Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski
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Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski | |
---|---|
People's Republic of Poland ) | |
Personal details | |
Born | 9 June 1885 Major General |
Battles/wars | World War I Polish–Soviet War World War II |
Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski (Polish pronunciation:
Składkowski studied medicine at the
While serving as prime minister, he was appalled by the lack of sanitation in many of Poland's villages, and issued a decree that every household in Poland must have a latrine in working order. This prompted many village-dwellers to erect wooden sheds in their backyards for this purpose, which have been subsequently dubbed "sławojki". After the German Invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939, he fled to Romania and was interned there.[10] In 1940 he went to Turkey and thence to Palestine. In 1947, he went to London, where he died in 1962. He was buried in Brompton Cemetery, London.
Early years and studies
Born on 9 June 1885 in
Składkowski attended a middle school in
On 15 February 1909, Felicjan married Jadwiga Szoll, with whom he had a son named Miłosz (1911–1938). In 1911, Składkowski graduated from the university as a surgeon and gynecologist. In January 1912, he was employed at the clinic of Professor Kadler and practiced his skills in Sosnowiec.
Polish Legions
After the outbreak of
From 20 December 1914, he served as chief physician of the 1st Regiment of Infantry. On 1 January 1915 he was appointed lieutenant doctor, however, on 26 January he was transferred to the 3rd Battalion of the 1st Regiment of Infantry. Składkowski soon became very ill and was transported to a hospital located in the nearby town of Kęty.
On 1 February 1915, Składkowski returned to medical military service and was appointed physician of the 1st Battalion of the 1st Regiment of Infantry. Then, from 28 April until 7 May 1915 he held the position of chief medical officer of the 5th Infantry Unit. From 11 May 1915 he was chief physician of the 7th Regiment of Infantry. On 10 May 1915 he was promoted to the rank of captain doctor and his medical services covered all of the Polish Legions. In July 1916, he distinguished himself during the Battle of Kostiuchnówka. From 1 October 1916, after the dissolution of the 7th Regiment of Infantry, Składkowski became chief physician of the 5th Infantry Unit.
On 16 July 1917, during the Oath crisis, Składkowski, who officially was considered a Russian subject, was released from the service in the Legions. On 22 July 1917 he was interned in Beniaminów, and remained there until 2 August 1918. After his release, Składkowski worked as a physician at Saturn Coal Mine in the city of Czeladź.
Polish Army
In November 1918, Składkowski, wearing his Legions uniform, disarmed German soldiers in the region of
In the autumn of 1919, Składkowski was named chief medical officer of the Operational Group of General Lucjan Żeligowski. On 7 February 1920, he was appointed to the post of manager of the organizational section of the Ministry of Military Affairs' Medical Department. Promoted to colonel, in August 1920 he was a government envoy to the Polish Red Cross. In January 1921, Składowski was named inspector of medical units of the Polish Army. He then left for France, for a course at the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr.
In November 1924, he was one of the officers who resigned from active service in the so-called strike of the generals; the joint resignation of the officers was, however, rejected. On 1 December 1924, Składkowski was promoted to brigadier general.
While in France, he met and fell in love with a Frenchwoman, Germaine Susanne Coillot. In 1925, he converted to Calvinism in order to get a divorce from his first wife, Jadwiga Szoll. In January 1926, he married his French love, who changed her last name into Coillot-Składkowska.
During the May Coup, Składkowski supported Józef Piłsudski, and, on 13 May 1926, General Gustaw Orlicz-Dreszer appointed him government commissar for Warsaw. Since he was regarded as an able organizer, he was tasked with keeping order on the streets of the Polish capital.
On 14 May 1926, Składkowski's police force broke a communist rally at the Bank Square, Warsaw. He remained in the post of government commissar until 1 October 1926, when he was replaced by Władysław Jaroszewicz.
Minister of Internal Affairs
On 2 October 1926, Składkowski, who by then was widely known as an avid supporter of Józef Piłsudski, was nominated the
Sławoj remained in his post for over three years, until 7 December 1929. On 1 January 1930, he returned to the armed forces and was appointed Deputy
As a minister, who was a physician by profession, Składkowski was very concerned about the poor state of hygiene on Polish farms and estates in the countryside. One of his executive orders stated that outhouses should be erected in all villages of Poland. As a result, the Polish population began to call them "sławojki", after Sławoj-Składkowski.
On 23 June 1931, Składkowski returned to active military service, becoming deputy minister of military affairs and manager of the Army Administration. Personally, Felicjan Sławoj was extremely close with Józef Piłsudski, often being invited with his wife to the marshal's parties or dinners, and was one of the first people to receive the sad news about his unexpected death in 1935. On 19 March 1931, Składkowski was promoted to the rank of divisional general (generał dywizji) of the Polish Army.
Prime Minister of Poland
After Piłsudski's death, the camp of his followers divided into factions, including the supporters of President Ignacy Mościcki, and those who favoured Marshal Edward Rydz-Śmigły. In the spring of 1936, both groups agreed on a compromise and created the government of Prime Minister Felicjan Sławoj-Składkowski (15 May 1936). On 4 June 1936, Składkowski gave a speech in parliament, in which he stated that he was nominated to his post by both the president and the marshal. Among the members of his government were politicians of different factions, such as Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski and Minister of Foreign Affairs Józef Beck. Składkowski himself tried to stay away from any political conflicts, and concentrated his efforts on improving the state administration, especially police force and civil services. He frequently toured Poland, visiting schools, police stations, manufacturing plants and farm estates.
As Prime Minister, Składkowski gave in to the rising tide of class struggle, calling in June 1936 for "economic struggle" against the Polish Jews. Składkowski opposed anti-Jewish violence but was not diligent in combating it. Commenting at one occasion on the "unpleasant events" (presumably, the numerous cases of physical violence against Jews), he claimed that Jews themselves were to blame because of their lack of understanding of Polish peasantry, which, just as the Jews themselves, was striving for a higher standard of living. Under his government, Polish Jews were increasingly isolated from society, impoverished and demonized. Polish officials pursued the idea of Jewish emigration at the League of Nations and in bilateral talks with France and other relevant powers.
On 12 January 1939, in replying to the Jewish Deputy Leib Minzberg, who had protested against spreading anti-Semitism in Poland, Składkowski said that the Polish government was determined to solve the Jewish problem "without violence and chicanery": "The Jewish question must be settled not by force, but by Government collaboration with Jewish emigration associations". Skladkowski denied that the "Jewish position in Poland" was bad and claimed that to be "inconsistent with the desire of the Jews to make a pilgrimage to Poland as to a Mecca", which he declared to be inadmissible. He was apparently referring to the desire of Polish Jews facing expulsion from Germany and Italy to be repatriated, which Składkowski's government blocked by denying Polish citizenship to Jews living abroad.
On 1 September 1939 at 4:30 a.m., Składkowski, who spent the night in the complex of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, received a phone call from Kraków, informing him about the German
On 17 September, upon hearing of the
Living in exile
Sławoj-Składkowski was at first interned with other members of his government in the town of
Since both Hungary and Romania were threatened by Germany and the Soviet Union, General Sikorski finally agreed to a partial evacuation of high-ranking Polish officials interned in Romania. In June 1940, Składkowski was allowed to go to France, where his wife, Germaine, lived. On 24 June, after crossing Bulgaria, he arrived by train at Istanbul in Turkey. There he once again asked to join the Polish Army, but was denied on 3 July. On 3 October 1940, Składkowski sent another letter, this time to President Raczkiewicz, and finally on 24 November he was granted Sikorski's permission.
In late 1940, Składkowski was sent to the Reserve Center of the
Składkowski was an active member of Polish émigré circles in Great Britain. He died on 31 August 1962 in London, and was buried at Brompton Cemetery. On 8 June 1990, his body was returned to Poland and buried at the Powązki Cemetery in Warsaw.[11] Place of burial:[12]
One of his relatives was the noted film director Krzysztof Kieślowski.[13][14][15]
Sławoj Składkowski's archive is deposited at the Archiwum Emigracji in the University Library of
Honours and awards
- Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari
- Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta
- Cross of Independence
- Cross of Valour (three times)
- Gold Cross of Merit
- Academic Golden Laurel of the Polish Academy of Literature (1935)
Składkowski received honorary citizenships of Czeladź and Gąbin.
References
- ^ "Biography of Major-General Felicjan Sławoj-Składkowski (1885 – 1962), Poland". generals.dk. Retrieved 2021-07-31.
- ^ "Biography of Major-General Felicjan Sławoj-Składkowski (1885 – 1962), Poland". www.generals.dk. Retrieved 2021-07-31.
- ^ ISBN 0-87052-747-9Page 246
- ^ Leżeński, Cezary (2003). "Legiony to braterska nuta..., czyli od Legionów do masonów". Wolnomularz Polski (in Polish). 40: 15.
- ^ "Biography of Major-General Felicjan Sławoj-Składkowski (1885 – 1962), Poland". www.generals.dk. Retrieved 2021-07-31.
- ^ ISBN 0-7126-0694-7Page 272
- ISBN 0-7818-0673-9Page 351
- ISBN 0-333-39258-2Page 48
- ISBN 83-88736-32-9.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ^ Stanislaw Mikolajczyk The Pattern of Soviet Domination Sampson Low, Marston & Co 1948 Page 6
- ^ "Felicjan Składkowski – Sławoj". Moja Czeladź (in Polish).
- Stare Powązki, grave: MIŁOSZ SKŁADKOWSKI, (Area 139-6-17) id: 39527
- ISBN 83-207-1155-X.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ISSN 2299-7571. Retrieved 2018-02-24.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ "Portret Kieślowskiego". film.interia.pl. 2005-10-27. Retrieved 2018-02-24.