East Asia

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East Asia
4th)
Population density141.9 km2 (54.8 sq mi)
GDP (PPP)$44.7 trillion (2023)[1]
GDP (nominal)$24.8 trillion (2023)[1]
GDP per capita$15,000 (nominal)[1]
DemonymEast Asian
Countries
Dependencies
Languages
Time zones
Kaoshiung
  • Macau
  • Nagoya
  • Nanjing
  • Osaka
  • Seoul
  • Shanghai
  • Shenzhen
  • Taipei
  • Tokyo
  • Yokohama
    • UN M49 code030 – Eastern Asia
    142 – Asia
    001 – World
    East Asia
    Chinese name
    Mongolian Cyrillic
    		Зүүн Ази
    ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠠᠽᠢ
    Japanese name
    Kanaひがしアジア/とうあ
    Kyūjitai東亞細亞/東亞
    Shinjitai東亜細亜（東アジア）/東亜
    Uyghur name
    Uyghurشەرقىي ئاسىي‎

    East Asia is a region of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethno-cultural terms.[7][8] The modern states of East Asia include China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan.[2][3][4][5] Hong Kong and Macau, two coastal cities located in the south of China, are autonomous regions under Chinese sovereignty. The economies of Japan, South Korea, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau are some of the world's largest and most prosperous economies.[9] East Asia borders Siberia and the Russian Far East to the north, Southeast Asia to the south, South Asia to the southwest, and Central Asia to the west. To the east is the Pacific Ocean and to the southeast is Micronesia (a Pacific Ocean island group that is classified as part of Oceania).

    East Asia, especially

    Chinese script. The Chinese calendar
    serves as the root from which many other East Asian calendars are derived.

    Major

    Mongols, although not as populous as the previous three ethnic groups, constitute the majority of Mongolia's population. There are 76 officially-recognized minority or indigenous ethnic groups in East Asia; 55 native to mainland China (including Hui, Manchus, Chinese Mongols, Tibetans, Uyghurs and Zhuang in the frontier regions), 16 native to the island of Taiwan (collectively known as Taiwanese indigenous peoples), one native to the major Japanese island of Hokkaido (the Ainu) and four native to Mongolia (Turkic peoples). Ryukyuan people are an unrecognized ethnic group indigenous to the Ryukyu Islands in southern Japan, which stretch from Kyushu Island
    (Japan) to Taiwan. There are also several unrecognized indigenous ethnic groups in mainland China and Taiwan.

    lowest population density of a sovereign state. The overall population density of the region is 133 inhabitants per square kilometre (340/sq mi), about three times the world average of 45/km2 (120/sq mi).[when?][citation needed
    ]

    History

    Main article: History of East Asia

    China was the first region settled in East Asia and was undoubtedly the core of East Asian civilization from where other parts of East Asia were formed.[22] The various other regions in East Asia were selective in the Chinese influences they adopted into their local customs. Historian Ping-ti Ho famously labeled Chinese civilization as the "Cradle of Eastern Civilization", in parallel with the "Cradle of Middle Eastern Civilization" along the Fertile Crescent encompassing Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt[23] as well as the Cradle of Western Civilization encompassing Ancient Greece[a] and Ancient Rome.[b]

    Map of Asia
    Map showing the boundary of the 13th century Mongol Empire compared to today's Mongols
    Qing conquest of the Ming
    and expansion of the empire
    Colonies and influence zones in East Asia and Oceania, circa 1914

    Chinese civilization existed for about 1,500 years before other East Asian civilizations emerged into history, Imperial China would exert much of its cultural, economic, technological, and political muscle onto its neighbours.[39][40][41][42] Succeeding Chinese dynasties exerted enormous influence across East Asia culturally, economically, politically and militarily for over two millennia.[42][43][44] The Imperial Chinese tributary system shaped much of East Asia's history for over two millennia due to Imperial China's economic and cultural influence over the region, and thus played a huge role in the history of East Asia in particular.[45][46][41] Imperial China's cultural preeminence not only led the country to become East Asia's first literate nation in the entire region, it also supplied Japan and Korea with Chinese loanwords and linguistic influences rooted in their writing systems.[47]

    Under

    Chinese writing system which evolved into Kanji by the fifth century AD and has become a significant part of the Japanese writing system.[52] Utilizing the Chinese writing system allowed the Japanese to conduct their daily activities, maintain historical records and give form to various ideas, thoughts, and philosophies.[53] During the Tang dynasty, China exerted its greatest influence on East Asia as various aspects of Chinese culture spread to Japan and Korea.[54][55]
    The establishment of the medieval Tang dynasty rekindled the impetus of
    golden age in Chinese history.[56] During the Tang dynasty, China exerted its greatest influence on East Asia as various aspects of Chinese culture spread to Japan and Korea.[54][55] In addition, Tang China also managed to maintain control over northern Vietnam and Korea.[57]

    As full-fledged medieval East Asian states were established, Korea by the fourth century AD and Japan by the seventh century AD, Japan and Korea actively began to incorporate Chinese influences such as Confucianism, the use of written Han characters, Chinese style architecture, state institutions, political philosophies, religion, urban planning, and various scientific and technological methods into their culture and society through direct contacts with Tang China and succeeding Chinese dynasties.[54][55][58] Drawing inspiration from the Tang political system, Prince Naka no oe launched the Taika Reform in 645 AD where he radically transformed Japan's political bureaucracy into a more centralised bureaucratic empire.[59] The Japanese also adopted Mahayana Buddhism, Chinese style architecture, and the imperial court's rituals and ceremonies, including the orchestral music and state dances had Tang influences. Written Chinese gained prestige and aspects of Tang culture such as poetry, calligraphy, and landscape painting became widespread.[59] During the Nara period, Japan began to aggressively import Chinese culture and styles of government which included Confucian protocol that served as a foundation for Japanese culture as well as political and social philosophy.[60][61] The Japanese also created laws adopted from the Chinese legal system that was used to govern in addition to the kimono, which was inspired from the Chinese robe (hanfu) during the eighth century AD.[62] For many centuries, most notably from the 7th to the 14th centuries, China stood as East Asia's most advanced civilization and foremost military and economic power, exerting its influence as the transmission of advanced Chinese cultural practices and ways of thinking greatly shaped the region up until the nineteenth century.[63][64][65][66]

    As East Asia's connections with Europe and the Western world strengthened during the late nineteenth century, China's power began to decline.

    potential world power reinforced with its aim of restoring its historical established significance and enduring international prominence in the world economy.[2][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89] Despite the absence of armed conflicts in East Asia for decades, the stability of the region remains delicate due to the presence of North Korea's nuclear program and Chinese geopolitical encroachment and provocations occurring in Taiwanese waters. These tensions have emerged from the contentious relationship between Mainland China and Taiwan, as the former seeks to reunify with Mainland China while the latter strives to maintain its sovereign independence and preserve the prevailing geopolitical order
    .

    Definitions

    Three sets of possible boundaries for the Central Asia region that overlap with conceptions of East Asia

    In common usage, the term "East Asia" typically refers to a region including Greater China, Japan, Korea and Mongolia.[83][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98]

    Chinese sphere of influence. Though Confucianism continues to play an important role in Vietnamese culture, Chinese characters are no longer used in its written language and many scholarly organizations classify Vietnam as a Southeast Asian country.[108][109][110] Mongolia is geographically north of Mainland China yet Confucianism and the Chinese writing system and culture had limited impact on Mongolian society. Thus, Mongolia is sometimes grouped with Central Asian countries such as Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan.[108][109] Xinjiang (East Turkestan) and Tibet are sometimes seen as part of Central Asia.[111][112][113]

    Broader and looser definitions by international agencies and organisations such as the

    Koreas, Nepal, Mongolia, and eastern regions of the Russian Federation".[116]

    The countries of East Asia also form the core of Northeast Asia, which itself is a broader region.
    East Asia map of Köppen climate classification
    Western Asia
      South Asia
      East Asia
      Southeast Asia

    The UNSD definition of East Asia is based on statistical convenience,[118] but others commonly use the same definition of Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, Taiwan, and Japan.[7][119]

    Certain Japanese islands are associated with Oceania due to non-continental geology, distance from mainland Asia or biogeographical similarities with Micronesia.[120][121] Some groups, such as the World Health Organization, categorize China, Japan and Korea with Australia and the rest of Oceania. The World Health Organization label this region the "Western Pacific", with East Asia not being used in their concept of major world regions. Their definition of this region further includes Mongolia and the adjacent area of Cambodia, as well as the countries of the South East Asia Archipelago (excluding East Timor and Indonesia).[122]

    Alternative definitions

    In business and economics, "East Asia" is sometimes used to refer to the geographical area covering ten

    Asia Pacific Region" is often used in describing East Asia, Southeast Asia as well as Oceania.[citation needed] On rare occasion, the term is also sometimes taken to include India and other South Asian countries not within the bounds of the Pacific, although the term Indo-Pacific is more commonly used for such a definition.[123]

    Observers preferring a broader definition of "East Asia" often use the term Northeast Asia to refer to China, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan, with Southeast Asia covering the ten ASEAN countries. This usage, which is seen in economic and diplomatic discussions, is at odds with the historical meanings of both "East Asia" and "Northeast Asia".[124][125][126] The Council on Foreign Relations of the United States defines Northeast Asia as Japan and Korea.[115]

    Economy

    Main article: Economy of East Asia
    Customs territory GDP nominal
    billions of USD (2023)[1]     		GDP nominal per capita
    USD (2023)[1]     		GDP PPP
    billions of USD (2023)[1]     		GDP PPP per capita
    USD (2023)[1]
     People's Republic of China 17,700,899 12,541 32,897,929 23,309
     Hong Kong[c] 385,546 51,168 548,999 72,861
     Macau[d] 38,480 54,296 69,565 98,157
     Japan 4,230,862 33,950 6,495,214 52,120
     Mongolia 18,782 5,348 52,989 15,088
     North Korea N/A N/A N/A N/A
     South Korea 1,709,232 33,147 2,924,189 56,709
     Taiwan[e] 751,930 32,339 1,685,358 72,485
    East Asia $24,835,731 $15,068 $44,674,243 $27,104

    Territorial and regional data

    China, North Korea, South Korea and Taiwan are all unrecognised by at least one other East Asian state because of severe ongoing political tensions in the region, specifically the division of Korea and the political status of Taiwan.

    Etymology

    Flag Common Name Official name ISO 3166 Country Codes[127]
    Exonym
    Endonym
    Exonym
    Endonym
    		 ISO Short Name Alpha-2 Code Alpha-3 Code Numeric
    China 中国 People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国 China CN CHN 156
    Hong Kong 香港 Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
    of the People's Republic of China    		 中華人民共和國香港特別行政區 Hong Kong HK HKG 344
    Macau 澳門 Macao Special Administrative Region
    of the People's Republic of China    		 中華人民共和國澳門特別行政區 Macao MO MAC 446
    Japan 日本 Japan 日本国 Japan JP JPN 392
    Mongolia Монгол улс / ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ
    ᠤᠯᠤᠰ    		 Mongolia Монгол Улс (ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ
    ᠤᠯᠤᠰ    )    		 Mongolia MN MNG 496
    North Korea 조선 Democratic People's Republic of Korea 조선민주주의인민공화국 Korea (the Democratic People's Republic of) KP PRK 408
    South Korea 한국 Republic of Korea 대한민국 Korea (the Republic of) KR KOR 410
    Taiwan[f] 臺灣 / 台灣 Republic of China 中華民國 Taiwan[127] TW TWN 158

    Demographics

    Population pyramid of East Asia in 2023
    Historical distribution map of linguistic groups in China
    State/Territory
    Area
    km2
    Population
    in

    thousands (2023)[128][129]

    		% of East Asia % of World
    Population density

    per km2     		HDI[130]
    Capital/Administrative Centre
     China 9,640,011[g] 1,425,671[h] 85.76% 17.72% 138 0.768 Beijing
     Hong Kong 1,104 7,492 0.45% 0.093% 6,390 0.952 Hong Kong
     Macau 30 704 0.042% 0.0087% 18,662 0.922
    Macao
     Japan 377,930 123,295 7.42% 1.53% 337 0.925 Tokyo
     Mongolia 1,564,100 3,447 0.2% 0.042% 2 0.739 Ulaanbaatar
     North Korea 120,538 26,161 1.57% 0.33% 198 0.733[citation needed] Pyongyang[i]
     South Korea 100,210 51,784 3.11% 0.64% 500 0.925 Seoul
     Taiwan 36,197 23,923 1.44% 0.297% 639 0.926 Taipei[j]
    East Asia 11,840,000 1,662,477 100% 20.66% 141 Increase0.861 (very high)

    Ethnic groups

    Main articles:
    Ethnic groups of East Asia
    Ethnicity Native name Population Language(s) Writing system(s) Major states/territories* Traditional attire
    Han/Chinese 漢族 or 汉族 1,313,345,856[134] Chinese (Mandarin, Min, Wu, Yue, Jin, Gan, Hakka, Xiang, Huizhou, Pinghua, etc.)
    Traditional Han characters
    		 China Taiwan Hong Kong Macau
    Yamato/Japanese 大和民族 125,117,000[135] Japanese Han characters (Kanji), Katakana, Hiragana Japan
    Korean
    		 조선민족 (朝鮮民族)
    한민족 (韓民族)     		84,790,105[136][137][138] Korean Hangul, Han characters (Hanja) South Korea North Korea
    Bai 白族 2,091,543[139] Bai, Southwestern Mandarin Simplified Han characters, Latin script China
    Hui 回族 11,377,914[139]
    Huihui language
    , etc.     		Simplified Han characters[k] China
    Mongols
    		 Монголчууд ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ
    Монгол/ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ     		8,942,528 Mongolian
    Mongol script, Cyrillic script
    		 China Mongolia Russia
    Zhuang 壮族/Bouxcuengh 19,568,546[139] Zhuang, Southwestern Mandarin, etc. Simplified Han characters, Latin script China
    Uyghurs 维吾尔族/ئۇيغۇر 11,774,538[139] Uyghur Arabic alphabet, Latin script China[l]
    Manchus
    		 满族/ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ 10,423,303[139] Northeastern Mandarin, Manchu language Simplified Han characters, Mongol script ChinaTaiwan
    Hmong/Miao 苗族/Ghaob Xongb/Hmub/Mongb 11,067,929[139] Hmong/Miao, Southwestern Mandarin Latin script, Simplified Han characters China
    Tibetans
    		 藏族/བོད་པ་ 7,060,731[139] Tibetan, Rgyal Rong, Rgu, etc. Tibetan script China
    Yi 彝族/ꆈꌠ 9,830,327[139] Various Loloish, Southwestern Mandarin Yi script, Simplified Han characters China
    Tujia 土家族 9,587,732[139] Northern Tujia, Southern Tujia Simplified Han characters China
    Kam 侗族/Gaeml 3,495,993[139] Gaeml Simplified Han characters, Latin script China
    Tu
    		 土族/Monguor 289,565 Tu, Northwestern Mandarin Simplified Han characters China
    Daur 达斡尔族/ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠷ 131,992
    Daur
    , Northeastern Mandarin     		Mongol script, Simplified Han characters China Mongolia
    Indigenous Taiwanese Peoples
    		 臺灣原住民/ 高山族/ Yincomin/ Kasetaivang/ Inanuwayan 533,600 Austronesian languages (Amis, Yami), etc. Latin script, Traditional Han characters Taiwan

    Ryukyuan 琉球民族 1,900,000 Japanese
    Ryukyuan     		Han characters (Kanji), Katakana, Hiragana Japan
    Ainu アイヌ/ Aynu/ Айну 200,000 Japanese
    Ainu[140]     		Han characters (Kanji), Katakana, Hiragana Japan
    • Note: The order of states/territories follows the population ranking of each ethnicity, within East Asia only.

    East Asian culture

    Main article:
    Culture of East Asia
    Main category: East Asian culture

    Overview

    The culture of East Asia has largely been

    Greco-Roman civilization on Europe and the Western World.[146][144][149][142]

    Religions

    Main article: East Asian religions
    <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;

    Religion in East Asia (2020)[150]

      
    Folk Religion (52.10%)
      Buddhism (19.65%)
      No Religion (19.62%)
      Christianity (5.56%)
      Islam
    (1.57%)
      Other (1.44%)
    Religion Native name Creator/Current Leader Founded Time Main Denomination Major book Type Est. Followers Ethnic groups States/territories
    Chinese folk religion 中國民間信仰 or 中国民间信仰 Spontaneous formation Prehistoric period Salvationist, Wuism, Nuo Chinese classics, Huangdi Sijing, precious scrolls, etc. Prehistoric, pantheism, and polytheism ~900,000,000[151][152] Han, Hmong, Qiang, Tujia (worship of the same ancestor-gods) China Hong Kong Macau Taiwan
    Taoism 道教 Zhang Daoling, Wang Chongyang (Quanzhen School) 125 AD
    Eastern Han dynasty[citation needed
    ]     		Zhengyi, Quanzhen Tao Te Ching Pantheism, polytheism ~20,000,000[152] Han, Zhuang, Hmong, Yao, Qiang, Tujia China Hong Kong Macau Taiwan
    East Asian Buddhism/Chinese Buddhism 漢傳佛教 or 汉传佛教
    King Seong of Baekje
    (introduced to Japan)     		67 AD
    Eastern Han dynasty
    		 Mahayana Diamond Sutra Non-God, Dualism. ~300,000,000 Han, Koreans, Yamato China Hong Kong Macau Japan North Korea South Korea Taiwan
    Tibetan Buddhism 藏传佛教/བོད་བརྒྱུད་ནང་བསྟན། Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche 1800 years ago Mahayana, Bon
    Anuttarayoga Tantra
    		 Non-God ~10,000,000 Tibetans, Manchus, Mongols China Mongolia
    Shamanism[m] 萨满教 or Бөө мөргөл Spontaneous formation Prehistoric period N/A Prehistoric, polytheism, and pantheism N/A Manchus, Mongols, Oroqens China Mongolia
    Shinto 神道 Spontaneous formation Yayoi period[153] Shinto sects Kojiki, Nihon Shoki Prehistoric, pantheism, and polytheism N/A Yamato Japan
    Musok/Muism
    		 신도 or 무교 Spontaneous formation 900 years ago[citation needed] Musok sects N/A Prehistoric, pantheism, and polytheism N/A Koreans North Korea South Korea
    Ryukyuan religion 琉球神道 or ニライカナイ信仰 Spontaneous formation N/A N/A N/A Prehistoric, pantheism, and polytheism N/A Ryukyuans Japan (Okinawa Prefecture)

    Festivals

    Festival Native Name Other name Calendar Date Gregorian date Activity Religious practices Food Major ethnicities Major states/territories
    Chinese New Year 農曆新年/农历新年 or 春節/春节 Spring Festival Chinese Month 1 Day 1 21 Jan–20 Feb Family Reunion, Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, Fireworks Worship the King of Gods Nian gao Han, Manchus etc. China Hong Kong Macau Mongolia Taiwan
    Korean New Year 설날 or 설 Seollal Korean Month 1 Day 1 21 Jan–20 Feb Ancestors Worship, Family Reunion, Tomb Sweeping N/A Tteokguk Koreans North Korea South Korea
    Losar or Tsagaan Sar 藏历新年/ལོ་གསར་ or 查干萨日/Цагаан сар White Moon Tibetan, Mongolian Month 1 Day 1 25 Jan – 2 Mar Family Reunion, Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, Fireworks N/A Chhaang or Buuz Tibetans, Mongols,
    Tu
    etc.     		China Mongolia
    New Year 元旦 Yuan Dan Gregorian 1 Jan 1 Jan Fireworks N/A N/A N/A China Hong Kong Macau Japan Mongolia North Korea South Korea Taiwan
    Lantern Festival 元宵節 or 元宵节 Upper Yuan Festival (上元节) Chinese Month 1 Day 15 4 Feb – 6 Mar Lanterns Expo, Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping Birthdate of the God of Sky-officer Yuanxiao Han China Hong Kong Macau Taiwan
    Daeboreum 대보름 or 정월 대보름 Great Full Moon Korean Month 1 Day 15 4 Feb – 6 Mar Greeting of the moon, kite-flying, Jwibulnori, eating nuts (Bureom) Bonfires (daljip taeugi) Ogok-bap, namul, nuts Korean North Korea South Korea
    Hanshi Festival 寒食節 or 寒食节 Cold Food Festival Solar term Traditionally, on the 105th day after the Winter solstice. Revised to 1 day before the Qingming Festival by Johann Adam Schall von Bell (Chinese: 汤若望) during the Qing dynasty. April 3–5 Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, No cooking hot meal/setting fire, Cold food only. Cuju, etc. (People used to mix this one with the Qingming Festival due to their close dates) In Memory of a loyal Ancient named Jie Zhitui (Chinese: 介子推), ordered by the Monarch of the Jin (Chinese state), Duke Wen of Jin (Chinese: 重耳) Cold Food, e.g. Qingtuan Han, Koreans, Mongols China Hong Kong Macau North Korea South Korea Taiwan
    Qingming Festival 清明節 or 清明节 or Ханш нээх Tomb Sweeping Day Solar term 15th day after the Vernal Equinox. Just 1 day after the Hanshi Festival, but in much higher repute. April 4-6th Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, Excursion, Planting trees, Flying kites, Tug of war, Cuju, etc. (Almost the same with the Hanshi Festival's, due to their close dates) Burning Hell money for deceased family members. Planting willow branches to keep ghosts away from houses. Boiled eggs Han, Koreans, Mongols China Hong Kong MacauMongolia North Korea South Korea Taiwan
    Dragon Boat Festival 端午節 or 端午节 or 단오 Duanwu Festival /
    Dano (Surit-nal)
    		 Chinese / Korean Month 5 Day 5 Driving poisons & plague away. (China - Dragon Boat Race, Wearing coloured lines, Hanging felon herb on the front door.) / (Korea - Washing hair with iris water, ssireum) Worship various Gods Zongzi / Surichwitteok (rice cake with herbs) Han, Koreans, Yamato China Hong Kong Macau North Korea South Korea Japan Taiwan
    Ghost Festival 中元節 or 中元节 or 백중 Mid Yuan Festival Chinese Month 7 Day 15 Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping Birthdate of the God of Earth-officer Han, Koreans, Yamato China Hong Kong Macau North Korea South Korea Japan Taiwan
    Mid-Autumn Festival 中秋節 or 中秋节 中秋祭 Chinese Month 8 Day 15 Family Reunion, Enjoying Moon view Worship the Moon Goddess Mooncake Han China Hong Kong Macau Taiwan
    Chuseok 추석 or 한가위 Hangawi Korean Month 8 Day 15 Family Reunion, Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, Enjoying Moon view N/A Songpyeon, Torantang (Taro soup) Koreans North Korea South Korea
    Tsukimi 月見 or お月見 Tsukimi or Otsukimi
    Gregorian
    		 Month 8 Day 15 Family Reunion, Enjoying Moon view Worship the Moon
    Sweet Potato
    		 Yamato Japan *
    Double Ninth Festival 重陽節 or 重阳节 Double Positive Festival Chinese Month 9 Day 09 Climbing Mountain, Taking care of elderly, Wearing Cornus. Worship various Gods Han, Korean, Yamato China Hong Kong Macau North Korea South Korea Japan Taiwan*
    Lower Yuan Festival 下元節 or 下元节 N/A Chinese Month 10 Day 15 Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping Birthdate of the God of Water-officer Ciba Han China Hong Kong Macau Taiwan
    Dongzhi Festival 冬至 or 동지 or 冬至 N/A Gregorian Between Dec 21 and Dec 23 Between Dec 21 and Dec 23 Ancestors Worship, Rites to dispel bad spirits N/A
    Zenzai, Kabocha
    		 Han, Koreans, Yamato China Hong Kong Macau North Korea South Korea Japan Taiwan
    Small New Year 小年 Jizao (祭灶) Chinese Month 12 Day 23 Cleaning Houses Worship the God of Hearth
    tanggua
    		 Han, Mongols China Hong Kong Macau Mongolia Taiwan

    *Japan switched the date to the Gregorian calendar after the Meiji Restoration.
    *Not always on that Gregorian date, sometimes April 4.

    Collaboration

    East Asian Youth Games

    Main article: East Asian Youth Games

    Formerly the East Asian Games, it is a multi-sport event organized by the East Asian Games Association (EAGA) and held every four years since 2019 among athletes from East Asian countries and territories of the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA), as well as the Pacific island of Guam, which is a member of the Oceania National Olympic Committees.

    It is one of five Regional Games of the OCA. The others are the

    Southeast Asian Games (SEA Games), the South Asian Games and the West Asian Games
    .

    Free trade agreements

    Name of agreement Parties Leaders at the time Negotiation begins Signing date Starting time Current status
    China–South Korea FTA China South Korea Xi Jinping, Park Geun-hye May, 2012 Jun 01, 2015 Dec 30, 2015 Enforced
    China–Japan–South Korea FTA China Japan South Korea
    Shinzō Abe, Park Geun-hye
    		 Mar 26, 2013 N/A N/A 10 round negotiation
    Japan-Mongolia EPA Japan Mongolia
    Shinzō Abe, Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj
    		 - Feb 10, 2015 - Enforced
    China-Mongolia FTA China Mongolia Xi Jinping, Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj N/A N/A N/A Officially proposed
    China-HK CEPA China Hong Kong Jiang Zemin, Tung Chee-hwa - Jun 29, 2003 - Enforced
    China-Macau CEPA China Macau Jiang Zemin, Edmund Ho Hau-wah - Oct 18, 2003 - Enforced
    Hong Kong-Macau CEPA Hong Kong Macau Carrie Lam, Fernando Chui Oct 09, 2015 N/A N/A Negotiating
    ECFA China Taiwan Hu Jintao, Ma Ying-jeou Jan 26, 2010 Jun 29, 2010 Aug 17, 2010 Enforced
    CSSTA (Based on ECFA) China Taiwan Xi Jinping, Ma Ying-jeou Mar, 2011 Jun 21, 2013 N/A Abolished
    CSGTA (Based on ECFA) China Taiwan Hu Jintao, Ma Ying-jeou Feb 22, 2011 N/A N/A Suspended

    Military alliances

    Name Parties within the region
    Sino-North Korean Mutual Aid and Cooperation Friendship Treaty China North Korea
    Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan United States Japan
    Mutual Defense Treaty Between the United States and the Republic of Korea United States South Korea

    Major cities

    Main article: Cities of East Asia
     
    Largest population centres of East Asia
    Rank City name
    Country
    		 Pop.



    Tokyo


    Seoul

    		1 Tokyo Japan 38,140,000
    2 Seoul South Korea 25,520,000
    3 Shanghai China 24,484,000
    4 Beijing China 21,240,000
    5 Osaka Japan 20,337,000
    6 Chongqing China 13,744,000
    7 Guangzhou China 13,070,000
    8 Tianjin China 11,558,000
    9 Shenzhen China 10,828,000
    10 Chengdu China 10,104,000
    • Tokyo is the capital of Japan and the world's largest city, both in metropolitan population and economy.
      metropolitan population and economy
      .
    • Beijing is the capital of China. It has a history for over 3300 years.
      Beijing is the capital of China. It has a history for over 3300 years.
    • Seoul is the capital of South Korea.
      Seoul is the capital of South Korea.
    • Osaka is the second-largest metropolitan area in Japan.
      Osaka is the second-largest metropolitan area in Japan.
    • Guangzhou is one of the most important economic centers in southern China.
      Guangzhou is one of the most important economic centers in southern China.
    • Nagoya is the third-largest metropolitan area in Japan. Nagoya is a major port city and the location of Lexus headquarters.
      Nagoya is the third-largest metropolitan area in Japan. Nagoya is a major port city and the location of Lexus headquarters.
    • Kyoto was the imperial capital of Japan for eleven centuries.
      Kyoto was the imperial capital of Japan for eleven centuries.
    • Ulaanbaatar is the capital of Mongolia, with a population of 1.6 million as of 2021.
      Ulaanbaatar is the capital of Mongolia, with a population of 1.6 million as of 2021.
    • Hong Kong is one of the global financial centres and is known as a cosmopolitan metropolis.
      Hong Kong is one of the global financial centres and is known as a cosmopolitan metropolis.
    • Pyongyang is the capital of North Korea, and a major city on the Korean Peninsula.
      Korean Peninsula
      .
    • Xi'an or Chang'an is the oldest of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China.
      Xi'an or Chang'an is the oldest of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China.
    • Pass of the ISS over Mongolia, looking out west towards the Pacific Ocean, China, and Japan. As the video progresses, major cities along the Chinese coast and the Japanese islands on the Philippine Sea are visible. The island of Guam can be seen further down the pass into the Philippine Sea, and the pass ends just to the east of New Zealand.

    See also

    Notes

    1. ^ See[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]
    2. ^ [35][36][37][38]
    3. ^ Listed as "Hong Kong SAR" by IMF
    4. ^ Listed as "Macao SAR" by IMF
    5. ^ Listed as "Taiwan, Province of China" by IMF
    6. ^ From 1949 to 1971, the ROC was referred as "China" or "Nationalist China".
    7. ^ Includes all area which under PRC's government control (excluding "South Tibet" and disputed islands).[citation needed]
    8. ^ A note by the United Nations: "For statistical purposes, the data for China do not include Hong Kong and Macao, Special Administrative Regions (SAR) of China, and Taiwan Province of China."[128][129]
    9. ^ Seoul was the de jure capital of the DPRK from 1948 to 1972.
    10. ^ Taipei is the ROC's seat of government by a decree thus making it the de facto capital. There is no official capital appointed by the ROC constitution.[131][132][133]
    11. ^ The Hui people also use the Arabic alphabet in the religious field.
    12. ^ The Khotons also in Mongolia.
    13. ^ almost Manchu, Mongolian

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    Further reading

    • Church, Peter. A short history of South-East Asia (John Wiley & Sons, 2017).
    • Chung, Eunbin. Pride, Not Prejudice: National Identity as a Pacifying Force in East Asia (University of Michigan Press, 2022) online reviews by six scholars
    • Clyde, Paul H., and Burton F. Beers. The Far East: A History of Western Impacts and Eastern Responses, 1830–1975 (1975) online 3rd edition 1958
    • Crofts, Alfred. A history of the Far East (1958) online free to borrow
    • Dennett, Tyler. Americans in Eastern Asia (1922) online free
    • Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, and Anne Walthall. East Asia: A cultural, social, and political history (Cengage Learning, 2013).
    • Embree, Ainslie T., ed. Encyclopedia of Asian history (1988)
    • Fairbank, John K., Edwin Reischauer, and Albert M. Craig. East Asia: The great tradition and East Asia: The modern transformation (1960) [2 vol 1960] online free to borrow, famous textbook.
    • Flynn, Matthew J. China Contested: Western Powers in East Asia (2006), for secondary schools
    • Gelber, Harry. The dragon and the foreign devils: China and the world, 1100 BC to the present (2011).
    • Green, Michael J. By more than providence: grand strategy and American power in the Asia Pacific since 1783 (2017) a major scholarly survey excerpt
    • Hall, D.G.E. History of South East Asia (Macmillan International Higher Education, 1981).
    • Holcombe, Charles. A History of East Asia (2d ed. Cambridge UP, 2017). excerpt
    • Iriye, Akira. After Imperialism; The Search for a New Order in the Far East 1921–1931. (1965).
    • Jensen, Richard, Jon Davidann, and Yoneyuki Sugita, eds. Trans-Pacific Relations: America, Europe, and Asia in the Twentieth Century (Praeger, 2003), 304 pp online review
    • Keay, John. Empire's End: A History of the Far East from High Colonialism to Hong Kong (Scribner, 1997). online free to borrow
    • Levinson, David, and Karen Christensen, eds. Encyclopedia of Modern Asia. (6 vol. Charles Scribner's Sons, 2002).
    • Mackerras, Colin. Eastern Asia: an introductory history (Melbourne: Longman Cheshire, 1992).
    • Macnair, Harley F. & Donald Lach. Modern Far Eastern International Relations. (2nd ed 1955) 1950 edition online free, 780pp; focus on 1900–1950.
    • Miller, David Y. Modern East Asia: An Introductory History (Routledge, 2007)
    • Murphey, Rhoads. East Asia: A New History (1996)
    • Norman, Henry. The Peoples and Politics of the Far East: Travels and studies in the British, French, Spanish and Portuguese colonies, Siberia, China, Japan, Korea, Siam and Malaya (1904) online
    • Paine, S. C. M. The Wars for Asia, 1911–1949 (2014) excerpt
    • Prescott, Anne. East Asia in the World: An Introduction (Routledge, 2015)
    • Ring, George C. Religions of the Far East: Their History to the Present Day (Kessinger Publishing, 2006).
    • Szpilman, Christopher W. A., Sven Saaler. "Japan and Asia" in Routledge Handbook of Modern Japanese History (2017) online
    • Steiger, G. Nye. A history of the Far East (1936).
    • Vinacke, Harold M. A History of the Far East in Modern Times (1964) online free
    • Vogel, Ezra. China and Japan: Facing History (2019) excerpt
    • Woodcock, George. The British in the Far East (1969) online

    External links

    Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eastern Asia.
    Look up east asia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
    Wikivoyage has a travel guide for East Asia.
    Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_Asia&oldid=1220537069"