Fauna

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Fauna (pl.: faunae or faunas) is all of the

Etymology

Fauna comes from the name Fauna, a Roman goddess of earth and fertility, the Roman god Faunus, and the related forest spirits called Fauns. All three words are cognates of the name of the Greek god Pan, and panis is the Modern Greek equivalent of fauna (πανίς or rather πανίδα). Fauna is also the word for a book that catalogues the animals in such a manner. The term was first used by Carl Linnaeus from Sweden in the title of his 1745^[1] work Fauna Suecica.

Subdivisions on the basis of region

Cryofauna

Cryofauna refers to the animals that live in, or very close to, cold areas.

Cryptofauna

Cryptofauna is the fauna that exists in protected or concealed

Infauna are benthic organisms that live within the bottom substratum of a water body, especially within the bottom-most oceanic sediments, the layer of small particles at the bottom of a body of water, rather than on its surface. Bacteria and microalgae may also live in the interstices of bottom sediments. In general, infaunal animals become progressively smaller and less abundant with increasing water depth and distance from shore, whereas bacteria show more constancy in abundance, tending toward one million cells per milliliter of interstitial seawater.

Such creatures are found in the fossil record and include lingulata, trilobites and worms. They made burrows in the sediment as protection and may also have fed upon detritus or the mat of microbes which tended to grow on the surface of the sediment.^[3] Today, a variety of organisms live in and disturb the sediment. The deepest burrowers are the ghost shrimps (Thalassinidea), which go as deep as 3 metres (10 ft) into the sediment at the bottom of the ocean.^[4]

Limnofauna

Limnofauna refers to the animals that live in fresh water.

Macrofauna

Macrofauna are

Megafauna

Main article:

Australian and New Zealand fauna. This image was likely first published in the first edition (1876–1899) of the Nordisk familjebok

.

Megafauna are large animals of any particular region or time. For example, Australian megafauna.

Meiofauna

Main article: Meiobenthos

Meiofauna are small

benthic invertebrates that live in both marine and freshwater environments. The term meiofauna loosely defines a group of organisms

by their size, larger than microfauna but smaller than macrofauna, rather than a taxonomic grouping. One environment for meiofauna is between grains of damp sand (see

Mystacocarida

).

In practice these are metazoan animals that can pass unharmed through a 0.5 1 mm mesh but will be retained by a 30–45 μm mesh,^[5] but the exact dimensions will vary from researcher to researcher. Whether an organism passes through a 1 mm mesh also depends upon whether it is alive or dead at the time of sorting.

Mesofauna

Main article: Soil mesofauna

Mesofauna are macroscopic soil animals such as

Collembola), as of 1998, approximately 6,500 species had been identified.^[6]

Microfauna

Main article: Microfauna

Microfauna are microscopic or very small animals (usually including

microflora

, which are more plant-like.

Stygofauna

Main article: Stygofauna

Stygofauna is any fauna that lives in

calcrete or laterite, whilst larger animals can be found in cave waters and wells. Stygofaunal animals, like troglofauna, are divided into three groups based on their life history - stygophiles, stygoxenes, and stygobites.^[7]

Troglofauna

Main article: Troglofauna

Lukina Jama–Trojama cave system of Croatia

, is completely blind with a translucent shell

Troglofauna are small

myriapods and others. Some troglofauna lives permanently underground and cannot survive outside the cave environment. Troglofauna adaptations and characteristics include a heightened sense of hearing, touch and smell.^[8] Loss of under-used senses is apparent in the lack of pigmentation as well as eyesight in most troglofauna. Troglofauna insects may exhibit a lack of wings and longer appendages

.

Xenofauna

Main article: Extraterrestrial life

Xenofauna, theoretically, are alien organisms that can be described as animal analogues. While no alien life forms, animal-like or otherwise, are known definitively, the concept of alien life remains a subject of great interest in fields like astronomy, astrobiology, biochemistry, evolutionary biology, science fiction, and philosophy.

Other

Other terms include

ichthyofauna), which means "fish

fauna".

Treatises

Classic faunas

• Linnaeus, Carolus. Fauna Suecica. 1746

See also

• Biodiversity
• Biome
• Ecology
• Ecosystem
• Environmental movement
• Fauna and Flora Preservation Society
• Gene pool
• Genetic erosion
• Genetic pollution
• Natural environment
• Soil zoology

References

1. ^ Wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Linnaeus
2. ^ NCRI
3. ^ Infauna organisms in hydrothermal environments have developed adaptive strategies to survive harsh conditions, such as extreme temperatures, low pH levels, and reduced salinity. They constructed galleries, with the highest abundance in H1, and the dominant classes, Malacostraca and Polychaeta, demonstrating mobility-based strategies like burrowing or crawling. These strategies help infauna cope with hydrothermal influence.” (Rodriguez Uribe 2023). hydrothermal influence refers to the transformative effects of hot water on geological, chemical, and biological systems, and it plays a significant role in a wide range of natural processes and human activities. Vermeij, Geerat (2009), Nature: An Economic History, Princeton University Press,
   ISBN 9781400826490
   . p. 266
4. ISBN 9781400826490
   . p. 267
5. ^ Fauna of Sandy Beaches
6. S2CID 22883809
   .
7. ISBN 9780792370482.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
   )
8. ^ Phil Chapman (1982). "The Origins of Troglobites" (PDF). Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelæological Society. 16 (2): 133–141.

External links

Look up fauna in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• "Biodiversity of Collembola and their functional role in the ecosystem" (by Josef Rusek; September 1998)