Feedlot

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Beef cattle in a feedlot in Texas

A feedlot or feed yard is a type of

concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFO) in the United States[1] and intensive livestock operations (ILOs)[2] or confined feeding operations (CFO)[3] in Canada. They may contain thousands of animals in an array of pens
.

Purpose and regulation

The basic principle of the feedlot is to increase the amount of fat gained by each animal as quickly as possible; if animals are kept in confined quarters rather than being allowed to range freely over grassland, they will gain weight more quickly and efficiently with the added benefit of economies of scale.

Most feedlots require some type of governmental approval to operate, which generally consists of an agricultural site permit. Feedlots also would have an environmental plan in place to deal with the large amount of waste that is generated from the numerous livestock housed. The environmental farm plan is set in place to raise awareness about the environment and covers 23 different aspects around the farm that may affect the environment.

CFIA.[9] In Australia this role is handled by the National Feedlot Accreditation Scheme (NFAS).[10]

Scheduling and diet

The cattle industry works in sequence with one another, prior to entering a feedlot, young calves are born typically in the spring where they spend the summer with their mothers in a

chick peas (garbanzo beans), oats and occasionally potatoes are used as feed.[citation needed
]

In a typical feedlot, a cow's diet is roughly 62% roughage, 31% grain, 5% supplements (minerals and vitamins), and 2% premix. High-grain diets lower the pH in the animals' rumen. Due to the stressors of these conditions, and due to some illnesses, it may be necessary to give the animals antibiotics on occasion.[14]

Feedlot diets encourage growth of muscle mass and the distribution of some fat (known as marbling in butchered meat). The marbling is desirable to consumers, as it contributes to flavour and tenderness. These animals may gain an additional 400-600 pounds (180 kg) during its approximate 200 days in the feedlot,[15] depending on its entrance weight into the lot, and also how well the animal gains muscle.[16] Once cattle are fattened up to their finished weight, the fed cattle are transported to a slaughterhouse.

Animal health and welfare

A feedlot is highly dependent on the health of its livestock, as disease can have a great impact on the animals, and controlling sickness can be difficult with numerous animals living together. Many feedlots will have an entrance protocol in which new animals entering the lot are given vaccines to protect them against potential sickness that may arise in the first few weeks in the feedlot. These entrance protocols are usually discussed and created with the farm's veterinarian, as there are numerous factors that can impact the health of feedlot cattle.[17] One challenging but crucial role on a feedlot is to identify any sick cattle, and treat them in order to rebound them back to health. Knowing when an animal is sick is sometimes difficult as cattle are prey animals and will try and hide their weakness from potential threats. A sick animal will generally look gaunt, may have a snotty nose and/or dry nose, and will have droopy ears, catching these symptoms early may be the key to successfully treating an animal. The best indicator of health is the body temperature of a cow, but this is not always possible when looking over many animals per day.[18]

The diet of the animals and the different ingredients within the ration are controversial. Cattle in feedlots are fed grain rather than more natural forage. This is designed to make them gain weight faster, but it leads to internal

E. coli.[20] Too much grain in the diet can cause cattle to have issues such as bloating, diarrhea and digestive discomfort, which is why close monitoring of the animals, as well as working with ruminant nutritionists is very important for farmers.[21]

heat stress in feedlots that are not shaded; insufficient water to drink; excessive cold, and problems with cattle handling (e.g. electric prods).[22]

Water troughs shared among many cattle can increase the spread of diseases including bovine respiratory disease.[22]

Waste recycling

There are a few common methods of waste recycling within feedlots, with the most common being spreading it back on the cropping fields used to feed the livestock. Generally, feedlots provide bedding for their animals such as straw, sawdust, wood shavings, or other byproducts from crops (soybean chaff, corn chaff), which are then mixed in with the manure as the livestock use the bedding. Once the bedding has outlasted its use, the manure is either spread directly on the fields or stock piled to breakdown and begin

composting. A less common type of recycling in the feedlot industry is liquid manure which is where minimal bedding is found in the manure, so it stays a liquid and is then spread on the fields in a liquid form. Increasing numbers of cattle feedlots are utilizing out-wintering pads made of timber residue bedding in their operations.[23] Nutrients are retained in the waste timber and livestock effluent and can be recycled within the farm system after use. Biogas
plants are also able to use livestock manure to create biofuels, and these anaerobic digestion systems are known to capture methane in a usable form, while concentrating nitrogen, a valuable nutrient found in the manure which they then use to spread on their fields.

History

Cattle feeding on a large scale was first introduced in the early 60's, when a demand for higher quality beef in large quantities emerged.[24] Farmers started becoming familiar with the finishing of beef, but also showed interest in various other aspects associated with the feedlot such as soil health, crop management, and how to manage labour costs. From the early 60's to the 90's feeding beef cattle in the feedlot style showed immense growth, and even today the feedlot industry is constantly being upgraded with new knowledge and science as well as technology. In the early 20th century, feeder operations were separate from all other related operations and feedlots were non-existent.[25] They appeared in the 1950s and 1960s as a result of hybrid grains and irrigation techniques; the ensuing larger grain crops led to abundant grain harvests. It was suddenly possible to feed large numbers of cattle in one location and so, to cut transportation costs, grain farms and feedlot locations merged. Cattle were no longer sent from all across the southern states to places like California, where large slaughter houses were located. In the 1980s, meat packers followed the path of feedlots and are now located close by to them as well.

Marketing

There are many methods used to sell cattle to meat packers. Spot, or cash, marketing is the traditional and most commonly used method. Prices are influenced by current supply & demand and are determined by live weight or per head. Similar to this is forward contracting, in which prices are determined the same way but are not directly influenced by market demand fluctuations. Forward contracts determine the selling price between the two parties negotiating for a set amount of time. However, this method is the least used because it requires some knowledge of production costs and the willingness of both sides to take a risk in the futures market. Another method, formula pricing, is becoming the most popular process, as it more accurately represents the value of meat received by the packer. This requires trust between the packers and feedlots though, and is under criticism from the feedlots because the amount paid to the feedlots is determined by the packers’ assessment of the meat received. Finally, live- or carcass-weight based formula pricing is most common. Other types include grid pricing and boxed beef pricing. The most controversial marketing method stems from the vertical integration of packer-owned feedlots, which still represents less than 10% of all methods, but has been growing over the years.[26]

Alternatives

The alternative to feedlots is to allow cattle to graze on grass throughout their lives, but this is not efficient and can be very challenging. For Canada and the Northern USA, year round grazing is not possible due to the severe winter weather conditions. Controlled grazing methods of this sort necessitate higher beef prices and the cattle take longer to reach market weight.[27]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Animal Feeding Operations". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original on 8 June 2010. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
  2. ^ "Intensive Livestock Operation Regulatory Program - Agriculture - Government of Saskatchewan". Archived from the original on 2012-04-28. Retrieved 2012-04-27.
  3. ^ Unit, Government of Alberta, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Intergovernmental Relations, Trade and Environment Division, Environmental Stewardship Branch, Environmental Extension and Programming Section, AOPA / CFO Extension. "The Application of the Minimum Distance Separation (MDS) for Siting Confined Feeding Operations in Alberta". www1.agric.gov.ab.ca. Retrieved 15 April 2018.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ "Environmental Farm Plan | OSCIA".
  5. ^ 2008 Final CAFO Rule, USEPA, Office of Water, 2009. "EPA - Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations - Final Rule". Archived from the original on 2009-06-17. Retrieved 2009-07-01.
  6. ^ "Part 7 - Nutrient Management Plans".
  7. ^ "Licensing of Livestock Operation". 15 March 2004.
  8. ^ "Home - Canadian Cattle Identification Agency".
  9. ^ "Livestock Identification and Traceability Program (TRACE) newsletters". 27 May 2019.
  10. .
  11. ^ "Cow-calf Production » the Canadian Cattlemen's Association".
  12. ^ "Feeding total mixed rations". extension.umn.edu.
  13. ^ R. A. Zinn University of California, Davis A Guide to Feed Mixing
  14. ^ Friend, Catherine. The Compassionate Carnivore: Or, How to Keep Animals Happy, save Old MacDonald's Farm, Reduce Your Hoofprint, and Still Eat Meat. Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Lifelong, 2008.
  15. ^ "Steer Feeding Guidelines Based on Hip Height Measurements" (PDF).
  16. ^ "Harris Feeding Company". 6 March 2005. Archived from the original on 6 March 2005. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
  17. ^ "Feedlot Health Management » the Canadian Cattlemen's Association".
  18. ^ "Identifying Sick or Injured Cattle". www.thecattlesite.com.
  19. . Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  20. ^ "Diet and Disease in Cattle: High-Grain Feed May Promote Illness and Harmful Bacteria".
  21. ^ http://extensionpublications.unl.edu/assets/html/g2018/build/g2018.htm
  22. ^
    PMID 32734021
    .
  23. ^ Augustenborg, C.A.; O.T. Carton; R.P.O. Schulte; and I. H. Suffet (2008)'Silage Dry-Matter Yield and Nitrogen Response following Land Application of Spent Timber Residue from Out-Wintering Pads to Irish Grassland',Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,39:7,1122—1137. [1]
  24. ^ "History in Alberta".
  25. ^ Clark, Georgia and Jaime Malaga. 2005. “West Texas Feedlots: Reality and Perspectives”. Texas Tech University.
  26. ^ Ward, Clement. 2005. “Captive Supply Price Relationships and Impacts.” Oklahoma State University Oklahoma Extension Service. Bull. No. F-598.
  27. ^ "What's the Beef? The Pros and Cons of Grass Fed vs. Grain Fed | truLOCAL Blog".

Further reading

External links