Federal Hall
Federal Hall National Memorial | |
New York City Landmark No. 0047, 0887 | |
John Frazee (Interior Rotunda) | |
Architectural style | Greek Revival |
---|---|
Visitation | 156,707 (2004) |
Website | Federal Hall National Memorial |
Part of | Wall Street Historic District (ID07000063) |
NRHP reference No. | 66000095[1] |
NYSRHP No. | 06101.000085 |
NYCL No. | 0047, 0887 |
Significant dates | |
Added to NRHP | October 15, 1966[5] |
Designated NMEM | August 11, 1955 |
Designated NYSRHP | June 23, 1980[2] |
Designated NYCL | December 21, 1965 (exterior)[3] May 27, 1975 (interior)[4] |
Federal Hall is a memorial and historic site at 26
The 1703 building served as New York's City Hall and hosted the 1765
The current structure, designed by
First structure
In the 17th century, the area north of Wall Street was occupied by John Damen's farm. Damen sold the land in 1685 to captain John Knight, an officer of Thomas Dongan's administration. Knight resold the land to Dongan, and Dongan resold it in 1689 to Abraham de Peyster and Nicholas Bayard. Both de Peyster and Bayard served as Mayors of New York.[6]
City Hall
The original structure on the site was built as New York's second City Hall from 1699 to 1703, on Wall Street, in what is today the Financial District of Lower Manhattan.[7][8] This structure had been designed by James Evetts to replace Stadt Huys, the city's first administrative center.[9] It measured two stories high, with wings extending west and east.[10] The stones from Wall Street's old fortifications were used for City Hall.[8] Also housed at City Hall was a public library (which had 1,642 volumes by the year 1730), as well as a firehouse with two fire engines imported from London.[11] The upper stories were used as a debtors' prison.[10]
In 1735, John Peter Zenger, an American newspaper publisher, was arrested for committing libel against the British royal governor and was imprisoned and tried there.[8][9] His acquittal on the grounds that the material he had printed was true established freedom of the press as it was later defined in the Bill of Rights.[8][12]
City Hall was first remodeled in 1765, when a third story was added.
Federal Hall
After the American Revolution, City Hall was home to the Congress of the Confederation of the United States under the Articles of Confederation.[11][13] The first meeting of the Confederation Congress took place at City Hall on April 13, 1784.[11]
Design and construction
The Congress of the Confederation still needed a permanent structure, and the New York City Council and mayor James Duane wished for the city to be the United States capital. Private citizens and the government of New York City contributed $65,000 toward the renovation of the old City Hall.[14] The Patriots felt that the building should be remodeled in a distinctively American architectural style while also preserving the pre-colonial structure.[9] Pierre Charles L'Enfant, a French architect who had helped the Americans during the Revolutionary War, was selected to remodel the structure.[9][14]
L'Enfant's expansion was characteristic of Georgian-style designs, although he used larger proportions, and added American motifs.[15] An arched promenade was built through the street-level basement, with four heavy Tuscan columns supporting a balcony. On balcony level, four high Doric columns were installed, supporting a pediment that depicted an American eagle with thirteen arrows (one for each of the original Thirteen Colonies).[14][15][16] L'Enfant also created a recessed gallery behind the columns, and he placed decorative swags above the second-story windows.[15] The ground-story room for the United States House of Representatives measured 60 by 60 feet (18 by 18 m) across and about two stories high. A smaller room for the United States Senate was on the second floor.[14] L'Enfant's design influenced the development of what later became the Federal style.[17]
Usage
The city moved all of its municipal offices out of the building in late 1788, but the
In 1790, the United States capital moved to Philadelphia.[23][24] What had been Federal Hall was turned into quarters for the state assembly and courts.[25] The Federal Hall building was one of the few structures in the area to survive an 1804 fire that caused $2 million in damage (equivalent to $45 million in 2023).[11] With the opening of the current New York City Hall in 1812, the New York City government no longer needed Federal Hall, and the building was demolished.[24][26][27] Part of the original railing and balcony floor, where Washington had been inaugurated, is on display in the memorial[28] and was at one point held by the New-York Historical Society.[29] Nassau Street had originally curved around the building to the west, while Broad Street had run to the east.[11][30] Nassau Street was straightened after the building was demolished, and it runs to the west of the modern Federal Hall National Memorial.[6]
Second structure
The current Greek Revival structure was the first building that was specifically constructed for the U.S. Custom House for the Port of New York.[31] The Custom House previously had been located in Government House, a converted residence on Bowling Green.[32][33] The old building was described as "ordinary and inconvenient", and it had become overcrowded, prompting the federal government to lease additional space in 1831.[33] Samuel Swartwout, the Customs Collector for the Port of New York, advocated in 1832 for "spacious, safe, secure" accommodations.[33] Land for the new building had been purchased incrementally in 1816, 1824, and 1832.[34]
Custom House
The firm of
Work on the Custom House began in January 1834, but the Customs Service then requested that the plans for the new building be downsized due to increasing costs. As a result, the dome was reduced in size and the original double colonnade on the facade was changed to a single colonnade.
The Custom House building opened in 1842
Subtreasury
After the relocation of the Custom House, 26 Wall Street was transformed into a building for the United States Subtreasury.[40][46][47] The Subtreasury desks were arranged around the rotunda of the building.[48] Gold and coin storage vaults were placed along a passage near the north side of the rotunda. Bars were stored to the west, or left, and gold certificates and coins were stored to the east, or right. A vault for small change was also provided. A coin division was on the east side of the building, on the floor of the rotunda, toward Pine Street. Silver was stored in the northwest corner of the building, in the basement. An armory was placed on the upper stories, and various fortifications were mounted at the top of the building to protect the money.[49] Adjoining the Subtreasury to the east was the United States Assay Office, a branch of the United States Mint that performed all Mint functions except creating the coinage.[50] At its peak, the Subtreasury building held seventy percent of the federal government's money.[27]
In 1883, John Quincy Adams Ward‘s bronze statue of George Washington was put up on the Subtreasury’s ceremonial front steps.[51][38] The statue "mark[ed] the exact height Washington stood when taking the oath of office on the balcony” of the eighteenth-century edifice, overlooking the crowds filling Broad Street up to Wall Street.[52] By 1903, the building held over $275 million in gold, silver, and various other types of money; this amounted to nearly one-tenth of all of the United States' money at that point.[53] A plaque memorializing the Northwest Ordinance was dedicated at the Subtreasury in 1905.[54][55]
By 1917, the Subtreasury building held $519 million worth of gold and several million dollars more in coins.[56] In the Wall Street bombing of 1920, a bomb was detonated across from the Subtreasury at 23 Wall Street, in what became known as The Corner.[57] Thirty-eight people were killed and 400 injured,[58][59] though the Subtreasury was undamaged.[57]
The Federal Reserve Bank replaced the Subtreasury system in 1920, and the Subtreasury office closed on December 7 of that year.[60] The Assay Office leased the Subtreasury building to the Fed, which was constructing a building of its own, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York Building, two blocks north.[61] The Fed started moving its monetary holdings from the Subtreasury to the new Fed building in May 1924.[62] This prompted concern among local financiers that the federal government was planning to sell the building to a private entity.[34] That July, nationalist group American Defense Society started advocating against a possible sale of the building.[63][64]
Use by other government offices
Ultimately, the government decided to retain ownership of the Subtreasury, using it as storage space for the Assay Office and as office space for other agencies.[65] The government also considered moving the Bureau of Internal Revenue to the Subtreasury.[66] In October 1924, federal officials announced they would move Prohibition enforcement agents' offices to the Subtreasury building, using the basement vaults to store confiscated alcoholic beverages.[67][68] These plans were canceled the next month because of opposition from patriotic and historical societies.[69][70] In early 1925, the City Club of New York appealed to Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon to preserve the Subtreasury building.[71] U.S. representative Anning Smith Prall proposed a bill that December to allocate $5 million for an expansion of the Subtreasury building.[72][73]
A passport office opened on the Pine Street side of the building in March 1925.[74] The Subtreasury was also used for events such as a 1926 party to celebrate the dedication of the Bowling Green Community House,[75] as well as Constitution Day celebrations.[76] The Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT) built its Nassau Street Line under the building in the late 1920s,[77] and the Subtreasury was underpinned during the line's construction.[78][79] The original foundation was only 8 feet (2.4 m) deep, so additional supports were installed underneath, descending 30 feet (9.1 m) to the bedrock.[78] Both houses of Congress passed legislation allowing the BMT line to be built slightly underneath the building.[80] A water main under Nassau Street ruptured in October 1931, severely damaging some of the records that were stored in the basement.[81][82]
A writer for The New York Times in 1930 characterized the Subtreasury as one of "the big little buildings of Wall Street", along with 23 Wall Street, the New York Stock Exchange Building, and Trinity Church.[83] In the early 1930s, the United States Post Office Department proposed replacing the Subtreasury building with a post office, which would be a replica of Federal Hall as it appeared in 1789. At the time, the three post-office substations in Lower Manhattan could not adequately accommodate high demand from the surrounding office buildings.[10][84] The department said much of the Subtreasury's space was unused because historical and patriotic societies had objected to most plans for the building.[84] The Subtreasury continued to be used as a passport office through the mid-1930s.[85]
Federal Hall National Memorial
1930s to 1950s
In 1939, after the government announced plans to demolish the Subtreasury building, a group called Federal Hall Memorial Associates raised money to prevent the building's demolition.[27] On April 29, 1939, Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes announced that the Subtreasury would become a historic site.[86] The building was designated as Federal Hall Memorial National Historic Site on May 26, 1939,[87] and an information bureau opened on the rotunda floor, with exhibits related to finance and the 1939 New York World's Fair.[88][89] The next month, the National Park Service (NPS) took over the Subtreasury building.[90] The memorial commemorated the first building on the site, rather than the extant Subtreasury building.[41] Due to the building's status as a "national shrine", it did not accommodate governmental offices.[91] After several months of negotiations, Federal Hall Memorial Associates was allowed to operate the interior as a museum in January 1940.[92][93] The memorial opened on Washington's Birthday, February 22, 1940.[94][95] The New York Herald Tribune said that, within the United States, Federal Hall Memorial was only matched by Mount Vernon and Independence Hall "in historical interest".[96]
The building celebrated its 100th anniversary on Washington's Birthday in 1942.
As the building is owned by the federal government and managed by the NPS, renovations and restoration proposals must be approved by Congress. In 1954, the New York City Council passed a resolution asking Congress to establish a committee to provide suggestions for restoring Federal Hall, the Castle Clinton National Monument, and the Statue of Liberty National Monument.[108] Federal Hall was re-designated as a national memorial on August 11, 1955.[109] The same year, the federal government created the New York City National Shrines Advisory Board.[109][110] The board first convened in February 1956.[111][112] The government tentatively allocated $1.621 million for the restoration of Federal Hall, whose interior had become dilapidated.[113] In February 1957, the board recommended allocating $3 million for the restoration of the three sites.[114] By 1960, Interior Secretary Fred A. Seaton announced plans to restore Federal Hall within the next two years. He proposed that local civic groups raise $2.9 million, half of the projected cost, and that the government raise matching funds.[115] The next year, Interior Secretary Stewart Udall announced that the federal government would start redeveloping the three historic sites in advance of the 1964 New York World's Fair.[116][117] Federal government officials also installed a plaque in front of the building, dedicating it as a "national shrine".[116][118]
1960s to 1990s
The
The building reopened to the public in 1972 as a museum.[27] That year, the New York City Bicentennial Corporation issued a commemorative medal honoring the original Federal Hall, as well as New York City during the American Revolution.[125] The LPC held hearings in 1975 to determine whether the interiors of Federal Hall's rotunda, the Morris–Jumel Mansion, and the Bartow–Pell Mansion should be designated as landmarks.[126] The LPC designated all three buildings' interiors as landmarks on May 26, 1975,[127] and the New York City Board of Estimate ratified these designations that July.[128] The NPS hired Phoebe Dent Weil to restore the George Washington statue on the front steps in 1978.[129]
The
Federal officials announced in 1986 that Federal Hall would be renovated; the spaces would be cleaned and painted, and mechanical systems would be replaced.[137] The memorial's second floor would contain two galleries about the Constitution of the United States, and an exhibit about the original building would be installed as well.[138] Federal Hall hosted a reenactment of Washington's inauguration on April 30, 1989, the event's 200th anniversary.[139][140] The reenactment, attended by U.S. president George Bush, was intended to raise $700,000 for the museum,[140] which opened to the public after this event.[141][142] In addition to Constitution-related exhibits, the museum hosted temporary exhibits such as a display of Hudson Valley artwork,[143] a showcase of New York City designated landmarks,[144] and an exhibit about the abolition of slavery in the United States.[145]
2000s to present
By the beginning of the 21st century, Federal Hall contained numerous large cracks.
The site closed on December 3, 2004, for a $16 million renovation, mostly to its foundation.[152] Federal Hall National Memorial reopened in late 2006.[153][154] The renovated memorial included a visitor center, showcasing other historical sites operated by the NPS in the New York City area.[154] In 2007, the building was designated as a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District,[155] a NRHP district.[156] The same year, the metal detectors were removed and replaced with magnetometers because the security screening process took too long, driving away many visitors. This measure increased attendance fourfold.[147] New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg and ABC News invited the 2008 United States presidential candidates, John McCain and Barack Obama, to a town hall forum at Federal Hall,[157] though both candidates declined the offer.[158] McCain did host his own town hall forum at Federal Hall in June 2008.[159]
The American Express Foundation donated $75,000 in 2012 toward the restoration of the Washington statue outside the building.[147] In 2015, the National Trust for Historic Preservation said Federal Hall's grand staircase would be renovated after the American Express Foundation had given a $300,000 grant.[160][161] At the time, the steps had begun to fall into disrepair and showed signs of spalling and cracking.[147] The work was to begin in late 2016.[161] By 2018, local newspaper AM New York Metro wrote that "cracked walls, peeling paint and a rust-water-stained rotunda are among the deteriorating conditions that greet nearly 300,000 visitors who come there to learn about American history."[162] Federal Hall National Memorial also had damaged floors and arches; the facade had begun to chip; and the columns had cracked and were showing signs of mold and discoloration.[162] The cooling system was replaced in 2020.[163] The NPS temporarily closed the memorial in July 2021 after finding cracked stone.[164] As part of a permanent repair project, the building was to be covered in scaffolding for five to ten years.[164][165]
Architecture
Federal Hall National Memorial was designed by architects
The building contains two basement levels, three full above-ground stories, and an attic.[121] The Subtreasury had been constructed with 22[11] or 25 rooms.[34]
Facade
The facade of the building is made of marble blocks measuring 5 feet (1.5 m) thick.[11] A set of 18 granite steps lead from ground level up to the rotunda.[48] John Quincy Adams Ward‘s bronze statue of George Washington is placed on the building’s ceremonial front steps.[51][166] At the top of the stairs, a colonnade supports a plain triangular pediment. The lack of sculpture on the pediment may have been influenced by aesthetic considerations, as there were few "qualified sculptors" at the time of the building's construction, according to Elizabeth Macaulay-Lewis.[38]
Next to the building's western elevation, there was originally a wrought-iron fence about 38 inches (970 mm) tall and 190 feet (58 m) long; it rested on a parapet of Tennessee marble measuring 22 inches (560 mm) tall. The fence, which was placed about 5 feet (1.5 m) in front of the building, was removed in 1954.[107] When the building was used by the Subtreasury, guards were stationed in three turrets on the roof. These turrets contained grilles through which the guards could fire at invaders.[11] There are also flat pilasters on the western facade, along Nassau Street.[3]
Rotunda
The main rotunda of Federal Hall is 60 feet (18 m) in diameter.[38][48] The rotunda is designed as an amphiprostyle: it has balconies on four sides, but it lacks columns between each balcony.[40] The wall of the rotunda contains four sections of colonnade, each containing four columns.[37][38][48] The columns each measure 32 feet (9.8 m) high and 5 feet 8 inches (1.73 m) across.[40] The southern colonnade leads to the main entrance, while the northern colonnade leads to the primary hallway of the building. The outer walls of the eastern and western colonnades contain plainly designed windows. There are gilded-iron balconies behind each colonnade. Between the colonnades are short sections of flat wall, situated between flat pilasters.[37] The pilasters measure 25 feet (7.6 m) high.[38] Above the balconies are barrel vaulted ceilings.[167] The rotunda had contained four Carrara-marble counters when it was used as the Custom House.[88]
The rotunda is topped by a self-supporting masonry
Activities
The National Park Service operates Federal Hall as a national memorial. The memorial has tourist information about the New York Harbor area's federal monuments and parks, and a New York City tourism information center. The gift shop has colonial and early American items for sale. Normally its exhibit galleries are open free to the public daily, except national holidays, and guided tours of the site are offered throughout the day.[170]
The memorial has several exhibits.[24] These include George Washington’s Inauguration Gallery, including the Bible used to swear his oath of office; Freedom of the Press, the imprisonment and trial of John Peter Zenger; and New York: An American Capital, preview exhibit created by the National Archives and Records Administration.[171] Among the items displayed are a piece of the balcony upon which Washington stood in his first inauguration.[24][172] Various temporary exhibitions have also been shown at Federal Hall.[173]
Access
Federal Hall is open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. on Mondays through Fridays and is closed on weekends. The memorial is compliant with the
In 2015, the museum had an estimated 200,000 annual visitors. This was about one percent of the 15 million people who visited the intersection of Wall, Nassau, and Broad Streets every year.[147][175]
On U.S. postage
Engraved renditions of Federal Hall appear on multiple U.S. postage stamps. The first stamp showing Federal Hall was issued on April 30, 1939, the 150th anniversary of President Washington's inauguration, where he is depicted on the balcony of Federal Hall taking the oath of office.[176][177] The second issue was released in 1957, the 200th anniversary of Alexander Hamilton's birth. This issue depicts Alexander Hamilton and a full view of Federal Hall.[178][179]
In addition, in 1988, the United States Postal Service issued a commemorative 25-cent stamp in 1988, the 200th anniversary of when New York
Gallery
-
View from north
-
The George Washington Inaugural Bible, on which Washington took his inaugural oath in 1789
-
Brass relief of Washington kneeling in prayer
-
Plaque commemorating the Northwest Ordinance and the establishment of the state of Ohio
See also
- List of national memorials of the United States
- List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan below 14th Street
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan below 14th Street
References
Notes
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External links
- Official website, National Park Service
- Federal Hall
- Federal Hall Visitor Information, National Parks of NY Harbor Conservancy
- Library of Congress – The New Capital City
- U. S. Custom House, 28 Wall Street, New York, NY, Historic American Buildings Survey
- Engraving: Federal Hall, The Seat of Congress
- Lithograph: A View of the Federal Hall, 1797