Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala
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Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala | |
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Chronicler | |
Notable work | El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno |
Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala (c. 1535
Biography
The son of a noble family of the indigenous (but non-Inca) Yarowilca dynasty of
The information known about Guaman Poma's life comes from a variety of written sources. Most likely, he was born in the
The Huamán family was wealthy within the Inca Empire, both before and after the conquest. As used to be common, marriages among the ruling families took place in order for them to maintain political control. At the time, the Huamán (Waman in Quechua, or Guamán in Spanish) were a family of warriors and landowners in several regions of the Inca Empire. They venerated the wild bird (similar to a falcon) that only lives in the highland regions of Peru, above 4,000 meters above sea level.[citation needed]
Guaman Poma was related to Inca royalty through three family lines: Tarco Huaman Inca, son of Inca Mayta Capac, cousin of
During the occupation by the conquerors, the Huamán family, being very extensive, were fiercely prosecuted, as the Spaniards feared the overthrow of the colonial government, the impeachment of the Hispanic occupation, and indigenous land ownership claims. For this reason, most of their wealth in gold and ornaments was hidden and redistributed among their descendants. Most family members moved to different areas in Peru and Ecuador. The most prominent landowners were located in Pariamarca, Santiago de Huamán, Quito, and Huamanga.
There is a tradition that says that direct descendants from the line of the ruling Inca Huaman are protected and secretly maintained to be ready to take over the Peruvian Empire and re-impose the supremacy of order over chaos. There are tales among the Andeans that one day the "... Hawk will fly high, where the Sun surrenders ...".[4] According to the mestizo writer Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, a waman is a type of hawk that can be found in the Andean region.[7] See the Name section for more information.
Chronicle
A handful of sixteenth-century documents attest that Guaman Poma served in the 1560s to 1570s as a Quechua translator for Friar Cristóbal de Albornoz[4] in his campaign to eradicate the messianic apostasy, known as Taki Unquy, from the Christian doctrine of local believers.
Guaman Poma appeared as a
His great work was the Primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno (The First New Chronicle and Good Government), a 1,189-page document written largely in Spanish, with sections in Quechua.[4] His book is the longest sustained critique of Spanish colonial rule produced by an indigenous subject in the entire colonial period. Written between 1600 and 1615 and addressed to King Philip III of Spain,[3] the corónica[a] outlines the injustices of colonial rule and argues that the Spanish were foreign settlers in Peru.[2][4] "It is our country," he said, "because God has given it to us."[8] The king never received the document.
The corónica is remarkable in many ways. First, it combines writing and fine line drawings (398 pages of the book consist of Guaman Poma's full-page drawings).[2] The work also includes his "Mapa Mundi de Reino de las Indias" (World Map of the Kingdom of the Indians), a cartographic representation of the Inca Empire drawn in the mappa mundi style favored by medieval European mapmakers, which placed Cusco, the ancient Inca capital, at the center of the world.[9] Second, the manuscript expresses the view of a provincial noble on the conquest, whereas most other existing expressions of indigenous views from the colonial era come from the nobility of Cusco. Third, the author frequently uses Quechua words and phrases in this primarily Spanish work, which provided material for scholars to learn more about Quechua.[4]
Guaman Poma proposed a new direction for the governance of Peru: a "good government" that would draw from Inca social and economic structures, European technology, and Christian theology, adapted to the practical needs of the Andean peoples.
The original manuscript of the corónica has been kept in the
Relationship with Martín de Murúa
Twentieth-century scholars had often speculated that there was some relationship between Guaman Poma's corónica and
Guaman Poma notably attacks Murúa in his corónica, including depicting the friar's striking and kicking an indigenous woman seated at a loom. The depiction is entitled "The Mercenary friar Murúa abuses his parishioners and takes justice into his own hands." According to Adorno, "... when he became an author, after 1600, [Guaman Poma] was highly critical of a work by Murúa that he had recently illustrated. Guaman Poma was prompted to write his own account against what he understood to be Murúa's limited perspective, which he had encountered in the original manuscript of Historia general del Piru."
Guaman Poma wrote about Andean history back to the era predating the Incas. He also elaborated a long and highly critical survey of colonial society, unique among other manuscripts of the era. His artistic range, displayed in his nearly 400 drawings, was based on his experience gained while working with Murúa, but it also developed in new directions. He revealed a strong polemical and satirical bent that he directed against colonial abuses. "Although the evidence suggests that they worked independently after 1600, the efforts of Murúa and Guaman Poma can never be separated, and their talents, individually and together, produced three distinctive testimonies to the interaction between missionary author and indigenous artist-cum-author in early colonial Peru."[12]
Name
Guaman means '
See also
Notes
- ^ Crónica in modern Spanish
References
- ^ Fane, 165
- ^ a b c d Adorno, Rolena. Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala's Nueva crónica y buen gobierno (New Chronicle and Good Government). Early Ibero/Anglo Americanist Summit: New World Antiquities and Histories. (retrieved 8 Sept 2009)
- ^ a b Fane, 166
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Hamilton, Roland. Table of Contents and Excerpt, Guaman Poma de Ayala, the First New Chronicle and Good Government. University of Texas Press. 2009 (retrieved 8 Sept 2009)
- ^ Adorno, xix
- ^ "Det Kongelige Bibliotek - Guaman Poma - Presentation". wayback-01.kb.dk. Retrieved 2024-02-22.
- ^ Garcilaso de la Vega, Inca (1980). Comentarios reales de los Incas (in Spanish). Ed. Universo.
- ^ Guáman Poma and Dilke, 204
- ^ Adorno, Rolena. "Andean Empire". in Mapping Latin America. Dym, Jordana and Karl Offen, eds. University of Chicago Press, Chicago: 2011.
- ^ "The Guaman Poma Website". www.kb.dk. Retrieved 2017-03-27.
- ^ Fane, 239
- ^ Adorno and Boserup, pp. 7–75
- ^ Boone, Elizabeth Hill and Cummins, Tom. Native Traditions in the Postconquest World. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library, 1998: 101. (retrieved 8 Sept 2009)
- ^ Adorno, lvi
- ^ Adorno, xii
- ^ Adorno, 17
Further reading
- Adorno, Guaman Poma: Writing and Resistance in Colonial Peru. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-292-70503-6
- Adorno, Rolena and Ivan Boserup, "The Making of Murúa's Historia General del Piru" in The Getty Murúa: Essays on the Making of Martin de Murúa's 'Historia General del Piru', J. Paul Getty Museum Ms. Ludwig XIII 16. Edited by Thomas Cummins and Barbara Anderson. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute, 2008.
- Fane, Diana, ed. Converging Cultures: Art & Identity in Spanish America. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1996. ISBN 0-87273-134-0.
- Garcia Castellon, Manuel. Guaman Poma de Ayala, pionero de la teología de la liberación. Madrid, Editorial Pliegos, 1991.
- Guaman Poma de Ayala, Felipe, author. Christopher Wentworth Dilke, ed. Letter to a King: A Peruvian Chief's Account of Life Under the Incas and Spanish Rule. Boston: E. P. Dutton, 1978. ISBN 978-0-525-14480-9.
- Guaman Poma, The First New Chronicle and Good Government, trans. Roland Hamilton. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0-292-71959-0.
- Leibsohn, Dana, and Mundy, Barbara E. "Making Sense of the Pre-Columbian". Vistas: Visual Culture in Spanish America, 1520–1820 (2015). http://www.fordham.edu/vistas
- Quispe-Agnoli, Rocío. La fe andina en la escritura. Identidad y resistencia en la obra de Guamán Poma de Ayala. Lima: Fondo Editorial de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2006. ISBN 9972-46-316-8.
External links
- "Guaman Poma – El Primer Nueva Corónica Y Buen Gobierno" – A digital version of the corónica, scanned from the original manuscript in the Copenhagen Royal Library. Includes a corrected, searchable version of the critical transcription and commentary of John Murra and Rolena Adorno, coordinated throughout with the facsimile.
- The First New Chronicle and Good Government – a translation by Rolena Adorno
- Más allá de los 400 años: Guamán Poma revisitado – A special monographic issue edited by Rocío Quispe-Agnoli in collaboration with Carlos García Bedoya. Letras. Revista de investigación de Letras y Ciencias Humanas of the UNMSM, 2020. Includes 12 essays and 30 analyzed images from Guaman Poma de Ayala's chronicle. doi: https://doi.org/10.30920/letras.91.133