List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States

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Map of states with US federally recognized tribes marked in yellow. States with no federally recognized tribes marked in gray.
Map of federally recognized Indian reservations in the contiguous United States

This is a list of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States. There are also federally recognized Alaska Native tribes. As of January 8, 2024, 574 Indian tribes were legally recognized by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) of the United States.[1][2] Of these, 228 are located in Alaska.[3]

Description

Flags of Wisconsin tribes in the Wisconsin state capitol

Federally recognized tribes are those

government.[4] For Alaska Native tribes, see list of Alaska Native tribal entities
.

In the

U.S. Congress the right to interact with tribes. More specifically, the Supreme Court of the United States in United States v. Sandoval, 231 U.S. 28 (1913), warned, "it is not... that Congress may bring a community or body of people within range of this power by arbitrarily calling them an Indian tribe, but only that in respect of distinctly Indian communities the questions whether, to what extent, and for what time they shall be recognized and dealt with as dependent tribes" (at 46).[5] Federal tribal recognition
grants to tribes the right to certain benefits, and is largely administered by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA).

While trying to determine which groups were eligible for federal recognition in the 1970s, government officials became aware of the need for consistent procedures. To illustrate, several federally unrecognized tribes encountered obstacles in bringing land claims; United States v. Washington (1974) was a court case that affirmed the fishing treaty rights of Washington tribes; and other tribes demanded that the U.S. government recognize aboriginal titles. All the above culminated in the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975, which legitimized tribal entities by partially restoring Native American self-determination.[citation needed]

Federal acknowledgment

Following the decisions made by the Indian Claims Commission in the 1950s, the BIA in 1978 published final rules with procedures that groups had to meet to secure federal tribal acknowledgment. There are seven criteria. Four have proven troublesome for most groups to prove: long-standing historical community, outside identification as Indians, political authority, and descent from a historical tribe. Tribes seeking recognition must submit detailed petitions to the BIA's Office of Federal Acknowledgment.

To be formally recognized as an Indian tribe, the US Congress can legislate recognition or a tribe can meet the seven criteria outlined by the Office of Federal Acknowledgment. These seven criteria are summarized as:

  1. 83.7(a): "Indian entity identification: The petitioner demonstrates that it has been identified as an American Indian entity on a substantially continuous basis since 1900."[6]
  2. 83.7(b): "Community: The petitioner demonstrates that it comprises a distinct community and existed as a community from 1900 until the present."[6]
  3. 83.7(c): "Political influence or authority: The petitioner demonstrates that it has maintained political influence or authority over its members as an autonomous entity from 1900 until the present."[6]
  4. 83.7(d): "Governing document: The petitioner provides a copy of the group's present governing document including its membership criteria. In the absence of a written document, the petitioner must provide a statement describing in full its membership criteria and current governing procedures."[6]
  5. 83.7(e): "Descent: The petitioner demonstrates that its membership consists of individuals who descend from a historical Indian tribe or from historical Indian tribes which combined and functioned as a single autonomous political entity."[6]
  6. 83.7(f): "Unique membership: The petitioner demonstrates that the membership of the petitioning group is composed principally of persons who are not members of any acknowledged North American Indian tribe."[6]
  7. 83.7(g): "Congressional termination: The Department demonstrates that neither the petitioner nor its members are the subject of congressional legislation that has expressly terminated or forbidden the Federal relationship."[6]

The federal acknowledgment process can take years, even decades; delays of 12 to 14 years have occurred. The

Senate Committee on Indian Affairs hearing, witnesses testified that the process was "broken, long, expensive, burdensome, intrusive, unfair, arbitrary and capricious, less than transparent, unpredictable, and subject to undue political influence and manipulation."[7][8]

Recent additions

The number of tribes increased to 567 in May 2016 with the inclusion of the

former versions
of this list but no longer contained in the current listing has been included here in italic print.

Alphabetical list of federally recognized tribes

A

  • Absentee-Shawnee Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma
  • Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians of the Agua Caliente Indian Reservation, California
  • Ak-Chin Indian Community
    (previously listed as Ak Chin Indian Community of the Maricopa (Ak Chin) Indian Reservation, Arizona)
  • Alabama-Coushatta Tribes of Texas
    )
  • Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town, Oklahoma
  • Alturas Indian Rancheria, California
  • Apache Tribe of Oklahoma
  • Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes of the Fort Peck Indian Reservation, Montana
  • Augustine Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians of the Augustine Reservation
    )

B

  • Bad River Band of the Lake Superior Tribe of Chippewa Indians of the Bad River Reservation, Wisconsin
  • Bay Mills Indian Community, Michigan
  • Bear River Band of the Rohnerville Rancheria, California
  • Berry Creek Rancheria of Maidu Indians of California
  • Big Lagoon Rancheria, California
  • Big Pine Band of Owens Valley Paiute Shoshone Indians of the Big Pine Reservation, California
    )
  • Big Sandy Rancheria of Mono Indians of California
    )
  • Big Valley Band of Pomo Indians of the Big Valley Rancheria, California
  • Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community of the Bishop Colony, California
    )
  • Blackfeet Tribe of the Blackfeet Indian Reservation of Montana
  • Blue Lake Rancheria, California
  • Bridgeport Indian Colony
    (previously listed as Bridgeport Paiute Indian Colony of California
    )
  • Buena Vista Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians of California
  • Burns Paiute Tribe of the Burns Paiute Indian Colony of Oregon
    )

C

D

  • Delaware Tribe of Western Oklahoma
    )
  • Eastern Delaware
    )
  • Dry Creek Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California
    )
  • Duckwater Shoshone Tribe of the Duckwater Reservation, Nevada

E

  • Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians of North Carolina
    )
  • Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma
  • Shoshone Tribe of the Wind River Reservation, Wyoming
    )
  • Elem Indian Colony of Pomo Indians of the Sulphur Bank Rancheria, California
  • Elk Valley Rancheria, California
  • Ely Shoshone Tribe of Nevada
  • Enterprise Rancheria of Maidu Indians of California
  • Cuyapaipe Community of Diegueno Mission Indians of the Cuyapaipe Reservation
    )

F

  • Federated Coast Miwok
    )
  • Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe of South Dakota
  • Forest County Potawatomi Community, Wisconsin
  • Fort Belknap Indian Community of the Fort Belknap Reservation of Montana
  • Fort Bidwell Indian Community of the Fort Bidwell Reservation of California
  • Fort Independence Indian Community of Paiute Indians of the Fort Independence Reservation, California
  • Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribes of the Fort McDermitt Indian Reservation, Nevada and Oregon
  • Fort McDowell Mohave-Apache Community of the Fort McDowell Indian Reservation
    )
  • Fort Mojave Indian Tribe of Arizona, California & Nevada
  • Fort Sill Apache Tribe of Oklahoma

G

  • Gila River Indian Community of the Gila River Indian Reservation, Arizona
  • Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians, Michigan
  • Greenville Rancheria of Maidu Indians of California
    )
  • Grindstone Indian Rancheria of Wintun-Wailaki Indians of California
  • Guidiville Rancheria of California

H

  • Upper Lake Band of Pomo Indians of Upper Lake Rancheria of California
    )
  • Hannahville Indian Community, Michigan
  • Havasupai Tribe of the Havasupai Reservation, Arizona
  • Wisconsin Winnebago Tribe
    )
  • Hoh Indian Tribe of the Hoh Indian Reservation, Washington
    )
  • Hoopa Valley Tribe, California
  • Hopi Tribe of Arizona
  • Hopland Band of Pomo Indians of the Hopland Rancheria, California
    )
  • Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians of Maine
    )
  • Hualapai Indian Tribe of the Hualapai Indian Reservation, Arizona

I

J

K

L

M

  • Makah Indian Tribe of the Makah Indian Reservation
  • Manchester Band of Pomo Indians of the Manchester-Point Arena Rancheria, California
    )
  • Manzanita Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of the Manzanita Reservation, California
  • Mashantucket Pequot Tribe of Connecticut
    )
  • Mashpee Wampanoag Indian Tribal Council, Inc., Massachusetts
    )
  • Gun Lake Village Band & Ottawa Colony Band of Grand River Ottawa Indians
    )
  • Mechoopda Indian Tribe of Chico Rancheria, California
  • Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin
  • Mesa Grande Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of the Mesa Grande Reservation, California
  • Mescalero Apache Tribe of the Mescalero Reservation, New Mexico
  • Miami Tribe of Oklahoma
  • Miccosukee Tribe of Indians
  • Middletown Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California
  • Aroostook Band of Micmac Indians
    )
  • Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, Minnesota

    Six component reservations:
    • Bois Forte Band
      (Nett Lake)
    • Fond du Lac Band
    • Grand Portage Band
    • Leech Lake Band
    • Mille Lacs Band
    • White Earth Band
  • Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians, Mississippi
    )
  • Moapa Band of Paiute Indians of the Moapa River Indian Reservation, Nevada
  • The Modoc Tribe of Oklahoma
    )
  • Mohegan Indian Tribe of Connecticut
    )
  • Monacan Indian Nation
  • Mooretown Rancheria of Maidu Indians of California
  • Morongo Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians of the Morongo Reservation, California
    )
  • Muckleshoot Indian Tribe of the Muckleshoot Reservation, Washington
    )

N

  • Nansemond Indian Tribe
    )
  • Narragansett Indian Tribe of Rhode Island
    )
  • Navajo Nation, Arizona, New Mexico & Utah
  • Nez Perce Tribe of Idaho
    )
  • Nisqually Indian Tribe of the Nisqually Reservation, Washington
    )
  • Nooksack Indian Tribe of Washington
    )
  • Northern Arapaho Tribe of the Wind River Reservation, Wyoming
  • Northern Cheyenne Tribe of the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation, Montana
  • Northfork Rancheria of Mono Indians of California
  • Northwestern Band of Shoshoni Nation of Utah (Washakie)
    )
  • Huron Potawatomi, Inc.
    )

O

P

Q

  • Quapaw Tribe of Indians, Oklahoma
    )
  • Quartz Valley Indian Community of the Quartz Valley Reservation of California
  • Quechan Tribe of the Fort Yuma Indian Reservation, California & Arizona
  • Quileute Tribe of the Quileute Reservation, Washington
    )
  • Quinault Tribe of the Quinault Reservation, Washington
    )

R

S

  • Sac & Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska
  • Sac & Fox Nation, Oklahoma
  • Sac & Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa
  • Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe of Michigan
  • St. Regis Band of Mohawk Indians of New York
    )
  • Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community of the Salt River Reservation, Arizona
  • Samish Indian Tribe, Washington
    )
  • San Carlos Apache Tribe of the San Carlos Reservation, Arizona
  • San Juan Southern Paiute Tribe of Arizona
  • San Pasqual Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of California
  • Santa Rosa Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians of the Santa Rosa Reservation
    )
  • Santa Rosa Indian Community of the Santa Rosa Rancheria, California
  • Santa Ynez Band of Chumash Mission Indians of the Santa Ynez Reservation, California
  • Santee Sioux Tribe of the Santee Reservation of Nebraska
    )
  • Pueblo of Santo Domingo
    )
  • Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe
    (previously listed as Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe of Washington
    )
  • Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians of Michigan
    )
  • Scotts Valley Band of Pomo Indians of California
  • Seminole Tribe of Florida
    (previously also listing its reservations:)
    • Big Cypress Reservation
    • Brighton Reservation
    • Dania Reservation
    • Hollywood Reservation
    • Tampa Reservation
  • Seneca Nation of Indians
    (previously listed as Seneca Nation of New York
    )
  • Seneca-Cayuga Tribe of Oklahoma
    )
  • Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community of Minnesota
  • Shawnee Tribe, Oklahoma
    )
  • Sherwood Valley Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California
  • Shingle Springs Band of Miwok Indians, Shingle Springs Rancheria (Verona Tract), California
  • Shinnecock Indian Nation, New York
    )
  • Shoalwater Bay Tribe of the Shoalwater Bay Indian Reservation, Washington
    )
  • Shoshone-Bannock Tribes of the Fort Hall Reservation of Idaho
    )
  • Shoshone-Paiute Tribes of the Duck Valley Reservation, Nevada
  • Sisseton-Wahpeton Oyate of the Lake Traverse Reservation, South Dakota
  • Skokomish Indian Tribe of the Skokomish Reservation, Washington
    )
  • Skull Valley Band of Goshute Indians of Utah
  • Snoqualmie Tribe, Washington
    )
  • Soboba Band of Luiseno Mission Indians of the Soboba Reservation
    )
  • Sokaogon Chippewa Community, Wisconsin
  • Southern Ute Indian Tribe of the Southern Ute Reservation, Colorado
  • Spirit Lake Tribe, North Dakota
  • Spokane Tribe of the Spokane Reservation
  • Squaxin Island Tribe of the Squaxin Island Reservation, Washington
    )
  • St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin
  • Standing Rock Sioux Tribe of North & South Dakota
  • Stillaguamish Tribe of Washington
    )
  • Stockbridge Munsee Community, Wisconsin
  • Summit Lake Paiute Tribe of Nevada
  • Suquamish Indian Tribe of the Port Madison Reservation, Washington
    )
  • Susanville Indian Rancheria, California
  • Swinomish Indians of the Swinomish Reservation, Washington
    )
  • Sycuan Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of California
    )

T

U

  • United Auburn Indian Community of the Auburn Rancheria of California
  • United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma
  • Upper Mattaponi Tribe
  • Upper Sioux Community, Minnesota
  • Upper Skagit Indian Tribe of Washington
    )
  • Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah & Ouray Reservation, Utah
  • Ute Mountain Tribe of the Ute Mountain Reservation, Colorado, New Mexico & Utah
    )
  • Utu Utu Gwaitu Paiute Tribe of the Benton Paiute Reservation, California

V

W

  • Walker River Paiute Tribe of the Walker River Reservation, Nevada
  • Wampanoag Tribal Council of Gay Head, Inc.
    )
  • Washoe Tribe of Nevada & California
    • Carson Colony
    • Dresslerville Colony
    • Stewart Community
    • Washoe Ranches
    • Woodfords Community
  • White Mountain Apache Tribe of the Fort Apache Reservation, Arizona
  • Wichita and Affiliated Tribes (Wichita, Keechi, Waco & Tawakonie), Oklahoma
  • Wilton Rancheria, California
  • Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska
  • Winnemucca Indian Colony of Nevada
  • Table Bluff Reservation—Wiyot Tribe
    )
  • Wyandotte Nation, Oklahoma
    )

X

Y

  • Yankton Sioux Tribe of South Dakota
  • Yavapai-Apache Nation of the Camp Verde Indian Reservation, Arizona
  • Yavapai-Prescott Tribe of the Yavapai Reservation, Arizona
    )
  • Yerington Paiute Tribe of the Yerington Colony & Campbell Ranch, Nevada
  • Rumsey Indian Rancheria of Wintun Indians of California
    )
  • Yomba Shoshone Tribe of the Yomba Reservation, Nevada
  • Ysleta Del Sur Pueblo of Texas
    )
  • San Manuel Band of Serrano Mission Indians of the San Manuel Reservation, California
    )
  • Yurok Tribe of the Yurok Reservation, California

Z

  • Zuni Tribe of the Zuni Reservation, New Mexico

See also

United States
Canada

Federal Register

The Federal Register is used by the BIA to publish the list of "Indian Entities Recognized and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs". Tribes in the contiguous 48 states and those in Alaska are listed separately.

Current version

  • Federal Register, Volume 89, FR 944, dated January 8, 2024 (89 FR 944) – 574 entities

Former versions

  • Federal Register, Volume 87, FR 4636, dated January 12, 2023 (87 FR 4636) – 574 entities
  • Federal Register, Volume 85, Number 20 dated January 30, 2020 (85 FR 5462) – 574 entities
  • Federal Register, Volume 84, Number 22 dated February 1, 2019 (84 FR 1200) – 573 entities
  • Federal Register, Volume 83, Number 141 dated July 23, 2018 (83 FR 34863) – 573 entities
  • Federal Register, Volume 83, Number 20 dated January 30, 2018 (83 FR 4235) – 567 entities
  • Federal Register, Volume 82, Number 10 dated January 17, 2017 (82 FR 4915) – 567 entities
  • Federal Register, Volume 81, Number 86 dated May 4, 2016 (81 FR 26826) – 567 entities
  • Federal Register, Volume 81, Number 19 dated January 29, 2016 (81 FR 5019) – 566 entities
  • Federal Register, Volume 80, Number 9 dated January 14, 2015 (80 FR 1942) – 566 entities
  • Federal Register, Volume 78, Number 87 dated May 6, 2013 (78 FR 26384) – 566 entities
  • Federal Register, Volume 77, Number 155 dated August 10, 2012 (77 FR 47868) – 566 entities
  • Federal Register, Volume 75, Number 190 dated October 1, 2010 (75 FR 60810), with a supplemental listing published in Federal Register, Volume 75, Number 207 dated October 27, 2010 (75 FR 66124) – 565+1 entities
  • Federal Register, Volume 74, Number 153 dated August 11, 2009 (74 FR 40218) – 564 entities
  • Federal Register, Volume 73, Number 66 dated April 4, 2008 (73 FR 18553) – 562 entities
  • Federal Register, Volume 72, Number 55 dated March 22, 2007 (72 FR 13648) – 561 entities
  • Federal Register, Volume 70, Number 226 dated November 25, 2005 (70 FR 71194) – 561 entities
  • Federal Register, Volume 68, Number 234 dated December 5, 2003 (68 FR 68180) – 562 entities
  • Federal Register, Volume 67, Number 134 dated July 12, 2002 (67 FR 46328) – 562 entities
  • Federal Register, Volume 65, Number 49 dated March 13, 2000 (65 FR 13298) – 556 entities
  • Federal Register, Volume 63, Number 250 dated December 30, 1998 (63 FR 71941) – 555 entities
  • Federal Register, Volume 62, Number 205 dated October 23, 1997 (62 FR 55270) – 555 entities
  • Federal Register, Volume 61, Number 220 dated November 13, 1996 (61 FR 58211) – 555 entities
  • Federal Register, Volume 60, Number 32 dated February 16, 1995 (60 FR 9250) – 552 entities
  • Federal Register, Volume 58, Number 202 dated October 21, 1993 (58 FR 54364)
  • Federal Register, Volume 53, Number 250 dated December 29, 1988 (53 FR 52829)
  • Federal Register, Volume 47, Number 227 dated November 24, 1982 (47 FR 53133) – First time listing that includes native entities within the state of Alaska
  • Federal Register, Volume 44, Number 26 dated February 6, 1979 (44 FR 7235) – First listing of Indian tribal entities within the contiguous 48 states

Notes

  1. ^ The hyphen in Timbisha is actually ungrammatical and based on a clerical error. The tribe itself always uses Timbisha, without the hyphen. "Timbisha" is a compound of tüm 'rock' + pisa 'red paint', so the hyphen in the middle of pisa is impossible

References

  • Public Domain This article incorporates
    United States Government
    .
  1. ^ a b c Bureau of Indian Affairs, Interior. (January 8, 2024). "Notice Indian Entities Recognized by and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs". Federal Register. 89 (944): 944–48. Retrieved February 5, 2024.
  2. ^ a b Federal Acknowledgment of the Pamunkey Indian Tribe Archived 2015-07-14 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ "Alaska Region | Indian Affairs". www.bia.gov. Retrieved March 25, 2023.
  4. ^ a b "Why Tribes Exist Today in the United States". Frequently Asked Questions. Bureau of Indian Affairs, US Department of the Interior. Retrieved May 17, 2023.
  5. ^ Sheffield (1998) p. 56
  6. ^ a b c d e f g "25 CFR Part 83 – Procedures for Federal Acknowledgment of Indian Tribes" (PDF). Office of Federal Acknowledgment. Office of Indian Affairs, US Department of the Interior. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
  7. ^ Toensing, Gale Courey (September 13, 2018). "Federal Recognition Process: A Culture of Neglect". Indian Country Today. Retrieved November 28, 2021.
  8. ^ Fixing the Federal Acknowledgment Process (S. Hrg. 111-470), Hearing Before the Committee on Indian Affairs, United States Senate (Nov. 4, 2009). Retrieved November 26, 2021.
  9. ^ a b "s 1357 in session 103 - A Bill To Reaffirm And Clarify The Federal Relationships Of The Little Traverse Bay Bands Of Odawa Indians And The Little River Band Of Ottawa Indians As Distinct Federally Recognized Indian Tribes, And For Other Purposes". Thepoliticalguide.com.
  10. ^ McLaughlin, Kathleen (December 21, 2019). "A big moment finally comes for the Little Shell: Federal recognition of their tribe". Retrieved December 21, 2019.
  11. ^ a b Federal Registrar, July 23, 2018: p. 34865
  12. Washington Post
    . Retrieved July 2, 2015.

Further reading

  • Miller, Mark Edwin. Forgotten Tribes: Unrecognized Indians and the Federal Acknowledgment Process. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2004; Bison Books, 2006.