Faunus
Faunus | |
---|---|
God of the forest, plains, and fields | |
Member of the Pehuson |
In ancient Roman religion and myth, Faunus [ˈfau̯nʊs] was the rustic god of the forest, plains and fields; when he made cattle fertile, he was called Inuus. He came to be equated in literature with the Greek god Pan, after which Romans depicted him as a horned god.
Faunus was one of the oldest Roman deities, known as the ]
Etymology
The name Faunus is generally thought to stem from Proto-Italic *fawe or *fawono (variant *fawōn(jo)), thus being cognate with Umbrian fons, foner ('merciful'). It may ultimately derive from Proto-Indo-European (PIE) *bʰh₂u-n ('favourable'), which also reflects Old Irish búan ('good, favourable, firm') and Middle Welsh bun ('maiden, sweetheart').[5][6](p 102)
Another theory contends that Faunus is the Latin outcome of PIE *dhau-no- ('the strangler', thus denoting the 'wolf'), a proposition suggested by the fact that the two Luperci ("wolf-men", from Latin lupus, 'wolf') are commonly treated as temporary priests of the god Faunus.[7][8]
Origin
Faunus may be of
Consorts and family
In fable Faunus appears as an old king of Latium, grandson of Saturnus, son of Picus, and father of Latinus by the nymph Marica (who was also sometimes Faunus' mother). After his death he is raised to the position of a tutelary deity of the land, for his many services to agriculture and cattle-breeding.
A goddess of like attributes, called was often equated with Fauna.
As Pan was accompanied by the Paniskoi, or little Pans, so the existence of many Fauni was assumed besides the chief Faunus.[2] Fauns are place-spirits (genii) of untamed woodland. Educated, Hellenizing Romans connected their fauns with the Greek satyrs, who were wild and orgiastic drunken followers of Dionysus, with a distinct origin.
Conflation with Greek Pan
Faunus was naturally conflated with the
Pan had always been depicted with horns whereas the original Roman Faunus was not. An indication of the cultural conflation of the two can be seen in many Roman depictions of Faunus that also began to display Faunus with horns.
Festivals
In Justin's epitome, Faunus is identified with Lupercus ("he who wards off the wolf"), otherwise a priest of Faunus. Livy named Inuus as the god originally worshiped at the Lupercalia, 15 February, when his priests (Luperci) wore goat-skins and hit passers-by with goatskin whips.
Two festivals, called Faunalia, were celebrated in his honour—one on 13 February, in the temple of Faunus on the island in the Tiber, the other on 5 December, when the peasants brought him rustic offerings and amused themselves with dancing.[2]
A
In Nonnos' Dionysiaca, Faunus/Phaunos accompanied Dionysus when the god campaigned in India.[citation needed]
Later worship
Faunus was worshipped across the
In Gaul, Faunus was identified with the Celtic Dusios.[12][13]
References
- Servius. On the Aeneid. viii.314.
- ^ a b c d Peck, Harry (1897). “Faunalia Faustina.” Harper's Dictionary of Classical Literature and Antiquities. Harper & Brothers Publishers. 662-663.
- De Lingua Latina. vii. 36.
- ^ Fowler, W.W. (1899). The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic: An introduction to the study of the religion of the Romans. London, UK: Macmillan and Co. p. 259. Retrieved 7 June 2007.
- ^ de Vaan 2008, pp. 205–206.
- ^ ISSN 0092-2323.
- ^ Briquel 1974, p. 31.
- ^ Sergent 1991, p. 18: "... le terme le plus proche est latin Faunus, qui, lié aux Luperci, doit être le loup"
- ^ "Faunus (ancient Italian god)". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
- ISBN 0-631-17288-2.
- S2CID 163068059. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
- ^ Papias. Elementarium.
Dusios nominant quos romani Faunos ficarios vocant.
- as quoted by
- as quoted by
- JSTOR 1006189.
Bibliography
- Briquel, Dominique (1974). "Le problème des Dauniens". Mélanges de l'école française de Rome. 86 (1): 7–40. .
- ISBN 9789004167971.
- Hammond, N.G.L.; Scullard, H.H., eds. (1970). The Oxford Classical Dictionary. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-869117-3.
- Nečas Hraste, D.; Vuković, K. (2011). "Rudra-Shiva and Silvanus-Faunus: Savage and Propitious". The Journal of Indo-European Studies. 39 (1&2): 100–115. ISSN 0092-2323.
- Sergent, Bernard (1991). "Ethnozoonymes indo-européens". Dialogues d'histoire ancienne. 17 (2): 9–55. .
Further reading
- Noonan, J. D. (1993). "Daunus/Faunus in 'Aeneid' 12". Classical Antiquity. 12 (1): 111–125. JSTOR 25010986. Accessed 3 Jan. 2023.