security Adviser Brent Scowcroft, and an offer from the Japanese government to resume loans to the PRC in return for the resolution of "the Fang Lizhi problem."[30]
In 1989, he was a recipient of the Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award. In 1991, he gave a conference on the issue of Tibet in New York, one of the first open dialogues between Chinese and Tibetans. He also was an advisor for the International Campaign for Tibet.[31]
Later life in the US
After some time at
Fang continued to do research in astrophysics and cosmology. He published research papers even during his stay in the US Embassy in Beijing. His later research includes the study of non-Gaussianity in the
Death
He died in his home in Tucson on April 6, 2012, aged 76, from undisclosed causes.[32][33] He was buried at East Lawn Palms Mortuary & Cemetery on April 14.
Further reading
- Essays: Fang, Lizhi (1991). Bringing down the Great Wall. W.W. Norton and Co. ISBN 978-0-394-58493-5.
- Memoir: Fang, Lizhi (2016). ISBN 978-1-62779-499-2., translated by Perry Link.
See also
References
- ^ Yam, P. (1994) Profile: Fang Lizhi – Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Physics, Scientific American 270(5), 39-40.
- ^ "Home". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
- ^ "Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates". Archived from the original on April 7, 2014.
- ISSN 0161-7370. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
By the time Fang entered High School No. 4, the best in Beijing, he had become even more interested in what lay behind how things work.
- ^ "02 - 十月 - 2009 - 方励之文集". fang-lizhi.hxwk.org. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
- ^ "27 - 二月 - 2012 - 方励之文集". fang-lizhi.hxwk.org. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
- ^ "13 - 二月 - 2006 - 方励之文集". fang-lizhi.hxwk.org. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
- ^ "18 - 三月 - 2011 - 方励之文集". fang-lizhi.hxwk.org. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
- ^ a b "64memo - 方勵之夫婦訪談錄 by 方勵之李淑嫻". Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
- ^ "06 - 一月 - 1992 - 方励之文集". fang-lizhi.hxwk.org. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
- ^ "22 - 十一月 - 2011 - 方励之文集". fang-lizhi.hxwk.org. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
- ^ a b "08 - 一月 - 2008 - 方励之文集". fang-lizhi.hxwk.org. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
- ^ "09 - 四月 - 2006 - 方励之文集". fang-lizhi.hxwk.org. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
- ^ "06 - 一月 - 2006 - 方励之文集". fang-lizhi.hxwk.org. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
- .
- ^ "Gravity Research Foundation". Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
- ^ "31 - 三月 - 2008 - 方励之文集". fang-lizhi.hxwk.org. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
- ^ "02 - 十月 - 2008 - 方励之文集". fang-lizhi.hxwk.org. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
- ^ "27 - 一月 - 2010 - 方励之文集". fang-lizhi.hxwk.org. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
- ^ Xiang, Shouping. "向守平:深切缅怀恩师方励之先生".
- ^ ISBN 978-1-84614-346-5.
- ^ "17 - 三月 - 2008 - 方励之文集". fang-lizhi.hxwk.org. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
- ^ Fang, Lizhi. "关于许良英刘宾雁和我联署的那封信".
- ISBN 981-256-464-0.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-5381-8725-8.
- ^ Bader, Jeffrey A. (May 29, 2019). "June 4, 1989: A personal recollection". Brookings. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
- ^ The Chinese Amnesia, New York Review of Books, 1990.
- ^ a b c Spence, Jonathan D. Kissinger and China, The New York Review of Books, June 2011.
- ISBN 1-58648-343-9.
- ^ "My "Confession", Fang Lizhi, translated by Perry Link. The New York Review of Books, 2011.
- ^ Bhuchung K. Tsering, Fang Lizhi was right about Tibet and China, 9 April 2012
- ^ "Professor Fang Lizhi died in the US at the age of 76". The China Times. April 7, 2012. Retrieved April 7, 2012.
- ^ "中国著名天体物理学家方励之去世". BBC. April 7, 2012. Retrieved April 7, 2012.