Growth of religion
Growth of religion involves the spread of individual religions and the increase in the numbers of religious adherents around the world. In sociology, desecularization is the proliferation or growth of religion, most commonly after a period of previous secularization. Statistics commonly measure the absolute number of adherents, the percentage of the absolute growth per-year, and the growth of converts in the world.
Studies in the 21st century suggest that, in terms of percentage and worldwide spread,
Counting the number of converts to a religion can prove difficult. Although some national censuses ask people about their religion, they do not ask if they have converted to their presently espoused faith. Additionally, in some countries, legal and social consequences make conversion difficult. For example, individuals can receive a capital punishment if they openly leave Islam in some Muslim countries.[20][21][22][23][24]
Statistical data on conversion to and from Islam are scarce.
Some religions proselytise vigorously (Christianity and Islam, for example), while others (such as Judaism and Sikhism) do not generally encourage conversions into their ranks. Some faiths grow exponentially at first (especially, for example, along trade routes[28] or for reasons of social prestige[29]), only for their zeal to wane (note the flagging case of
Growth of religious groups
Buddhism
Buddhism is the majority and state religion in seven countries: Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Mongolia, Thailand, Cambodia, Bhutan and Laos.[36]
Buddhism is the majority religion in the following nine countries: Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Bhutan, Mongolia, Japan and Singapore.
Special administrative areas in China are Buddhist majority areas such as Macau, and Tibet.
Kalmykia is the only Buddhist majority region in Europe. It is an autonomous republic in Russia.
According to a 2012 Pew Research Center survey, over the next four decades the number of Buddhists around the world is expected to decrease from 487 million in 2010 to 486 million in 2050.[37] The decline is due to several factors such as the low fertility level among Buddhists (1.6 children per woman),[38] and the old age (median age of 34), compared to the overall population.[39] According to the Pew Research Center published on 2010, religious conversion may have little impact on the Buddhists population between 2010 and 2050; Buddhists are expected to lose 2.9 million adherents between 2010 and 2050.[27]
According to a 2017 Pew Research Center survey, between 2010 and 2015 "an estimated 32 million babies were born to Buddhist mothers and roughly 20 million Buddhists died, meaning that the natural increase in the Buddhists population – i.e., the number of births minus the number of deaths – was 12 million over this period".[40] According to the same study Buddhists "are projected to decline in absolute number, dropping 7% from nearly 500 million in 2015 to 462 million in 2060. Low fertility rates and aging populations in countries such as China, Thailand and Japan are the main demographic reasons for the expected shrinkage in the Buddhist population in the years ahead".[40]
Chinese traditional religion
According to a survey of religion in China in the year 2010, the number of people practicing some form of Chinese folk religion is near to 950 million (70% of the Chinese),[41] of which 173 million (13%) practice some form of Taoist-defined folk faith.[41] Further in detail, 12 million people have passed some formal initiation into Taoism, or adhere to the official Chinese Taoist Association.[41] Comparing this with other surveys, evidence suggests that nowadays three-fifths to four-fifths of the Chinese believe in folk religion.[42] This shows a significant growth from the 300–400 million people practicing Chinese traditional religion that were estimated in the 1990s and early 2000s.[43][44]
This growth reverses the rapid decline that Chinese traditional religion faced in the 20th century.[45] Moreover, Chinese religion has also spread throughout the world following the emigration of Chinese populations, with 672,000 adherents in Canada as of 2010.[45]
According to scholars Miikka Ruokanen and Paulos Huang of University of Helsinki, the rebirth of traditional religion in China is faster and larger than the spread of other religions in the country, such as Buddhism and Christianity:[46]
Since the 1980s, with the gradual opening of society, folk religion has begun to recover. Especially in the rural areas, the speed and scale of its development are much faster and larger than is the case with Buddhism and Christianity [...] in Zhejiang province, where Christianity is better established than elsewhere, temples of folk religion are usually twenty or even a hundred times as numerous as Christian church buildings.
The number of adherents of the Chinese traditional religion is difficult to count, because of :[47]
Chinese rarely use the term "religion" for their popular religious practices, and they also do not utilize a vocabulary that they "believe in" gods or truths. Instead, they engage in religious acts that assume a vast array of gods and spirits and that also assume the efficacy of these beings in intervening in this world.[48]
The
Christianity
According to a 2011
By 2050, the Christian population is expected to exceed 3 billion.[54] Christians have 2.7 children per woman, which is above replacement level (2.1). The birth rate is expected to be the main factor in the growth of Christianity.[55] According to Pew Research Center study, by 2050 the number of Christians in absolute number is expected to grow to more than double in the next few decades,[56] from 517 million to 1.1 billion in Sub Saharan Africa,[56] from 531 million to 665 million in Latin America and Caribbean,[56] from 287 million to 381 million in Asia,[56] and from 266 million to 287 million in North America.[56] By 2050, Christianity is expected to remain the majority of population and the largest religious group in Latin America and Caribbean (89%),[57] North America (66%),[58] Europe (65.2%)[59] and Sub Saharan Africa (59%).[54]
According to Mark Jürgensmeyer of the
The significant growth of Christianity in non-Western countries led to regional distribution changes of Christians.
In mid-2005 Christianity adds about 65.1 million people annually due to factors such as birth rate and religious conversion, while losing 27.4 million people annually due to factors such as death rate and religious apostasy. Most of the net growth in the numbers of Christians is in Africa, Latin America and Asia.[73]
Christianity is still the largest religion in
According to a 2005 paper submitted to a meeting of the
The
In recent years, the number of Chinese Christians has increased significantly; Christians were 4 million before 1949 (3 million Catholics and 1 million Protestants), and are reaching 67 million today.
In 1900, there were only 8.7 million[49] adherents of Christianity in Africa, while in 2010 there were 390 million.[49] It is expected that by 2025 there will be 600 million Christians in Africa.[49] In Nigeria, the percentage of Christians has grown from 21.4%, in 1953, to 50.8%, in 2010.[49] In South Africa, Pentecostalism has grown from 0.2%, in 1951, to 7.6%, in 2001.[100] According to Pew Research Center the number of Catholics in Africa has increased from one million in 1901 to 329,882,000 in 2010.[49] From 2015 to 2016, Africa saw an increase of more than 6,265,000 Catholics.[101]
Catholic Church membership in 2013 was 1.254 billion, which is 17.7% of the world population, an increase from 437 million, in 1950[102] and 654 million, in 1970.[103] The main growth areas have been Asia and Africa, 39% and 32%, respectively, since 2000. Since 2010, the rate of increase was of 0.3% in the Americas and Europe.[104] On the other hand, Eric Kaufman, of University of London, argued that the main reason for the expansion of Catholicism and conservative Protestantism along with other religions is because their religions tend to be "pro-natal" and they have more children, and not due to religious conversion.[105]
According to the records of
The 19th century saw at least 250,000
According to the historian
According to the World Christian Encyclopedia[125] estimate significantly more people have converted to Christianity from Islam in the 21st century than at any other point in Islamic history.[126] The 2015 Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census study published by Baylor University institute for studies of religion estimates that 10.2 million Muslims converted to Christianity based on global missionary data.[127][a] Countries with the largest numbers of Muslims converted to Christianity according to this study include Indonesia (6,500,000),[128] Nigeria (600,000),[128] Iran (500,000 versus only 500 in 1979),[128] the United States (450,000),[129] Ethiopia (400,000) and Algeria (380,000).[128] Indonesia is home to the largest Christian community made up of converts from their former Islamic faith; according to various sources, since the mid and late 1960s, between two million to 2.5 million Muslims converted to Christianity.[122][123][124][130][131][132][133]
Christians of Muslim background communities can be found in Afghanistan,[134][135] Albania,[136][137][138][139][140][141] Algeria,[142][143][144][145][146] Argentina,[147] Australia,[127] Austria,[148][149] Azerbaijan,[150][151] Bangladesh,[152][153] Belgium,[127] Bosnia and Herzegovina,[127] Bulgaria,[154] Canada,[127] Denmark,[155][156] Egypt,[127] Ethiopia,[127] Finland,[157][158] France,[127][159] Georgia (Abkhazia),[160] Germany,[161] Greece,[162][163] India (kashmir),[164] Iran,[165][166][167][168][169][170] Iraq,[171] Kazakhstan,[172] Kosovo,[173][174] Kyrgyzstan,[175][176] Lebanon,[177] Malaysia,[178] Morocco,[179][180][181][182][183] the Netherlands,[184][156] Nigeria,[127] Russia,[127] Saudi Arabia,[127] Singapore,[185] Sweden,[186][187] Syria,[188] Tanzania,[127] Tajikistan,[189] Tunisia,[190][191] Turkey,[192][193][194][195] United Kingdom,[196][197] the United States,[198][199] Uzbekistan,[200] and other countries.[127] According to the Council on Foreign Relations in 2007, experts estimated that thousands of Muslims in the Western world converted to Christianity annually, but were not publicized due to fear of retribution.[201]
According to scholar Rob Scott of
Religious conversions are projected to have a "modest impact on changes in the religious groups including Christian population" between 2010 and 2050;[228] and may negatively affect the growth of Christian population and its share of the world's populations "slightly".[228] According to the same study Christianity is expected to lose a net of 66 million adherents (40 million converts versus 106 million apostate) mostly to religiously unaffiliated category between 2010 and 2050, it is also expected that Christianity may have the largest net losses in terms of religious conversion.[229][230] However, these forecasts lack reliable data on religious conversion in China, but according to media reports and expert assessments, it is possible that the rapid growth of Christianity in China may maintain, or even increase, the current numerical advantage of Christianity as the largest religion in the world. This scenario (Chinese scenario) is based primarily on sensitivity tests.[230] Large increases in the developing world (around 23,000 per day) have been accompanied by substantial declines in the developed world, mainly in Western Europe and North America.[231] By 2050, Christianity is expected to remain the majority religion in the United States (66.4%, down from 78.3% in 2010), and the number of Christians in absolute numbers is expected to grow from 243 million to 262 million.[232]
According to the
According to study published by the missionary statistician[243] and professor David B. Barrett of Columbia University,[244][245] and professor of global Christianity, historian George Thomas Kurian,[246] and both are work on World Christian Encyclopedia, approximately 2.7 million converting to Christianity annually from another religion, World Christian Encyclopedia also cited that Christianity ranks at first place in net gains through religious conversion.[247] On the other hand, demographer Conrad Hackett of Pew Research Center stated that the World Christian Encyclopedia gives a higher estimate for percent Christian when compared to other cross-national data sets.[248] While according to the book The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion, which written by professor of the Christian mission, Charles E. Farhadian, and professor of psychology, Lewis Rambo, in mid-2005 approximately 15.5 million converted to Christianity from another religion, while approximately 11.7 million left Christianity, most of them becoming irreligious, resulting in a net gain of 3.8 million.[73]
According to scholar
It has been reported also that increasing numbers of young people or educated people are becoming Christians in several countries such as China,[256][257] Hong Kong,[258] Indonesia,[259] Iran,[260][261] Japan,[97] Singapore,[262][263][264] and South Korea.[265] It has also been reported that conversion into Christianity is significantly increasing among Korean,[266] Chinese,[267] and Japanese in the United States.[268] By 2012 percentage of Christians on mentioned communities was 71%, more than 30% and 37%,[269] respectively. According to the World Christian Encyclopedia, between 1965 and 1985 about 2.5 million Indonesians converted from Islam to Christianity.[125] Many people who convert to Christianity face persecution.[270]
Deism
The 2001
Druze
The Druzites reside primarily in Syria, Lebanon, Israel and Jordan.
According to the
Hinduism
Hinduism is the third largest religion in the world.[283] Hindus made up about 17% of the world's population in 2010.[284] According to Pew Research Center 99% of Hindus lived in the Indo-Pacific region in 2010. According to Pew Forum, Hindus are anticipated to continue to be concentrated primarily in the Indo-Pacific region in 2050. Hinduism is the largest religion in the countries of India, Nepal, Mauritius and Guyana. Approximately 90% of the world's Hindus live in India.[285] 79.8% of India's population is Hindu, accounting for about 90% of Hindus worldwide. Hinduism's 10-year growth rate is estimated at 15% (based on the period 1991 to 2001), corresponding to a yearly growth close to 2%.[286][287] According to a 2017 Pew Research Center survey, between 2010 and 2015 "an estimated 109 million babies were born to Hindu mothers and roughly 42 million Hindus died, meaning that the natural increase in the Hindus population – i.e., the number of births minus the number of deaths – was 67 million over this period".[40]
According to the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Hinduism (1.52%) is one of the six fastest-growing religions in the world, with high birth rates in India being cited as the major reasons of the Hindu population growth.[288]
Hinduism is a growing religion in countries such as Ghana,[289] Russia,[290] and the United States.[291][292] According to 2011 census, Hinduism has become the fastest-growing religion in Australia since 2006,[293] due to migration from India and Fiji.[294]
Generally, the term "conversion" is not applicable to Hindu traditions. According to Arvind Sharma, Hinduism "is typically quite comfortable with multiple religious participation, multiple religious affiliations, and even with multiple religious identities."[295] However, some Hindu groups are known for running religious conversion which has been termed as Ghar Wapsi.[296] According to proponents of Hindutva, such as Sangh Parivar, the process is called "reconversion" of Christians and Muslims who were previously converted.[297]
Islam
Modern growth
Islam is the fastest-growing religion in the world.
On the other hand, in 2010, the Pew Forum found "that statistical data for Muslim conversions is scarce and as per their little available information, there is no substantial net gain or loss of Muslims due to religious conversion. It also stated that "the number of people who embrace Islam and the number of those who leave Islam are roughly equal. Thus, this report excludes religious conversion as a direct factor from the projection of Muslim population growth."
According to a 2017 Pew Research Center survey, between 2010 and 2015 "an estimated 213 million babies were born to Muslim mothers and roughly 61 million Muslims died, meaning that the natural increase in the Muslim population – i.e., the number of births minus the number of deaths – was 152 million over this period",[40] and it added small net gains through religious conversion into Islam (420,000). According to a 2017 Pew Research Center survey, by 2060 Muslims will remain the second world's largest religion; and if current trends continue, the number of Muslims will reach 2.9 billion (or 31.1%).[40]
It was reported in 2013 that around 5,000 British people convert to Islam every year, with most of them being women.
Resurgent Islam is one of the most dynamic religious movements in the contemporary world.[62] The Vatican's 2008 yearbook of statistics revealed that for the first time, Islam has outnumbered the Roman Catholics globally. It stated that, "Islam has overtaken Roman Catholicism as the biggest single religious denomination in the world",[317][318] and stated that, "It is true that while Muslim families, as is well known, continue to make a lot of children, Christian ones on the contrary tend to have fewer and fewer".[319] According to Foreign Policy, high birth rates were cited as the reason for the Muslim population growth.[320] With 3.1 children per woman, Muslims have higher fertility levels than the world's overall population between 2010 and 2015. High fertility is a major driver of projected Muslim population growth around the world and in particular regions.[321] Between 2010 and 2015, with exception of the Middle East and North Africa, Muslim fertility of any other region in the world was higher than the rate for the region as a whole.[321] While Muslim birth rates are expected to experience a decline, it will remain above replacement level and higher fertility than the world's overall by 2050.[322] As per U.N.'s global population forecasts, as well as the Pew Research projections, over time fertility rates generally converge toward the replacement level.[322] Globally, Muslims were younger (median age of 23) than the overall population (median age of 28) as of 2010.[323] While decline of Muslim birth rates in coming years have also been well documented.[324][325] According to David Ignatius, there is major decline in Muslim fertility rates as pointed out by Nicholas Eberstadt. Based on the data from 49 Muslim-majority countries and territories, he found that Muslims' birth rate has significantly dropped for 41% between 1975 and 1980 to 2005–10 while the global population decline was 33% during that period. It also stated that over a 50% decline was found in 22 Muslim countries and over a 60% decline in Iran, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Bangladesh, Tunisia, Libya, Albania, Qatar and Kuwait.[326]
According to the religious forecast for 2050 by Pew Research Center, between 2010 and 2050 modest net gains through religious conversion are expected for Muslims (3 million)
While the total Fertility Rate of Muslims in North America is 2.7 children per woman in the 2010 to 2015 period, well above the regional average (2.0) and the replacement level (2.1).[333] Europe's Muslim population also has higher fertility (2.1) than other religious groups in the region, well above the regional average (1.6).[321] A new study of Population Reference Bureau by demographers Charles Westoff and Tomas Frejka suggests that the fertility gap between Muslims and non-Muslims is shrinking and although the Muslim immigrants do have more children than other Europeans their fertility tends to decline over time, often faster than among non-Muslims.[334]
Generally, there are few reports about how many people leave Islam in Muslim majority countries. The main reason for this is the social and legal repercussions associated with
By 2010 an estimated 44 million Muslims were living in Europe (6%), up from 4.1% in 1990. By 2030, Muslims are expected to make up 8% of Europe's population including an estimated 19 million in the EU (3.8%),
The
It is often reported from various sources, including the German domestic intelligence service (
In 2010 Asia was home for (62%) of the world's Muslims, and about (20%) of the world's Muslims lived in the Middle East and North Africa, (16%) in Sub Saharan Africa, and 2% in Europe.[361] By 2050 Asia will be home to (52.8%) of the world's Muslims, and about (24.3%) of the world's Muslims will live in Sub Saharan Africa, (20%) the Middle East and North Africa, and 2% in Europe. As per the Pew Research study, Muslim populations will grow in absolute number in all regions of the world between 2010 and 2050. The Muslim population in the Asia-Pacific region is expected to reach nearly 1.5 billion by 2050, up from roughly 1 billion in 2010. The growth of Muslims is also expected in the Middle East-North Africa region, It is projected to increase from about 300 million in 2010 to more than 550 million in 2050. Besides, the Muslim population in sub-Saharan Africa is forecast to grow from about 250 million in 2010 to nearly 670 million in 2050 which is more than double. The absolute number of Muslims is also expected to increase in regions with smaller Muslim populations such as Europe and North America,[362] due to young age & relatively high fertility rate.[329] In Europe Muslim population will be nearly double (from 5.9% to 10.2%).[362] In North America, it will grow 1% to 2%.[362] In Asia Pacific region, Muslims will surpass the Hindus by the time. In Latin America and Caribbean Muslim population will stay 0.1% by 2050.[363]
In 2010 Indonesia, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nigeria was home for (47.8%) of the world's Muslims.[360]
Historical growth within the Middle East
There exist different views among scholars about the spread of Islam. Islam began in Arabia and from 633 AD until the late 10th century it was spread through conquests, far-reaching trade and missionary activity.[364][365]
According to
Judaism
Today, the majority of the world's
The overall growth rate of Jews in Israel is 1.7% annually.[399] The diaspora countries, by contrast, have low Jewish birth rates, an increasingly elderly age composition, and a negative balance of people leaving Judaism versus those joining.[400]
There is also a trend of Orthodox movements reaching out to
Rates of
In 1939, the core Jewish population reached its historical peak of 17 million (0.8% of the global population). Because of
According to the Pew Research Center published on 2010, religious conversion may have little impact on the Jewish population between 2010 and 2050; Jews are expected to lose 0.3 million adherents, between 2010 and 2050.[27] According to a 2017 Pew Research Center survey, over the next four decades the number of Jews around the world is expected to increase from 14.2 million in 2015 to 16.3 million in 2060.[40]
Baháʼí Faith
As of around 2020, there were about 8 million Bahá'ís in the world.[411][412] In 2013, two scholars of demography wrote that, "The Baha'i Faith is the only religion to have grown faster in every United Nations region over the past 100 years than the general population; Bahaʼi [sic] was thus the fastest-growing religion between 1910 and 2010, growing at least twice as fast as the population of almost every UN region."[413]
The largest proportions of the total world Bahá'í population[414] were found in sub-Saharan Africa (29.9%) and South Asia (26.8%), followed by Southeast Asia (12.7%) and Latin America (12.2%). Lesser populations are found in North America (7.6%) and the Middle East/North Africa (6.2%), while the smallest populations in Europe (2.0%), Australasia (1.6%), and Northeast Asia (0.9%). In 2015, the internationally recognized religion was the second-largest international religion in Iran,[415] Panama,[416] Belize,[417] Bolivia,[418] Zambia,[419] and Papua New Guinea;[420] and the third-largest in Chad,[421] and Kenya.[422]
From the Bahá'í Faith's origins in the 19th century until the 1950s, the vast majority of Baháʼís were found in Iran; converts from outside Iran were mostly found in India and the Western world.[423] From having roughly 200,000 Baháʼís in 1950,[424] the religion grew to having over 4 million by the late 1980s, with a widespread international distribution.[425][423][426] Most of the growth in the late 20th century was seeded out of North America by means of the planned migration of individuals.[427] Yet, rather than being a cultural spread from either Iran or North America, in 2001, sociologist David Barrett wrote that the Baháʼí Faith is, "A world religion with no racial or national focus".[428] However, the growth has not been even. From the late 1920s to the late 1980s the religion was harassed and banned in the Soviet-led Eastern Bloc,[429][430][431] and then again from the 1970s into the 1990s across some countries in sub-Saharan Africa.[432][433] The most intense opposition has been in Iran and neighboring Shia-majority countries,[434] considered by some scholars and watch agencies as a case of attempted genocide.[435][436][437][438] Meanwhile in other times or places the religion has experienced surges in growth. Before it was banned in certain countries, the religion "hugely increased" in sub-Saharan Africa.[439] In 1989 the Universal House of Justice named Bolivia, Bangladesh, Haiti, India, Liberia, Peru, the Philippines, and Taiwan as countries where growth in the religion had been notable in the previous decades.[440] Bahá'í sources state "more than five million" Bahá'ís in 1991-2.[441] However, since around 2001 the Universal House of Justice has prioritized statistics of the community by their levels of activity rather than simply their population of avowed adherents or numbers of local assemblies.[442][443][444]
Because Bahá'ís do not represent the majority of the population in any country,[445] and most often represent only a tiny fraction of countries' total populations,[446] there are problems of under-reporting.[447] In addition, there are examples where the adherents have their highest density among minorities in societies who face their own challenges.[448][449]
Nonreligious
In terms of absolute numbers, irreligion appears to be increasing (along with secularization generally).[450] (See the geographic distribution of atheism.)
According to
The American Religious Identification Survey gave nonreligious groups the largest gain in terms of absolute numbers: 14.3 million (8.4% of the population) to 29.4 million (14.1% of the population) for the period 1990–2001 in the U.S.[453][454] A 2012 study by the Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life reports, "The number of Americans who do not identify with any religion continues to grow at a rapid pace. One-fifth of the U.S. public – and a third of adults under 30 – are religiously unaffiliated today, the highest percentages ever in Pew Research Center polling."[455]
A similar pattern has been found in other countries such as Australia,
According to a religious forecast for 2050 by Pew Research Center, the percentage of the world's population that is unaffiliated or nonreligious is expected to drop, from 16% of the world's total population in 2010 to 13% in 2050.[461] The decline is largely due to the advanced age (median age of 34) and low fertility among unaffiliated or Nonreligious (1.7 children per woman in the 2010–2015 period). Sociologist Phil Zuckerman's global studies on atheism have indicated that global atheism may be in decline due to irreligious countries having the lowest birth rates in the world and religious countries having higher birth rates in general.[462]
According to Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life, by 2050 unaffiliated or nonreligious are expected to account for 27% of North America total population (up from 17.1% as in 2010), and 23% of Europe total population (up from 18% as in 2010).[463] The religiously unaffiliated are stationed largely in the Asia-Pacific region, where 76% resided in that region in 2010, and is expected to be 68% by 2050. The share of the global unaffiliated population living in Europe is projected to grow from 12% in 2010 to 13% in 2050. The proportion of the global religiously unaffiliated living in North America will rise from 5% in 2010, to 9% in 2050.[463] According to the Pew Research Center, religious conversion may have a modest impact on religiously unaffiliated population between 2010 and 2050; religiously unaffiliated are expected to gain 61 million adherents. The largest net movement is expected to be into the religiously unaffiliated category between 2010 and 2050.[27]
Sikhism
Sikhism was founded by Guru Nanak in the 15th century.[464] The religion began in the region of Punjab in eastern Pakistan and Northwest India. Today, India is home to the largest Sikh population with 1.7% of its population, or about 20 million people identifying as Sikh.[465] Within India, a majority of Sikhs live in the state of Punjab.[466] Outside of India, the largest Sikh communities are in the core Anglosphere, with around 771,790 in Canada (2.1% Sikh),[467][468] 524,529 in the United Kingdom (0.8% Sikh),[469][470][471] 280,000 in the United States (0.08% Sikh),[492] 210,400 in Australia (0.8% Sikh),[493][494] and 40,908 in New Zealand (0.9% Sikh).[495]
Primarily for
Johnson and Barrett (2004) estimate that the global Sikh population increases annually by 392,633 (1.7% per year, based on 2004 figures); this percentage includes births, deaths, and conversions. The estimated world's Sikh population was over 30 million in 2020, and it will reach 42 million by 2050. It is expected to increase up to 62 million by 2100, given that the anticipated growth rate of 1.7% per year and adding at least 400,000 followers annually.[505][498] By 2050, according to Pew research center based on growth rate of current Sikh population between (2001–2011), India will have 27,129,086 Sikhs by half-century which will be more than that of any country including the Western world.[506]
Wicca
The American Religious Identification Survey gives Wicca an average annual growth of 143% for the period 1990 to 2001 (from 8,000 to 134,000 – U.S. data / similar for Canada & Australia).[453][454] According to Anne Elizabeth Wynn of The Statesman, "The two most recent American Religious Identification Surveys declare Wicca, one form of paganism, as the fastest growing spiritual identification in America".[507][508] Mary Jones says Wicca is one of the fastest-growing religions in the United States as well.[509] Wicca, which is largely a "Pagan" religion primarily attracts followers of nature-based religions in, as an example, the Southeast Valley region of the Phoenix, Arizona metropolitan area.[510]
Zoroastrianism
There has been recent conversions of Kurds from Islam to Zoroastrianism in Kurdistan for different reasons, including a sense of national and/or ethnic identity or for recent conflicts with radical Muslims, which had been enthusiastically received by Zoroastrians worldwide.[527][528][529]
The number of Kurdish Zoroastrians, along with those of non-ethnic converts, has been estimated differently.[530] The Zoroastrian Representative of the Kurdistan Regional Government in Iraq has said that as many as 14,000 people in Iraqi Kurdistan have converted to Zoroastrianism recently, with community leaders repeating this and speculating that even more Zoroastrians in the region are practicing their faith secretly.[531][532][533] However, this has not been confirmed by independent sources.[534]
Overall statistics
Data collection
Statistics on religious adherence are difficult to gather and often contradictory; statistics for the change of religious adherence are even more so, requiring multiple surveys separated by many years using the same data gathering rules. This has only been achieved in rare cases, and then only for particular countries, such as the
Historical growth
The World Religion Database[536] (WRD) is a peer-reviewed database of international religious statistics based on research conducted at the Institute on Culture, Religion & World Affairs at Boston University. It is published by Brill and is the most comprehensive database of religious demographics available to scholars, providing data for all of the world's countries.[537] Adherence data is largely compiled from census and surveys.[538] The database groups adherents into 18 broadly-defined categories: Agnostics, Atheists,[c] Baháʼís, Buddhists, Chinese folk-religionists, Christians, Confucianists, Daoists, Ethnoreligionists, Hindus, Jains, Jews, Muslims, New Religionists, Shintoists, Sikhs, Spiritists, and Zoroastrians. The WRD is edited by demographers Todd M. Johnson[539] and Brian J. Grim.[540]
Religion | 1900 | 1910 | 1970 | 2000 | 2010 | Rate* | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adherents | % | Adherents | % | Adherents | % | Adherents | % | Adherents | % | 1910–2010 | 2000–2010 | |
Christians | 558,345,962 | 34.47 | 611,810,000 | 34.8 | 1,229,308,840 | 33.22 | 1,988,966,546 | 32.37 | 2,260,440,000 | 32.8 | 1.32 | 1.31 |
Muslims | 200,301,122 | 12.37 | 221,749,000 | 12.6 | 570,566,719 | 15.42 | 1,291,279,826 | 21.01 | 1,553,773,000 | 22.5 | 1.97 | 1.86 |
Hindus | 202,976,290 | 12.53 | 223,383,000 | 12.7 | 462,981,539 | 12.51 | 822,396,657 | 13.38 | 948,575,000 | 13.8 | 1.46 | 1.41 |
Agnostics | 3,028,450 | 0.19 | 3,369,000 | 0.2 | 544,299,664 | 14.71 | 656,409,731 | 10.68 | 676,944,000 | 9.8 | 5.45 | 0.32 |
Buddhists | 126,946,371 | 7.84 | 138,064,000 | 7.9 | 234,956,867 | 6.35 | 452,301,190 | 7.36 | 494,881,000 | 7.2 | 1.28 | 0.99 |
Chinese folk | 379,974,110 | 23.46 | 390,504,000 | 22.2 | 238,026,581 | 6.43 | 431,243,766 | 7.02 | 436,258,000 | 6.3 | 0.11 | 0.16 |
Ethnic religion | 117,312,635 | 7.24 | 135,074,000 | 7.7 | 169,417,360 | 4.58 | 224,054,933 | 3.65 | 242,516,000 | 3.5 | 0.59 | 1.06 |
Atheists | 226,220 | 0.01 | 243,000 | 0 | 165,156,380 | 4.46 | 141,022,510 | 2.29 | 136,652,000 | 2.0 | 6.54 | 0.05 |
New religion | 5,985,985 | 0.37 | 6,865,000 | 0.4 | 39,557,298 | 1.07 | 62,942,743 | 1.02 | 63,004,000 | 0.9 | 2.24 | 0.29 |
Sikhs | 2,962,000 | 0.18 | 3,232,000 | 0.2 | 10,668,200 | 0.29 | 19,973,000 | 0.33 | 23,927,000 | 0.3 | 2.02 | 1.54 |
Spiritists | 268,540 | 0.02 | 324,000 | 0 | 4,657,760 | 0.13 | 12,544,478 | 0.20 | 13,700,000 | 0.2 | 3.82 | 0.94 |
Jews | 11,725,410 | 0.72 | 13,193,000 | 0.8 | 13,901,778 | 0.38 | 12,880,910 | 0.21 | 17,064,000 | 0.2 | 0.11 | 1.02 |
Daoists |
375,000 | 0.02 | 437,000 | 0 | 1,734,000 | 0.05 | 7,132,555 | 0.12 | 8,429,000 | 0.1 | 3.00 | 1.73 |
Confucianists | 840,000 | 0.05 | 760,000 | 0 | 5,759,150 | 0.16 | 7,995,470 | 0.13 | 6,449,000 | 0.1 | 2.16 | 0.36 |
Baháʼí Faith | 204,535 | 0.01 | 225,000 | 0 | 2,657,336 | 0.07 | 6,051,749 | 0.10 | 7,306,000 | 0.1 | 3.54 | 1.72 |
Jains | 1,323,780 | 0.08 | 1,446,000 | 0.1 | 2,628,510 | 0.07 | 4,792,953 | 0.08 | 5,316,000 | 0.1 | 1.31 | 1.53 |
Shinto | 6,720,000 | 0.41 | 7,613,000 | 0.4 | 4,175,000 | 0.11 | 2,831,486 | 0.05 | 2,761,000 | 0.0 | −1.01 | 0.09 |
Zoroastrians | 108,590 | 0.01 | 98,000 | 0 | 124,669 | 0.00 | 186,492 | 0.00 | 192,000 | 0.0 | 0.51 | 0.74 |
Total Population: | 1,619,625,000 |
100.0
|
1,758,412,000 |
100.0
|
3,700,577,651 |
100.0
|
6,145,008,995 |
100.0
|
6,895,889,000 |
100.0
|
1.38
|
1.20
|
*Rate = average annual growth rate, percent per year indicated Source: Todd M. Johnson and Brian J. Grim 2013[1] |
Future change
Projections of future religious adherence are based on assumptions that trends, total fertility rates, life expectancy, political climate, conversion rates, secularization, etc. will continue. Such forecasts cannot be validated empirically and are contentious, but are useful for comparison.[1][2]
Future change by conversion
According to the Pew Research Center published in 2010, religious conversion may have little impact on religious demographics between 2010 and 2050. Christianity is expected to lose a net of 66 million adherents mostly to religiously unaffiliated, while religiously unaffiliated are expected to gain 61 million adherents. Islam is expected to gain 3.2 million followers, while Buddhists and Jews are expected to lose 2.9 million and 0.3 million adherents, respectively.[27]
Religion | Switching in | Switching out | Net change |
---|---|---|---|
Religiously Unaffiliated | 97,080,000 | 35,590,000 | +61,490,000 |
Islam | 12,620,000 | 9,400,000 | +3,220,000 |
Folk religions | 5,460,000 | 2,850,000 | +2,610,000 |
Other religions | 3,040,000 | 1,160,000 | +1,880,000 |
Hinduism | 260,000 | 250,000 | +10,000 |
Judaism | 320,000 | 630,000 | –310,000 |
Buddhism | 3,370,000 | 6,210,000 | –2,850,000 |
Christianity | 40,060,000 | 106,110,000 | –66,050,000 |
The largest net gains for the religiously unaffiliated between 2010 and 2050 are expected in
Only in recent decades have surveys begun to measure changes in religious identity among individuals.
These forecasts lack reliable data on religious conversion in China, but according to media reports and expert assessments, it is possible that the rapid growth of Christianity in China may maintain, or even increase, the current numerical advantage of Christianity as the largest religion in the world and may negatively affect the growth of the Religiously Unaffiliated. This scenario (Chinese scenario) is based primarily on sensitivity tests.[27]
See also
Notes
- ^ 6 million of those converts came from Indonesia however the report also includes the descendants of those who converted in Indonesia as well.
- ^ the survey was based on 50,000 respondents with 90% of those surveyed living in Iran. The survey was conducted in June 2020 for 15 days from June 17th to July 1st in 2020 and reflects the views of the educated people of Iran over the age of 19 (equivalent to 85% of Adults in Iran) and can be generalized to apply to this entire demographic. It has a 95% confidence level and a 5% margin of error.[339][338]
- ^ Atheism and agnosticism are not typically considered religions, but data about the prevalence of irreligion is useful to scholars of religious demography.
Citations
- ^ a b c d e Johnson & Grim 2013.
- ^ a b Todd M. Johnson, Religious Projections for the Next 200 Years from World Network of Religious Futurists
- ^ a b c d "The Future of Global Muslim Population: Projections from 2010 to 2013" Accessed July 2013.
- ^ "The Future of World Religions p.70" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2015.
- ^ Whitehead, Nadia (25 December 2015). "A Religious Forecast For 2050: Atheism Is Down, Islam Is Rising". NPR.
This growth has to do with the relatively young age of the Muslim population as well as high fertility rates.
- ^ a b "Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group". Pew Research Center. 23 April 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
The main reasons for Islam's growth ultimately involve simple demographics. To begin with, Muslims have more children than members of the seven other major religious groups analyzed in the study. Muslim women have an average of 2.9 children, significantly above the next-highest group (Christians at 2.6) and the average of all non-Muslims (2.2). In all major regions where there is a sizable Muslim population, Muslim fertility exceeds non-Muslim fertility.
- ^ "The Future of the Global Muslim Population". 27 January 2011.
there is no substantial net gain or loss in the number of Muslims through conversion globally; the number of people who become Muslims through conversion seems to be roughly equal to the number of Muslims who leave the faith
- ^ a b The Future of the Global Muslim Population (Report). Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-934563-2.
Pentecostalism is the fastest-growing religious movement in the world
- ^ ISBN 9780520266612.
With its remarkable ability to adapt to different cultures, Pentecostalism has become the world's fastest growing religious movement.
- ^ a b "Pentecostalism—the fastest growing religion on earth". ABC. 30 May 2021.
- ^ a b "Pentecostalism: Massive Global Growth Under the Radar". Pulitzer Center. 9 March 2015.
Today, one quarter of the two billion Christians in the world are Pentecostal or Charismatic. Pentecostalism is the fastest growing religion in the world.
- ^ a b "More Religion, but Not the Old-Time Kind". The New York Times. 3 August 2005.
The world's fastest-growing religion is not any type of fundamentalism, but the Pentecostal wing of Christianity.
- ^ a b "Witnessing The New Reach Of Pentecostalism". The Washington Post. 3 August 2002.
Pentecostalism is widely recognized by religious scholars as the fastest-growing Christian movement in the world, reaching into many different denominations.
- ^ a b "Canadian Pentecostalism". McGill–Queen's University Press. 9 February 2009.
One of the most significant transformations in twentieth-century Christianity is the emergence and development of Pentecostalism. With over five hundred million followers, it is the fastest-growing movement in the world. An incredibly diverse movement, it has influenced many sectors of Christianity, flourishing in Africa, Latin America, and Asia and having an equally significant effect on Canada.
- ^ a b c "Max Weber and Pentecostals in Latin America: The Protestant Ethic, Social Capital and Spiritual Capital Ethic, Social Capital and Spiritual Capital". Georgia State University. 9 May 2016.
Many scholars claim that Pentecostalism is the fastest growing religious phenomenon in human history.
- ^ ISBN 9781493410774.
Pentecostalism arguably has been the fastest growing religious movement in the contemporary world
- ^ a b "Protestantism: The fastest growing religion in the developing world". The Manila Times. 18 November 2017.
At the heart of this religious resurgence are Islam and Pentecostalism, a branch of Protestant Christianity. Islam grew at an annual average of 1.9 percent between 2000 and 2017, mainly as the result of a high birth rate. Pentecostalism grew at 2.2 percent each year, mainly by conversion. Half of developing-world Christians are Pentecostal, evangelical or charismatic (all branches of the faith emphasize the authority of the Bible and the need for a spiritual rebirth). Why are people so attracted to it?.
- ^ a b "Why is Protestantism flourishing in the developing world?". The Economists. 18 November 2017.
Pentecostalism grew at 2.2 percent each year, mainly by conversion. Half of developing-world Christians are Pentecostal, evangelical or charismatic.
- ^ a b c d "The Future of World Religions p.182" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 February 2018.
This analysis of religious switching draws on surveys in 19 countries where Muslims constitute a majority of the population. Generally, however, there are few reports of people disaffiliating from Islam in these countries. One reason for this may be the social and legal repercussions associated with disaffiliation in many Muslim-majority countries, up to and including the death penalty for apostasy. It is possible that in the future, these societies could allow for greater freedom to religiously disaffiliate. The demographic projections in this report do not seek to predict the likelihood of such changes in political and social dynamics, or to model what the consequences might be.
- ^ "The Future of the Global Muslim Population". 27 January 2011.
There are a number of reasons why reliable data on conversions are hard to come by. Some national censuses ask people about their religion, but they do not directly ask whether people have converted to their present faith. A few cross-national surveys do contain questions about religious switching, but even in those surveys, it is difficult to assess whether more people leave Islam than enter the faith. In some countries, legal and social consequences make conversion difficult, and survey respondents may be reluctant to speak honestly about the topic. Additionally, for many Muslims, Islam is not just a religion but an ethnic or cultural identity that does not depend on whether a person actively practices the faith. This means that even nonpracticing or secular Muslims may still consider themselves, and be viewed by their neighbors, as Muslims.
- ^ Laws Criminalizing Apostasy Archived 11 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine Library of Congress (2014)
- ^ Apostasy Archived 4 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine Oxford Islamic Studies Online, Oxford University Press (2012)
- ^ "The countries where apostasy is punishable by death". indy100. 7 May 2017. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
- ^ a b "The Future of the Global Muslim Population". 27 January 2011.
there is no substantial net gain or loss in the number of Muslims through conversion globally; the number of people who become Muslims through conversion seems to be roughly equal to the number of Muslims who leave the faith
- ^ "The Changing Global Religious Landscape". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 5 April 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Cumulative Change Due to Religious Switching, 2010–2050, p.43" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
- ^
Wick, Peter; Rabens, Volker, eds. (28 November 2013). Religions and Trade: Religious Formation, Transformation and Cross-Cultural Exchange between East and West. Dynamics in the History of Religions. Leiden: BRILL (published 2013). p. xi. ISBN 9789004255302. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
Trade is a prominent generator of intercultural contact and is thus one of the most important triggers of religious contact. Through trade-based interactions, not only is merchandise traded but sooner or later religious goods are also 'traded' and interchanged.
- ^
ISBN 9780199713547. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
Some of the positive aspects of conversion include upward mobility in social circumstances, increased economic opportunities, and access to religious-affiliated institutional and social services (such as education, health care, and charity relief). For example, Christianity in India was mostly adopted by members of lower castes and tribal peoples for whom religious conversion offered a way out of their low social status and lack of economic opportunities.
- ^
Young, William W. (2018). Listening, Religion, and Democracy in Contemporary Boston: God's Ears. Ethnographies of Religion. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 119. ISBN 9781498576093.
[...] smaller churches such as Emmanuel face the sharp and troubling question of what they are for—why this church is needed in this particular place and time, when there is virtually market saturation for religious consumers.
- ^ a b Australia. Bureau of Statistics. Year Book Australia, 2003. 21 January 2003. 19 May 2006.[1]
- ^ "The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups as of 2010". Buddhists. Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center. 18 December 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2013.
- ^ "The Global Religious Landscape: Buddhists". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center. 18 December 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2013.
- ^ Johnson & Grim 2013, pp. 34–37.
- ISBN 9780521676748.
- ^ "Buddhists". 18 December 2012.
- Archive-Itp.104
- Archive-Itp.107
- Archive-Itp.109
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "The Changing Global Religious Landscape". Pew Research Center. 5 April 2017.
- ^ ISSN 2192-9289.
- ^ Johnson & Grim 2013, pp. 290–291.
- ^ Adherents.com: Chinese traditional religion.
- ^ Pew Research Center: Folk religions.
- ^ a b Johnson & Grim 2013, p. 31.
- ^ Ruokanen, Huang. 2011. p. 171
- ^ a b c Chen, Jeung. 2012. p. 200
- ISBN 9780814717370.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Global Christianity: Regional Distribution of Christians". Pew Research Center. 19 December 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
- ^ a b MIller, 2006. pp. 185–186
- Archive-ItOverview
- ISBN 9780761927297.
Christians still form the largest group, constituting one third of the world's population. Christianity is growing on average by 2.3% a year
- ^ "The List: The World's Fastest-Growing Religions". Foreign Policy. 14 May 2007. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
Behind the trend: High birthrates and conversions in the global South.
- ^ a b c d "The Future of World Religions p.59" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
- ^ "The Future of World Religions p.26" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
- ^ a b c d e "The Future of World Religions" (PDF). Pew Research Center. 13 January 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2015.
- ^ "The Future of World Religions p.151" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
- ^ "The Future of World Religions p.158" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
- ^ "The Future of World Religions p.147" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
- S2CID 165905763. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
- ^ a b Mauro, J.-P. (24 July 2018). "Africa overtakes Latin America for the highest Christian population". Aleteia — Catholic Spirituality, Lifestyle, World News, and Culture. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
- ^ ISBN 9780198040699– via Google Books.
- ^ "Pentecostalism: Massive Global Growth Under the Radar". Pulitzer Center. 9 March 2015.
Massive Growth Under the Radar: Each day, 35,000 people are born again through baptism with the Holy Spirit.
- ^ "Max Weber and Pentecostals in Latin America: The Protestant Ethic, Social Capital and Spiritual Capital Ethic, Social Capital and Spiritual Capital". Georgia State University. 9 May 2016.
The spread of Pentecostal Christianity may be the fastest growing movement in the history of religion (Berger 2009).
- ^ Hillerbrand, Hans J., "Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set", p. 1815, "Observers carefully comparing all these figures in the total context will have observed the even more startling finding that for the first itime ever in the history of Protestantism, Wider Protestants will by 2050 have become almost exactly as numerous as Roman Catholics – each with just over 1.5 billion followers, or 17 percent of the world, with Protestants growing considerably faster than Catholics each year."
- ^ ISBN 9780191620133– via Google Books.
- ^ a b c d Jay Diamond, Larry. Plattner, Marc F. and Costopoulos, Philip J. World Religions and Democracy. 2005, page 119. link (saying "Not only do Protestants presently constitute 13 percent of the world's population—about 800 million people—but since 1900 Protestantism has spread rapidly in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.")
- ^ ISBN 9780231142632– via Google Books.
- ISBN 9780816069835– via Google Books.
- ^ The Global Religious Landscape: Christians Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine p.17
- ^ "The Future of World Religions; Regional Change p.60" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
- ^ a b c "Being Christian in Western Europe", Pew Research Center, 2018, retrieved 29 May 2018
- ^ ISBN 9780195338522.
- ^ "Eastern and Western Europeans Differ on Importance of Religion, Views of Minorities, and Key Social Issues". Pew Research Center. 29 October 2018.
- ^ "Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe". Pew Research Center. 30 May 2017.
Pew Research Center's predecessor organization did ask about religion when it surveyed several countries in the region in 1991, during the waning months of the USSR. In Russia, Ukraine, and Bulgaria, far more people said they were religiously unaffiliated in 1991 than describe themselves that way in the new survey. In all three countries, the share of the population that identifies with Orthodox Christianity is up significantly since the collapse of the Soviet Union.
- ^ Tolmay, Barry John (30 April 2018). "Turning point in Christianity: Eastern Europe in the late 20th Century". Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae. 44 (3). University of Pretoria: 1–15.
- ^ Barker, Isabelle V. (2005). "Engendering Charismatic Economies: Pentecostalism, Global Political Economy, and the Crisis of Social Reproduction". American Political Science Association. pp. 2, 8 and footnote 14 on page 8. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2010.
- ^ "Study: Christianity growth soars in Africa". USA Today. 20 December 2011. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
- ^ Ostling, Richard N. (24 June 2001). "The Battle for Latin America's Soul". Time. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
- ^ Phillips, Tom (19 April 2014). "China on course to become 'world's most Christian nation' within 15 years". Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.
- ^ Miller, 2006. pp. 185–186
- ^ "Max Weber and Pentecostals in Latin America: The Protestant Ethic, Social Capital and Spiritual Capital Ethic, Social Capital and Spiritual Capital". Georgia State University. 9 May 2016.
P.14: As a result of such growth, Paul Freston writes that "Latin America is now the global heartland of Pentecostalism." Moreover, Pentecostalism in Latin America is now overwhelmingly indigenous. Catholicism is no longer seen as an essential part of Latin American identity, and Pentecostalism continues to grow, both by conversion and by high birth rates (Freston 2013, p. 104).
- ^ "Max Weber and Pentecostals in Latin America: The Protestant Ethic, Social Capital and Spiritual Capital Ethic, Social Capital and Spiritual Capital". Georgia State University. 9 May 2016.
P.27
- ^ "The State Of Pentecostalism In Southeast Asia: Ethnicity, Class And Leadership – Analysis". Eurasia Review. 28 September 2015.
- ^ "Religion in Latin America, Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region". Pew Research Center. 13 November 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
Just one-in-ten Latin Americans (9%) were raised in Protestant churches, but nearly one-in-five (19%) now describe themselves as Protestants.
- ^ a b c "6 facts about South Korea's growing Christian population". Pew Research Center. 12 August 2014.
In 1900, only 1% of the country's population was Christian, but largely through the efforts of missionaries and churches, Christianity has grown rapidly in South Korea over the past century. In 2010, roughly three-in-ten South Koreans were Christian, including members of the world's largest Pentecostal church, Yoido Full Gospel Church, in Seoul.
- ^ "Annual Report on International Religious Freedom for 2005 – Vietnam". U.S. Department of State. 30 June 2005. Archived from the original on 20 October 2006. Retrieved 11 March 2007.
- ^ 한국 가톨릭 태두 정진석 추기경 :: 네이버 뉴스 (in Korean). News.naver.com. 25 July 2007. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
- ^ "6 facts about South Korea's growing Christian population". Pew Research Center. 12 August 2014.
- ^ "Better-educated S'pore residents look to religion". asiaone.com.
- ISBN 9789814305150.
The social influence of Christianity, however, extends far beyond its membership especially in the sphere of education, giving Christianity a middle-class identity... Conversion is increasing among Chinese in Singapore, both into Christianity and into Buddhism.
- ^ China accused of trying to 'co-opt and emasculate' Christianity, The Guardian, Tuesday 17 November 2015
- ^ "AFP: In Indonesia, Lunar New Year an old practice for young Christians". 10 February 2008. Archived from the original on 10 February 2008.
- ^ Brazier, Roderick (27 April 2006). "In Indonesia, the Chinese go to church". The New York Times.
- ^ "Religion and Education in Indonesia" (PDF). Gavin W. Jones. 30 January 2017.
P.25: Finally, during this century there has been a rapid growth in the number of Chinese Christians. Very few Chinese were Christians at the turn of the century. Today Christians constitute approximately 10 or 15 percent of the Chinese population in Indonesia, and probably a higher proportion among the young. Conversion of Chinese to Christianity accelerated in the 1960s, especially in East Java, and for Indonesia as a whole the proportion of Chinese who were Catholics rose from 2 percent in 1957 to 6 percent in 1969. The growth of Christianity has been greatest among the peranakan (local-born) Chinese. This growth appears to represent both a response to intense missionary efforts and a search for acceptance and identification in the Indonesian community through espousal of a more acceptable, less "Chinese" religion which at the same time removes the suspicion of communist sympathies.
- ^ "In Indonesia, Lunar New Year an old practice for young Christians". Agence France-Presse. 7 February 2008. Archived from the original on 10 February 2008. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
- ^ ISBN 9789400723870.
A 2006 Gallup survey, however, is the largest to date and puts the number at 6%, which is much higher than its previous surveys. It notes a major increase among Japanese youth professing Christ.
- ^ "After fatalism, Japan opens to faith". mercatornet. 17 October 2007. Archived from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
The 2006 Gallup poll, however, disclosed that an astounding 12 per cent of Japanese who claim a religion are now Christian, making six per cent of the entire nation Christian.
- ISBN 9781441246004.
- ^ "Religious Demographic Profiles – Pew Forum". Archived from the original on 21 April 2010.
- ^ Fides, Agenzia. "VATICAN - CATHOLIC CHURCH STATISTICS 2018 - Agenzia Fides". fides.org. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ Froehle, pp. 4–5
- ^ Bazar, Emily (16 April 2008). "Immigrants Make Pilgrimage to Pope". USA Today. Retrieved 3 May 2008.
- ^ "World's Catholic population steady". Catholic Culture.org. 13 May 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
- ^ a b "Think religion is in decline? Look at who is 'going forth and multiplying'". 12 October 2014.
- ^ "Five Centuries After Reformation, Catholic-Protestant Divide in Western Europe Has Faded," Pew Research Center, 31 August 2017, 5/11
- ^ Kumar, Anugrah (15 July 2012). "1 Million Evangelical Christians March for Jesus in Brazil". The Christian Post, Inc. Washington, DC, USA. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
- ^ Conger, George (17 July 2012). "French Evangelicals through an American lens". GetReligion.org. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
- ^ Nordi, Danielle (23 August 2011). "Número de brasileiros católicos cai abaixo dos 70% pela 1ª vez (Percent of Brazilian Catholics is below 70% for the first time)". Delas Comportamento (in Portuguese). São Paulo, Brazil: Internet Group do Brasil (iG). Retrieved 1 January 2015.
- ^ Stark, Rodney (1998). "The Rise of a New World Faith". Latter-day Saint Social Life: Social Research on the LDS Church and Its Members: 1–8. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
- ^ Yeakley, Richard (15 February 2011). "Growth stalls, falls for largest U.S. churches". USA Today. (Religion News Service).
- ^ McGovern, Shannon (30 August 2012), "Mitt Romney and the Mormon Machine", USNews.com
- ISBN 9780310244905.
- ^ "How many Jews are there in the United States?". Pew Research Center.
- ^ a b "A PORTRAIT OF JEWISH AMERICANS: Chapter 1: Population Estimates". Pew Research Center. October 2013.
- ^ "American-Jewish Population Rises to 6.8 Million". haaretz.
- ^ Arena – Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia. Sreda.org
- ^ 2012 Survey Maps Archived 20 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27 August 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
- ^ "Jewish Americans in 2020". Pew Research Center. May 2021.
- ^ ISBN 9781742534169.
Since the 1960s, there has been a substantial increase in the number of Muslims who have converted to Christianity
- hdl:2027.42/72141– via deepblue.lib.umich.edu.
- ^ ISBN 9781107033993.
estimated that over 2 million Javanese Muslims became Christians between 1965 and 1971, and Pentecostal churches gained the most members
- ^ ISBN 9781316565247.
Between 1966 and 1976, some 2 million ethnic Javanese from nominally Islamic backgrounds converted to Christianity
- ^ ISBN 9781136726408.
Between 1966 and 1976, almost two million ethnic Javanese, most from abangan Islamic backgrounds, converted to Christianity.
- ^ ISBN 978-0195079630.
- ^ Garrison, David; 2014; "A Wind in the House of Islam: How God Is Drawing Muslims Around The World To Faith in Jesus Christ"; WIGTake Resources
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Johnstone, Patrick; Miller, Duane Alexander (2015). "Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census". Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion. 11: 8. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
- ^ a b c d "The Perilous Path from Muslim to Christian". The National Interest. 12 June 2021.
Reports of widespread conversions of Muslims to Christianity come from regions as disparate as Algeria, Albania, Syria, and Kurdistan. Countries with the largest indigenous numbers include Algeria, 380,000; Ethiopia, 400,000; Iran, 500,000 (versus only 500 in 1979); Nigeria, 600,000; and Indonesia, an astounding 6,500,000.
- ^ "The Perilous Path from Muslim to Christian". The National Interest. 12 June 2021.
MBBs also live in the West, with the United States hosting by far the most (450,000) and Bulgaria the most in Europe (45,000).
- ISBN 9780742540118.
etween 1966 and 1976, almost 2 million ethnic Javanese, most from nominally Islamic backgrounds, converted to Christianity. Another 250,000 to 400,000 became Hindu.
- ISBN 9783319456928.
almost two million nominal Muslims to convert to Christianity
- ISBN 9788132107699.
Simultaneously, a considerable number of muslims (about 2 million) converted to Christianity and Hinduism, a most unique event.
- ISBN 9780429975950.
Some 2 million nominally Islamic Javanese reacted against the violence of their Muslim brethren by converting to Christianity
- ISBN 9780768487732.
It estimated the Afghan Christian community ranges from 500 to 8,000 people. For all practical purposes, there are no native Afghan Christians; they are all converts from Islam who worship in secret to avoid being killed for apostasy..
- ISBN 9780160905346.
all indigenous Christians ( whose numbers are impossible to determine but have been estimated by the State Department at 500-8,000 ) are converts from Islam
- ^ a b "The Perilous Path from Muslim to Christian". The National Interest. 12 June 2021.
Reports of widespread conversions of Muslims to Christianity come from regions as disparate as Algeria, Albania, Syria, and Kurdistan.
- ^ "GOD IN THE "LAND OF THE MERCEDES" THE RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES IN ALBANIA SINCE 1990". Nathalie CLAYER. 22 November 2007.
P.19: A part of the Muslims in emigration are directly or indirectly induced to convert to Catholicism or Orthodoxy
- ISBN 9780191026409.
- ISBN 9781903900789.
- ISBN 9783319137193.
- ^ P. Chall, Leo (1998). Sociological Abstracts. Michigan University Press. p. 3844.
In 1990, as the situation began to worsen, many Muslim Albanians contemplated a mass conversion to Catholicism
- ^ "Kabylia: Christian Churches Closed by Algerian Authorities". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. 28 May 2019.
Since 2000, thousands of Algerian Muslims have put their faith in Christ. Algerian officials estimate the number of Christians at 50,000, but others say it could be twice that number.
- ^ "Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada". Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. 30 June 2015. Archived from the original on 15 July 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
there is an estimated 20,000 to 100,000 evangelical Christians in Algeria, who practice their faith in mainly unregistered churches in the Kabyle region
- ISBN 9781317233794.
- ^ "U.S. Report on Religious Freedom in Middle East". Wilson Center. 30 May 2013.
some Algerian Muslims who converted to Christianity kept a low profile due to concern for their personal safety and potential legal and social problem
- ISBN 9781608991167.
many as 20,000 to 40,000 Algerians, mostly Berbers, who have become Christian
- ISBN 9780345481856.
Many of the minority of Muslims who came in this wave married Argentinean women and converted to Catholicism
- ^ "The Catholic and Protestant churches are working together to draw up guidelines for conversions". The Tablet. 19 April 2016.
- ^ "European churches say growing flock of Muslim refugees are converting". The Guardian. 19 April 2016.
The Austrian Catholic church logged 300 applications for adult baptism in the first three months of 2016, with the Austrian pastoral institute estimating 70% of those converting are refugees.
- ISBN 9780275963958.
According to Iranian sources in Baku, Western "religious front associations" have converted some 5,000 Azerbaijanis to various Christian evangelical denominations since 1991
- ISBN 9780275963958.
the 1990s these front organizations succeeded in converting some 5,000 Azeris to various Christian evangelical
- ^ "The treatment of Christians in Bangladesh" (PDF). Refugee Review Tribunal: Australia. 23 November 2006.
In the last thirty years, there has been an increase in the number of Muslims converting to Christianity. According to one estimate, in the period between 1971 and 1991, the number of Christian converts in Bangladesh has risen from two hundred thousand to four hundred thousand..
- ^ "Country Policy and Information Note - Bangladesh: Religious minorities and atheists". Home Office. 23 October 2018. Archived from the original on 15 July 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
it is estimated that as many as 91,000 Muslims across Bangladesh have converted to Christianity in the last six years.
- ^ "Urban culture, religious conversion, and crossing ethnic fluidity among the Bulgarian Muslims ("Pomaks")". New Bulgarian University. 5 March 2015.
Numerous cases of conversion from Islam to Orthodox Christianity are just one of the ways to express the changes in the fluid identity of Bulgarian Muslims ("Pomaks") in Bulgaria after 1990
- ^ "Islam in Denmark – an historical overview". Nordic.info. 4 April 2019.
Conversion to Christianity also surfaced, not least among the group of refugees arriving from the early 1980s from different areas in the Muslim world hit by civil wars or inter-state conflicts.
- ^ a b Visser, Nadette De (25 May 2016). "Why Are So Many Muslim Refugees in Europe Suddenly Finding Jesus?". The Daily Beast.
In the Netherlands and Denmark, as well, many are converting from Islam to Christianity, and the trend appears to be growing. Indeed, converts are filling up some European churches largely forsaken by their old Christian flocks.
- ^ "Hundreds of asylum seekers in Finland converting from Islam to Christianity". yle.f. 23 October 2017.
- S2CID 208071018.
In 2017, the Finnish Immigration Service received approximately 1,000 asylum applications and appeals based on conversion from Islam to Christianity.
- ISBN 9780802824158.
- ISBN 9781438119137.
more than 20,000 Abkhazian Muslims converted to Christianity
- ^ "German churches see rise in baptisms for refugees". Deutsche Welle. 6 May 2015.
Thousands of refugees in Germany are converting from Islam to Christianity, although it could carry a huge personal risk for them. Independent churches are especially seeing many new converts.
- ^ Armand Feka (16 July 2013). "Griechenlands verborgene Albaner". Wiener Zeitung. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
Er lächelt und antwortet in einwandfreiem Griechisch: ‚Ich bin eigentlich auch ein Albaner.'
- ^ Kretsi, Georgina (2005). "Shkëlzen ou Giannis? Changement de prénom et stratégies identitaires, entre culture d'origine et migration [Shkëlzen or Giannis? Change of Name and Identity strategies, between Culture of Origin and Migration]". Balkanologie. 1 (2). para.1-63
- ^ "Over 20,000 converted to Christianity since 1990 in Kashmir". Kashmir Watch. 19 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
Over 20,000 Kashmiri Muslims are reported to have converted to Christianity since the inception of militancy in 1990.
- ^ "Report: Iran: Christian converts and house churches (1) –prevalence and conditions for religious practice Translation provided by the Office of the Commissioner-General for Refugees and Stateless Persons, Belgium" (PDF). Office of the Commissioner-General for Refugees and Stateless Persons, Belgium. 22 February 2009.
In his research article, Miller (2015, p. 71) points to an anonymous, but the well-informed source that estimated that in 2010, there were about 100,000 converts in Iran... estimated the number of Christian ethnic Persians to be about 175,000. these were claimed to be converts of Shiite Muslim background.
- ^ "Iranians Turn Away from the Islamic Republic". Journal of Democracy. 22 January 2020.
- ^ "Iran: Christians and Christian converts - Department of Justice". Home Office. 20 February 2020. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
Open Doors, interviewed by the UK Home Office on 8 August 2017, stated that many converts do not publicly report their faith due to persecution, so it is difficult to record the exact numbers of Iranian Christian converts. Open Doors believes the number to be 800,000, although this is a conservative estimate. Other estimates put the number between 400,000-500,000 right up to 3 million... A March 2019 US Congressional Research Service report on Iran put the 300,000
- ^ "'Our second mother': Iran's converted Christians find sanctuary in Germany". The Guardian. 12 May 2014.
The underground nature of the Christian conversion movement has made numbers impossible to determine accurately. Estimates range from 300,000 to 500,000 by various sources.
- ^ "2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: Iran". United States Department of State. 12 May 2019.
estimates citing figures lower than 10,000, and others, such as Open Doors USA, citing numbers above 800,000, Many Protestants and converts to Christianity from Islam reportedly practice in secret.
- ^ "Are Iran's Christian converts at greater risk after Soleimani's demise?". The Jerusalem Post. 7 February 2018.
Conservative estimates place the number of Christians in Iran between 500,000 to 800,000 believers, but others claim there are more than one million. Traditionally, Christian families amount to around 250,000, while the remainder consists of converts from Islam. Most converts from Islam belong to the underground Protestant house-church movement, which Iran considers to be illegal. Meanwhile, according to Islamic and Iranian law, conversion from Islam is a capital offense.
- ^ "The Iraqi Muslims who convert to Christianity". Dailymotion. 22 February 2009.
- ISBN 9781317691716.
Today it is possible to speak of thousand of Kyrgyz and Kazakhs converted to Protestantism. This new phenomenon has clashed with the common belief that all native people must be Muslim
- ^ "Out of hiding, some Kosovars embrace Christianity". Reuters. 29 September 2008.
- ^ "Muslim Kosovars rediscover their long-forgotten Roman Catholic roots". Washington post. 6 May 2015.
- ISBN 9781135627676.
- ^ "Religion and the Secular State in Kyrgyzstan" (PDF). The Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies. 20 June 2020.
P.25: By the early 2000s, some scholars estimated the total number of Kyrgyz converts to Christianity to about 25,000
- ^ Ensor, Josie (30 January 2017). "The Muslim refugees converting to Christianity 'to find safety'". The Telegraph.
- ISBN 9781107167728.
Harussani Zakaria, publicly fulminated that up to 260,000 Muslims in Malaysia had left the faith and converted to Christianity
- ISBN 9781475903423.
. In all an estimated 40,000 Moroccans have converted to Christianity
- ^ "'House-Churches' and Silent Masses —The Converted Christians of Morocco Are Praying in Secret – VICE News". 23 March 2015.
Converted Moroccans — most of them secret worshippers, of whom there are estimated to be anywhere between 5,000 and 40,000 —
- ^ "Morocco's 'hidden' Christians to push for religious freedom". AfricanNews. 30 January 2017.
There are no official statistics, but leaders say there are about 50,000 Moroccan Christians, most of them from the Protestant Evangelical tradition.
- ^ "MOROCCO2019INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT" (PDF). RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT. 30 January 2019.
the Moroccan Association of Human Rights estimates there are 25,000 Christian citizens. One media source reportedthat while most Christians in the country are foreigners, there are an estimated 8,000 Christian citizens and that "several thousand" citizens have converted, mostly to Protestant churches..
- ^ "Morocco's Christian converts emerge from the shadows". Time of Israel. 30 April 2017.
Converts to Christianity form a tiny minority of Moroccans. While no official statistics exist, the US State Department estimates their numbers at between 2,000 and 6,000.
- ^ "Iranian refugees turn to Christianity in the Netherlands". BBC. 25 August 2017.
In the Netherlands, thousands of Iranian Muslim migrants and refugees are converting to Christianity, despite conversion from Islam being considered apostasy in Iran and punishable by death.
- ISBN 9781136307324.
Given the sensitivity of religious conversion in Singapore, reliable data about religious conversions of ethnic groups is almost non-existent. Some Muslim organizations that deal with conversion and problems of Muslim converts, however, estimated that about 100 Malays converted to Christianity within the last decade or so.
- ^ Svenska Dagbladet (SvD), Fler kristna väljer att bli muslimer Archived 2009-03-21 at the Wayback Machine, November 19, 2007 (Accessed November 19, 2007)
- ^ "Christian convert from Iran converting Muslims in Sweden". FoxNews. 17 January 2018.
- ^ "Christianity grows in Syrian town once besieged by Islamic State". Reuters. 16 April 2019.
A community of Syrians who converted to Christianity from Islam is growing in Kobani
- ISBN 9781538102527.
In 2016, the government estimated the number of Christian converts at up to 3,000 persons.
- Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (September 14, 2007). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ISBN 9781440839337.
- ^ "Fearing a new holy empire: Just when Turks are worried about Christians, here comes the Pope". Maclean's. 4 December 2006. Archived from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
More tangibly, figures published in January 2004 in Turkey's mainstream Milliyet newspaper claimed that 35,000 Muslims, the vast majority of them in Istanbul, had converted to Christianity in 2003. While impossible to confirm (the Turkish government does not release these figures), the rate of conversion, according to Christian leaders in Turkey, is on the rise.
- ISBN 9781904584636.
The estimated number of Protestants in Turkey is 4,000–6,000, most of whom live in Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir. Protestantism has been a part of Turkey's history for 200 years, first spreading among the non-Muslim minorities. Conversion from Islam to Protestantism was very rare until the 1960s, but Muslim converts currently constitute the majority of Protestants..
- ISBN 9781400851256.
a number that vastly exceeds the size of present-day Turkish-speaking Protestant churches, of whose 3,000 members are converts from Islam
- ^ "Christian Converts Live In Fear in Intolerant Turkey". Der Spiegel. 23 April 2007.
The liberal newspaper Radikal estimates that there are about 10,000 converts in Turkey, expressing surprise that they could be seen as a "threat" in a country of 73 million people, 99 percent of whom are Muslim.
- ISBN 9781477316672.
There is no space to elaborate here, but the research carried out by Spellman (2004b) and Miller (2014) sheds light on the growth of Iranian Muslim conversion to born-again Christianity in England and Scotland
- ^ "Iranian Christians in Leeds: xperiences of Church Membership" (PDF). University of Leeds. 17 September 2018.
P.9: Iranian Christian converts in Britain form three distinguishable groups depending on where they've converted: 1. Those who converted in Iran 2. Those who converted in transit (mostly Turkey) 3. Those who converted in Britain
- ^ a b c "America's Changing Religious Landscape". Pew Research Center: Religion & Public Life. 12 May 2015.
- ^ ISBN 9781387230914.
Although approximately 20,000 Muslims convert to Christianity annually, ... In 2010 were approximately 180,000 and about 130,000 Iranian Americans who converted from Islam to Christianity.
- ISBN 9781135971694.
- ^ "Religious Conversion and Sharia Law". Council on Foreign Relations. 6 June 2007.
In the West, experts estimate thousands of Muslims switch to Christianity every year but keep their conversions secret for fear of retribution. "Converts from Islam, especially those who become involved in Christian ministries, often use assumed names, or only their first names, in order to protect themselves and their families," writes Daveed Gartenstein-Ross, a Washington-based terrorism analyst in Commentary.
- ^ "Why Are Millions of Muslims Becoming Christian?". NCR. 19 May 2016.
- ^ Tassel, Janet (January–February 2005). "Militant about "Islamism"". Harvard Magazine. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
- ^ a b c "The Perilous Path from Muslim to Christian". Such accusations are particularly common in locales like northern Iraq and Algeria, where conversions of Kurds and Berbers are unusually high. 12 June 2021.
- ISBN 9780553586367. Archived from the originalon 22 December 2014. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
- ^ "Iranians Turn Away from the Islamic Republic". Journal of Democracy. 20 January 2020.
- ^ "Iran's Christian Boom". JewishPress. 29 June 2021.
Shay Khatiri of Johns Hopkins University wrote last year about Iran that "Islam is the fastest shrinking religion there, while Christianity is growing the fastest."
- ^ "America Must Focus on Religious Persecution against Iranian Christian Converts". providence. 3 August 2020.
Speaking of faith and Iran, most people think of Islam. Yet Islam is the fastest shrinking religion there, while Christianity is growing the fastest. According to a report by the Department of State from 2018, up to half a million Iranians are Christian converts from Muslim families, and most of these Christians are evangelicals. Recent estimates say that the number might have climbed up to somewhere between one million and three million. This is up from 100,000 in 1994, and a majority of these converts are reportedly women. A recent documentary, Sheep among Wolves, documents the lives of these converts and shows how Iran is the "fastest-growing church" in the world.
- ^ a b "America Must Focus on Religious Persecution against Iranian Christian Converts". providence. 3 August 2020.
Recent estimates claim that the number might have climbed up to somewhere between one million and three million.
- ^ "GOD IN THE "LAND OF THE MERCEDES" THE RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES IN ALBANIA SINCE 1990". Nathalie CLAYER. 22 November 2007.
P.19: A part of the Muslims in emigration are directly or indirectly induced to convert to Catholicism or Orthodoxy
- ISBN 9780191026409.
- ^ Miller, Duane Alexander (January 2012). "Iranian Diaspora Christians in the American Midwest & Scotland: Historical Background, Present Realities, & Future Challenges". Global Missiology. 9 (2): 1–9. Archived from the original on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
- ^ "The Muslim refugees converting to Christianity 'to find safety'". Telegraph. 30 January 2017.
- ISBN 9781725264090.
Richard Kronk has extensively researched Muslim conversion in France. He provides examples of the challenges faced by Muslim converts to Christianity. His research primarily deals with Christians of Maghrebi background (CMB) From Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia.
- ISBN 9781725264090.
gained through ethnographic research with Turkish and Kurdish converts to Christianity in both Turkey and German.
- ISBN 9783825899042.
- ISBN 9780199329069.
- ISBN 9780786451333.
In Kabylia people at the turn of the twenty-first century were reportedly converting to Christianity; new churches sprouted up. The deteriorating image of Islam, as violent and socially confining, had apparently persuaded some Berbers to consider an alternative faith.
- ISBN 9781598843620.
- ^ "The Untold Story of Syrian Kurdish Christians". providence. 12 October 2020.
In war-torn Syria, it is the only place where people are free to worship without hindrance. In fact, it is the only place in the region where people can proselytize and legally change their religion. Because of these conditions, the Kurdish Christian community has continued to grow
- ^ "Sunni extremists threaten to kill Christian converts in north". t=The New Humanitarian. 21 May 2007.
- ISBN 9783643902689.
The Catholic and Protestant Turkish populations have grown, convert Protestants have also increased in number from a few hundred in 1992 to 3,000-3,500 Evangelical Christians, whilst other denominations have remained stable.
- ^ Granli, Elisabet (2011). "Religious conversion in Syria : Alawite and Druze believers". University of Oslo.
- ^ ISBN 9780313332197.
Many of the Druze have chosen to deemphasize their ethnic identity, and some have officially converted to Christianity.
- ^ ISBN 9780313332197.
some Christians (mostly from the Orthodox faith), as well as Druze, converted to Protestantism...
- ^ "European churches say growing flock of Muslim refugees are converting". The Guardian. 5 June 2016.
- ^ "Muslim refugees are converting to Christianity in Germany". The Independent. 10 December 2016.
- ^ a b "The Future of World Religions p.57" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2015.
- ^ "Christians are leaving the faith in droves and the trend isn't slowing down". Business Insider.
- ^ a b "Projected Cumulative Change Due to Religious Switching, 2010–2050, p.44" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
- ^ Werner Ustorf. "A missiological postscript", in McLeod and Ustorf (eds), The Decline of Christendom in (Western) Europe, 1750–2000, (Cambridge University Press, 2003) pp. 219–20.
- ^ "p.62" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
- ^ Bailey, Sarah Pulliam (12 May 2015). "Christianity faces sharp decline as Americans are becoming even less affiliated with religion". The Washington Post. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
- ^ "America's Changing Religious Landscape". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
- ^ Speiser, Matthew (28 April 2015). "Christians are leaving the faith in droves and the trend isn't slowing down". Business Insider. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
- ^ "Leaving the Faith Because of the Faithful". HuffPost.
- ^ "Christian faith plus Chinese productivity". BBC News. 26 August 2010.
- ^ a b "Public Opinion Survey of Iranian Americans" (PDF). PAAIA. December 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 December 2008.
- ^ a b "Losing Our Religion: The Growth of The 'Nones'". NPR. 13 January 2013.
- ^ "America's Changing Religious Landscape". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 12 May 2015. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
- doi:10.15195/v4.a28. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
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- ^ "Barrett, David B. (1927-2011): Missionary Statistician and Sociologist of Religion". School of Theology - Boston University. 20 January 2017.
- ^ "Barrett, David B. (1927-2011): Missionary Statistician and Sociologist of Religion". School of Theology - Boston University. 20 January 2017.
- ^ "Barrett, David B. (1927-2011) | History of Missiology". www.bu.edu. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
- ^ "Dr. Todd M. Johnson | Institute on Culture, Religion & World Affairs: CURA". www.bu.edu. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
- ISBN 978-0195079630.
- . Retrieved 27 January 2012.
- ^ The Next Christendom: The Rise of Global Christianity. New York: Oxford University Press. 2002. 270 pp.
- ^ JSTOR 3711910.
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- ISBN 9780199365142.
- ISBN 9781608991167.
- ^ "Indians say it is important to respect all religions, but major religious groups see little in common and want to live separately". Pew Research Center. 29 June 2021.
For Christians, however, there are some net gains from conversion
- ^ "Why the Chinese government is targeting young Christians in its latest crackdown". America magazine. 14 May 2018.
A study of the religious lives of university students in Beijing published in a mainland Chinese academic journal Science and Atheism in 2013 showed Christianity to be the religion that interested students most and the most active on campuses. It concluded there was a "religious fever" in society and "religious forces were infiltrating colleges." With the support of "overseas religious forces," it said, there was a rapid growth in Christianity among university students. It said Christian fellowships on campus mostly refused to succumb to the leadership of the state-backed churches and thus posed "a problem" in the government's administration of religious affairs.
- ^ "Conversions to Christianity Among Highly Educated Chinese". Training leaders. 14 May 2018.
- ISBN 9789814590013.
They also point out that more educated migrants and those from Hong Kong are more likely to become Christians than those from mainland China.
- ^ "Religion and Education in Indonesia" (PDF). Gavin W. Jones. 30 January 2017.
Finally, during this century there has been a rapid growth in the number of Chinese Christians. Very few Chinese were Christians at the turn of the century. Today Christians constitute approximately 10 or 15 percent of the Chinese population in Indonesia, and probably a higher percentage among the young. Conversion of Chinese to Christianity accelerated in the 1960s, especially in East Java, and for Indonesia as a whole the proportion of Chinese who were Catholics rose from 2 percent in 1957 to 6 percent in 19.
- ISBN 9781594034794.
The reason is that a growing number of Iranians, especially the young, are converting to Zoroastrianism or Christianity.
- ^ "Report: Iran: Christian converts and house churches (1) –prevalence and conditions for religious practice Translation provided by the Office of the Commissioner-General for Refugees and Stateless Persons, Belgium" (PDF). Office of the Commissioner-General for Refugees and Stateless Persons, Belgium. 22 February 2009.
P.15: Chiaramonte (2016), that it is young people in particular who convert to Christianity in today's Iran
- ISBN 9781498298094.
This socio-demographic characterizes Christian converts as mostly .. (2) well-educated, (3) belonging in higher-income brackets, (4) switching their religion between ten and twenty-nine years of age
- ^ "Religious Revival Among Chinese in Singapore" (PDF). SSA1201 Assignment. 14 May 2018.
Converts to Christianity tend to come from the young, educated, English-speaking Chinese generation
- S2CID 144235936.
Christianity has flourished in post-colonial Singapore, especially attracting conversions from among young, urbanized and English- educated.
- ^ Sukman, Jang (2004). "Historical Currents and Characteristics of Korean Protestantism after Liberation". Korea Journal. 44 (4): 133–156.
- ISBN 978-0-252-07474-5.
- ^ Zhang, Han (12 January 2024). "Leave China, Study in America, Find Jesus".
- ISBN 9780816026807.
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- ^ Sherwood, Harriet (27 July 2015). "Dying for Christianity: millions at risk amid rise in persecution across the globe". The Guardian.
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- ^ a b c d The Druze Population of Israel
- ^ a b Christian - Muslim Fertility Differences in Poor Settings in Greater Beirut, Lebanon
- ^ "Druze set to visit Syria". BBC News. 30 August 2004. Retrieved 8 September 2006.
The worldwide population of Druze is put at up to one million, with most living in mountainous regions in Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and Israel.
- ISBN 978-0-521-81792-9.
- ^ James Lewis (2002). The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions. Prometheus Books. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
- ISBN 9780030525964.
Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above..
- ISBN 978-0-9662932-0-3.
- ISBN 9781414448916.
US Druze settled in small towns and kept a low profile, joining Protestant churches (usually Presbyterian or Methodist) and often Americanizing their names..
- ^ Granli, Elisabet (2011). "Religious conversion in Syria : Alawite and Druze believers". University of Oslo.
- ^ Druzes, Institute of Druze Studies, archived from the original on 17 June 2006
- ^ "Syria Religious Composition 2018". Columbia University - School of International and Public Affairs
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Behind the trend: Surprise! High birthrates in India.
- ISBN 978-9004242289.
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- ^ "Fueled by immigration, Hinduism becomes fourth-largest faith in US". The Times of India. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
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- ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (21 June 2012). 2011 Census reveals Hinduism as the fastest growing religion in Australia
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- ^ Katju 2015, p. 21-22.
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Behind the trend: High birthrates in Asia, the Middle East, and Europe.
- ^ "One in four is Muslim, study says". BBC News Website. 8 October 2009.
- ^ "p.10" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
- ^ "Religion and Living Arrangements Around the World" (PDF). Pew Research Center.
P.80: Around the globe, Muslims have higher fertility rates than Christians on average. Muslim women's low educational attainment is a likely factor; demographers find that higher educational attainment among women is tied to lower fertility rates.
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- ^ The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010-2050/ Globally, Muslims have the highest fertility rate, an average of 3.1 children per woman – well above replacement level (2.1), the minimum typically needed to maintain a stable population
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- ^ a b c Darren E. Sherkat (22 June 2015). "Losing Their Religion: When Muslim Immigrants Leave Islam". Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 29 November 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
- ^ a b c "Iranians have lost their faith according to survey". Iran International. 25 August 2020. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
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- Taraporevala, S. (2000), Zoroastrians of India. Parsis: A Photographic Journey, Bombay: Good Books, ISBN 978-81-901216-0-6, archived from the originalon 14 February 2006, retrieved 21 February 2006
- Baháʼí World News Service (1992). "How many Baháʼís are there?". The Baháʼís. Baháʼí International Community. p. 14. Archived from the original on 17 July 2015.
- Carolyn Chen, ISBN 0814717365.
- Miikka Ruokanen, Paulos Zhanzhu Huang. Christianity and Chinese Culture. William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2011. ISBN 0802865569.
- Religion on the Move!: New Dynamics of Religious Expansion in a Globalizing World, BRILL, 21 November 2012, Afe Adogame, Shobana Shankar, 2012.
- The report provides a comprehensive analysis of the global religious landscape, revealing the size and distribution of major religious groups as of 2023.
External links
- Think religion is in decline? Look at who is 'going forth and multiplying' Archived 12 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Vancouver Sun, 2014
- Shall the Religious Inherit the Earth?: Demography and Politics in the Twenty-First Century by Eric Kaufmann, Belfer Center, Harvard University/Birkbeck College, University of London (PDF)
- FAQ from Adherents.com describing why it is difficult to measure the fastest-growing religion
- Religious Projections for the Next 200 Years from World Network of Religious Futurists