Federation of Arab Republics
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Federation of Arab Republics إتحاد الجمهوريات العربية ( Arabic )Ittiḥād al-Jumhūrīyāt al-'Arabīyah | |||||||||||||||||
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1972–1977 | |||||||||||||||||
Anthem: " Libya )Humat ad-Diyar (English: "Guardians of the Homeland") | |||||||||||||||||
Arabic | |||||||||||||||||
Government | Republic under a confederation | ||||||||||||||||
Legislature | Federal National Assembly | ||||||||||||||||
Historical era | Arab Cold War | ||||||||||||||||
• Referendums held | 1 September 1971 | ||||||||||||||||
• Federation established | 1 January 1972 | ||||||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 19 November 1977 | ||||||||||||||||
Area | |||||||||||||||||
• Total | 2,895,128 km2 (1,117,815 sq mi) | ||||||||||||||||
Currency | |||||||||||||||||
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Today part of |
Part of a series on the |
Politics of the Arab world |
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The Federation of Arab Republics (FAR;
History
In 1969,
After Nasser's death in September 1970, his successor, Anwar Sadat, suggested that rather than a unified state, they create a political federation. It was implemented in April 1971 which enabled Egypt, Syria and Sudan to get large grants of Libyan oil money.[6] In February 1972, Gaddafi and Sadat signed an unofficial charter of merger, but it was never implemented as relations broke down the following year. Sadat became increasingly wary of Libya's radical direction, and the September 1973 deadline for implementing the Federation passed by with no action taken.[7] In October 1973 Egypt and Syria, without consulting Libya, launched a co-ordinated attack on Israel, initiating the October war.[8] Sadat agreed to open negotiations with Israel, seeking the return of the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt in exchange for a guarantee to not engage in further attacks on the country.[9] Gaddafi was angered by the war's limited objectives and the ceasefire, and accused Sadat of cowardice, undermining the FAR,[10] and betraying the Arab cause.[11] Sadat responded by revealing he had intervened earlier that year to prevent Libya from sinking a civilian passenger ship carrying Jewish tourists in the Mediterranean Sea. Thereafter Egyptian–Libyan relations were marked by frequent accusations against each country's leaders, and further discussions regarding the pursuit of unity were abandoned.[12]
Referendums
Three simultaneous referendums on the Federation of Arab Republics were held on 1 September 1971, in Egypt, Libya and Syria.[13] In the Egyptian referendum the proposal was approved by 99.96% of voters,[14] in the Libyan referendum it was approved by 98.6% of voters,[15] whilst in Syria 96.4% voted in favour.[16]
Other Federations of Arab Republics
- Federation between Egypt, Libya and Sudan (1969/70–1971)
- Federation between Egypt, Libya and Syria (1971/72–1974/77)
- Union between Egypt and Libya within the Federation (1972–1973/74)
- Union between Egypt and Syria within the Federation (1976–1977)
- Federation between Egypt, Sudan and Syria (1977)
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FAR 1970, Syria intends to join the Egyptian-Libyan-Sudanese Federation
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FAR 1971, Sudan is said to join later but keeps outside the Federation
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FAR 1972, Iraq is invited to join the Egyptian-Libyan-Syrian Federation
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FAR 1973, Egypt and Libya fail to form a Union within the Federation
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FAR 1976, Egypt and Syria intend to form a Union within the Federation
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FAR 1977, Sudan intends to join the Egypt-Syrian Federation
Symbols of member states
Flags
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Egyptian flag used until 1984, 7 years after the dissolution
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Libyan flag used until 1977
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Syrian flag used until 1980, 3 years after the dissolution
Coats of arms
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Egyptian coat of arms used until 1984, 7 years after the dissolution
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Libyan coat of arms used until 1977
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Syrian coat of arms used until 1980, 3 years after the dissolution
Maps
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Location of Egypt
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Location of Libya
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Location of Syria
See also
- Union of Arab Republics, Iraqi counter-proposal to the Federation of Arab Republics
- Arab Federation, a confederation between Iraq and Jordan (1958)
- Arab Islamic Republic, a proposed union of Libya and Tunisia (1974)
- United Arab Emirates, a union of seven Arab states (1971–present day)
- United Arab Republic, a union between Egypt and Syria (1958–61)
- Kingdom of Yemen(1958–61)
- Unified Political Command, merger projects between Egypt and Iraq as well as between Egypt and North Yemen
References
Citations
- ISBN 0-19-829645-2
- ^ Vandewalle 2008, p. 9; St. John 2012, p. 137.
- ^ Blundy & Lycett 1987, p. 60; Kawczynski 2011, p. 18.
- ^ Blundy & Lycett 1987, pp. 62–63; Kawczynski 2011, p. 18.
- ^ Blundy & Lycett 1987, p. 75; Kawczynski 2011, p. 65; St. John 2012, p. 186.
- ^ Harris 1986, p. 87; Kawczynski 2011, p. 65; St. John 2012, pp. 151–152.
- ^ Kawczynski 2011, p. 66; St. John 2012, p. 182.
- ^ Metz 1989, p. 52.
- ^ Pollack 2004, pp. 131–132.
- ^ Metz 1989, p. 53.
- ^ Pollack 2004, p. 132.
- ^ Metz 1989, pp. 52–53.
- ISBN 0-19-829645-2
- ISBN 0-19-829645-2
- ISBN 0-19-829645-2
- ^ Syrien, 1. September 1971 : Bildung der Vereinigten Arabischen Republik Direct Democracy (in German)
Sources
- ISBN 978-0-316-10042-7.
- Harris, Lillian Craig (1986). Libya: Qadhafi's Revolution and the Modern State. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-0075-4.
- ISBN 978-1-84954-148-0.
- Vandewalle, Dirk (2008), "Libya's Revolution in Perspective: 1969–2000", Libya Since 1969: Qadhafi's Revolution Revisited, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 9–53, ISBN 978-0-230-33750-3
- LCCN 88600480.
- Pollack, Kenneth Michael (2004). Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-0686-1.
- St. John, Ronald Bruce (2012). Libya : from colony to revolution. Oxford, England: Oneworld. ISBN 978-1-85168-919-4.