Felling, Tyne and Wear

Coordinates: 54°57′00″N 1°33′50″W / 54.950°N 1.564°W / 54.950; -1.564
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Felling
Metropolitan county
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townGATESHEAD
Postcode districtNE10
Dialling code0191
PoliceNorthumbria
FireTyne and Wear
AmbulanceNorth East
UK Parliament
List of places
UK
England
Tyne and Wear
54°57′00″N 1°33′50″W / 54.950°N 1.564°W / 54.950; -1.564

Felling is a town in the

B1426 Sunderland Road and the A184 Felling bypass, than 1 mile (1.6 km) east of Gateshead, 1 mile (1.6 km) south east of Newcastle-upon-Tyne and 10 miles north west of the City of Sunderland
. In 2011, Felling had a population of 8,908.

The three distinct settlements at Low Felling, High Felling and Felling Shore amalgamated with other surrounding villages to form the town of Felling, which was administered by the Felling Urban District Council. The areas covered by Felling council were Felling, High Felling, Windy Nook, Whitehills Estate, Leam-Lane Estate, Pelaw, Wardley, Heworth, Bill Quay and Follingsby. The council was abolished in 1974 when Felling was incorporated into the new Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead.

History

Early history

The name of Felling is recorded as early as 1217 and, in 1920, was said to refer to a clearing where woods and trees were felled.

enfeoffed Sir Walter de Selby a manor at Felling "to hold by homage, fealty, knights' service, two marks rent, and suit at the prior's every fortnight".[2] The estate then passed to Walter's son, Adam, whose own son forfeited the estate the manor upon his death, whereupon it was passed to Ralph de Applingden.[3] In 1331, the manor was granted to Sir Thomas Surtees by Bishop Lewis Beaumont, who passed it to his son Alexander and whose own son, Thomas, inherited the estate in 1400 when he was only 20 weeks old. Thomas lived only 35 years, but is notable for having been High Sheriff of Northumberland in 1422.[4] The estate continued to pass through the Surtees family until 1509, when the last surviving member of that family died.[2]

There followed a period of extensive litigation as the future of the considerable Surtees estate, which also included Low Dinsdale Manor near Darlington, was contested between the families Brandling, a staunchly Royalist and Catholic family, Blaxton and Wyclyffe.[5][6] While several elements of the estate where divided by share, in 1509 the entire manor of Felling was granted by Deed of Partition to Robert Brandling and his heirs "for life and to the total extinction" of any other claims.[7]

The Brandling family

Brandling duly lived at Felling with his wife Anne. He became sheriff of

Roundheads; an action which earned him the reputation as "a very knave" which he carried until his death in 1669.[5]

Early industrialisation 1680–1800

By the turn of the 18th century, Felling consisted of little more than the large Brandling estate and a small scattering of tiny farming villages.[12] However, Ralph Brandling, the incumbent of the Brandling estate at that time, had come to realise the value of the rich coal deposits on his estate and began drift mining around 1670.[12][13] He initially found the large coal seams under his estate difficult to extract due to their depth, and indeed it was imported coal from Newcastle-upon-Tyne which saw the development of more extensive industries in salt, glass and chemicals which began to attract workers to the area.[12] At around 1750, a large copper-works was opened at the banks of the River Tyne; the first such works to be developed on the river.[14][15] Encouraged by these developments, Ralph Brandling's son, Charles Brandling,[note 1] firstly commissioned more extensive mining of near-surface coal on his estate and then, encouraged by the discovery of several strata below his estate, began boring operations in 1758 to allow ultimately for deeper coal extraction.[16][17] The result was the opening of Felling Colliery[note 2] in 1779, working on the High Main stratum at a depth of 125 fathoms.[2][16] A brown paper mill was also opened in 1798.[14]

Felling mining disasters

Main article:
Felling mine disaster
Felling Colliery, where two disasters in the space of eighteen months saw over a hundred men and boys killed.

On 19 January 1811, the original High Main seam at Felling Colliery was closed, but by that time the colliery had grown enormously.[18][note 3] The colliery was deepened to reach the Low Main seam. Two shafts were provided: John Pit and William Pit.[19] The Low Main and began operation in October 1810.[2] Disaster struck Felling Colliery on 25 May 1812 when, despite the colliery containing the most up-to-date safety measures,[20] firedamp ignited and at around 11.30 am, "one of the most tremendous explosions in the history of coal mining took place".[2] Two explosions rocked the colliery, the blast appearing in both pits.[19] A cloud of coal dust and debris over a radius of a mile and a half was ejected from the colliery.[21] One account recalled:

Immense quantities of dust and coal rose high into the air in an inverted cone...In the village of Heworth, this cloud caused a darkness like that of early twilight and covered the roads so thickly that the footsteps of passengers were deeply imprinted in it. As soon as the explosion was heard, wives and children of the workmen ran to the pit. Wildness and terror were pictured in every countenance. The crowd soon collected to several hundreds, some crying out for a husband, others for a parent or a son, and all affected by a mixture of horror, anxiety and grief.[22]

Following the first blast at 11:30, rescue attempts started at 12:15. At 14:00 the second blast occurred and no further rescues occurred.[19] Some 29 men were saved, but the remaining 92 men and boys were killed.[2] Two days later the decision was made to seal the colliery to starve the fire of oxygen.[19] Just one year later, on 24 December 1813, a further catastrophe occurred:

About half-past one o'clock on the morning, an explosion took place in Felling colliery, by which nine men and thirteen boys were hurried into eternity, several others severely burnt, and all the underground horses but one destroyed. The accident occurred at the time of calling course, or when one set of men were relieving another. Several of the morning shift men were standing round the mouth of the pit, waiting to go down, when the blast occurred, and the part who had just descended met it soon after they had reached the bottom of the shaft; these were most miserably burnt and mangled.[23]

The 200th anniversary of the first disaster was commemorated in Felling on 25 May 2012 by a parade from St Mary's Church at Heworth to the place of the entrance to the colliery at Mulberry Street.[24]

The Industrial Revolution

Methodist preachers.[25] Slightly to the north lay Low Felling. This was a more heavily industrialised village, containing Felling colliery, a large chemical works and other manufacturers,[25] though in 1834 it was noted that there also existed "a few neat houses and many cottages for the colliery which, with small gardens attached, give an aspect of comfort to the village".[26] At the north and on the bank of the River Tyne, a populous manufacturing and trading village had developed known as Felling Shore, spreading across three miles of the bank of the Tyne. A Methodist church was built there in 1805. This was accompanied by several shops and four public houses frequented predominantly by seamen and workers at the adjacent quay, coal staithes and ship building works where vessels of excellent quality were built.[15][25] Industry continued to flourish here; the copperworks established in the 18th century still operated and had expanded, an oil and a paper mill had also developed, along with forging works for anchors and shovels.[14]

In 1827 the Friars Goose Chemical Works was opened by Anthony Clapham. In 1834 a second large chemical works was established by Hugh Lee Pattinson, John Lee and George Burnett;[27] it soon employed around 300 men.[14][28] Grindstone quarries produced high quality stone and a brownware pottery under Mr. Joseph Wood had opened for business.[15] In 1842, Brandling Station was opened at Mullbery Street in Felling on the Brandling Junction railway linking Gateshead, South Shields and Sunderland.[29] This is one of the oldest passenger stations in the world.[30]

By around 1870, Felling had reached its industrial peak. Historian John Marius Wilson noted:

FELLING, a large village and a chapelry in Jarrow parish, Durham. The village stands on the Northeastern railway, 1½ mile SE of Gateshead; increased recently from two hamlets to its present condition; is maintained by factories and by mining operations; connects with Felling-Shore, a coal-shipping place on the Tyne; and has a post-office under Gateshead, a r. station, a church built in 1866, four dissenting chapels, and a Roman Catholic chapel. The chapelry was constituted in 1866. Population 5,105. The living is a vicarage. Value, £300. Patrons, Five Trustees.[31]

1870 – present day

The clean-up begins after the Felling derailment in 1907, which cost two lives and saw eight more seriously injured.
Aerial photograph of Gateshead and Felling (1975)

The industrial heights proved reasonably short-lived. By 1860, improvements to access along the River Tyne only served to highlight the better sites on the Tyne bank and so shipbuilding at Felling Shore began to decline. This decline was hastened by the limited space at Felling dock, which could not reasonably be extended and so progress enjoyed elsewhere was never matched at Felling.[32] At around the same time, the chemical industry began to stall as bigger and more efficient competitors overtook their Felling counterparts.[32] The industrial decline was matched by continuous residential growth, so that by the Victorian era those industrial elements which survived were met by a large sprawl of housing from the south where High and Low Felling had effectively merged.[33]

At 10:52 am on 26 March 1907, an express passenger train travelling from Heworth signal box derailed on the approach to Felling station.[34] The cause was a combination of a sharp frost in the morning and unseasonal heat later in the day which saw the track expand and kink.[35] The derailment, which saw all bar two carriages rolled over entirely, cost two passengers their lives, with eight more seriously hurt and a further 34 suffering minor injuries such as shock.[34]

The decline of heavy industry, meanwhile, continued apace. In 1932 the large chemical works at Felling Shore closed and was left derelict, leaving behind a 2 million tonne heap of spoil.[28] Felling Colliery, the oldest and most extensive of all Felling's industry, had changed hands numerous times after the Brandlings finally sold their stake in the 1850s and ultimately closed in 1931 with the loss of 581 jobs.[17] Fairs boat yard at Felling Shore had been sold in 1919 and became Mitchison's ship yard, but this too closed in 1964.[28]

In place of industry came housing. The high density terraced housing which had accompanied the industrial boom of the 19th century had sprawled south and was soon joined by a wave of development at the run of the 20th century.[36] The earlier housing came at Stuart Street, Temple Street and Helmsdale Avenue in the form of Tyneside flats.[37] In the inter-war years, whole derelict industrial areas were cleared and large council estates of semi-detached houses, with front and back gardens, were built at the Old Fold, Stoneygate, Brandling and Nest estates.[36][38] By the time that Felling ceased to be an independent town and was incorporated into the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead in 1974, Felling had become a "dormitory area" and remains so today.[39]

Economy

View along Felling Town Centre

There are two principal economic areas in Felling. The first of these is at Felling Shore, where the East Gateshead Riverside Park was built in 1966 and which, combined with the Felling Shore industrial estate, today houses 241 businesses employing around 6,400 people.

public houses and fast food outlets [40][41]

The Felling Health Care Centre is the main source of General Healthcare for the town's population, and houses St Alban's medical group and Crowhall Medical Group. The GP surgery also has a small Boots pharmacy in addition to the larger Boots store in the town centre.

Felling has one small dentist practice located on the B1426 main commuter road that connects Heworth to Gateshead town centre

Levels of unemployment in Felling are high. Only 52.4% of the total working age population are in employment, as compared to 61.7% in the borough overall. Around 10% of residents claim Jobseeker's Allowance; this is double the Gateshead average and is the highest figure in the borough.[42] Youth unemployment levels are also very high at 14%, which compares to a borough average of 9% and is also the highest figure in Gateshead. The average income of residents is only £18,000 per annum; this compares to a Gateshead average of £27,000 and is the lowest figure in the borough.[43]

Geography and topography

Felling shore, where the north of Felling meets the River Tyne

Felling, at latitude 54.950° N and longitude 1.564° W, lies less than 1 mile (1.6 km) south and east of

Felling By-Pass[45] to the north and by Sunderland Road more centrally.[46]
The distance from Felling to London is 255 miles (410 km).

The urban expansion of Gateshead makes exact overall boundaries difficult to define. Although administratively considered one area, official documentation has split Felling into three distinct neighbourhoods: North, Central and High Felling.[47][48][49] Felling North is roughly comparable to the old settlement at Felling Shore, bounded to the north by the River Tyne and the south by Sunderland Road.[50] The other neighbourhoods also broadly follow their historical boundaries; the central area includes Felling town centre and the surrounding streets, while High Felling incorporates Coldwell Lane and the adjoining streets moving south towards Windy Nook.[51][52]

The steep topography offers some excellent views into Newcastle-upon-Tyne, such as this from St John's Lane.

Felling lies on land which is steep at the riverbank but which initially flattens at the north then begins to climb,[53] with some slope south to north centrally[54] before consistently sloping, at times steeply, in High Felling. At the south-west corner, the land reaches a maximum height of around 130 metres (430 ft) above sea-level.[55]

Felling is now largely bordered by settlements which are part of the metropolitan borough. These are Windy Nook to the south, Deckham and the town of Gateshead to the west and Heworth and the Leam Lane Estate to the east. To the extreme north, Felling is bounded by the River Tyne, the largest river in the North East of England. This affords very good views into Newcastle upon Tyne.[56]

Land use is mixed. The land to the extreme north adjacent to the river is mostly industrial, split by the Felling By-Pass.[57] The land south of the By-Pass towards the town centre is predominantly residential and includes the Nest, Brandling, Stoneygate and the Old Fold estates.[58] Centrally the land is mixed between residential properties and the largely commercial use at Crowhall Lane and Victoria Square.[54][59] At High Felling, land use is predominantly residential but there is around 25% green-space, including a park, cricket ground and urban open space to the south at Albion Street.[55]

Governance

Gateshead Council, Felling–2012 local elections[60]
Candidate name Political party Number of votes % of votes cast
Sonya Dickie Labour 1,365 85.8%
Trevor Charles Murray Conservative 136 7.8%
Ian Gill Liberal Democrats 113 6.5%

In 1843, High Felling, Low Felling and Felling Shore were independent villages in the

Hokey cokey, on 28 March 1974, when Felling was incorporated into the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead by the Local Government Act 1972.[64][65]

Immediately prior the creation of the metropolitan borough, Felling was an independent town but improved housing elsewhere and better transport links have seen the area decline in stature so that, today, Felling is simply a council

UKIP
support in the mid-2010s, the area is nearly monolithic in its support of Labour.

Felling is part of the

Washington and Sunderland West.[72] In the 2010 UK General Election, Mearns was elected with a majority of 12,549 over Frank Hindle. The swing from Labour to the Liberal Democrats was 3.9%.[73] Felling is in a safe Labour seat. Mearns' success in 2010 followed of Sharon Hodgson, who in the 2005 UK General Election polled over 60% of the votes cast[74] while in 2001, Joyce Quin was returned with a majority of 53.3%.[75]

Demography

Felling compared (2001)
Felling[68] Gateshead[76] England[76]
Total population 7,299 191,151 49,138,831
White 97.7% 98.4% 90.9%
BME 2.3% 1.6% 4.6%
Aged 0–19 23.2% 24.2% 26.32%
Aged 65+ 17% 17.3% 15.9%
Male 48.5% 48.3% 48.7%
Female 51.5% 51.7% 51.3%

According to the

ethnic group (BME), as opposed to 9.1% of the national population.[67][76] The average life expectancy is 71 years for men in Felling and 75 years for women. These compare unfavourably to borough averages of 76 and 81 years respectively.[77]

The proportion of lone parent households varies hugely across the area; in High Felling the figure is 11.5%, in Central Felling it is 12.2% but in North Felling the figure is 22.3%. The latter is the second highest figure in Gateshead and all compare with a borough average of 11.5%.

Index of Multiple Deprivation, which divides England into 32,482 areas and measures quality of life to indicate deprivation, splits Felling into several areas and in 2010 listed North Felling, Old Fold, Sunderland Road and Falla Park in the top 10% of all deprived areas in England in 2012.[67]

In 2011 however, there was a massive population increase from 7,299 a decade earlier to 8,908. The ethnic minority population has also increased, with 7.7% of the ward being from an ethnic minority.

2011 Ethnicity Felling Gateshead
White British 92.3% 92.0%
Asian 2.2% 2.5%
Black 1.1% 0.8%

[82][83]

Felling, like nearby Deckham, is a rapidly growing area with more and more people from other countries settling in the area.

Felling Ethnicity Census 2001 Census 2011
White 97.7% 95.4%
White British 96.6% 92.3%

[82]

Transport

Road

The suburb is bisected principally by the

A184.[45] Built in 1959, the road is commonly referred to as the Felling By-pass, though it "is really nothing of the kind", as the road splits residential areas of Felling almost neatly in half.[84]

By road, Gateshead can be reached in around 10 minutes, and Newcastle upon Tyne in around 15 minutes.

Until the building of the Felling By-pass, the principal road in the settlement was Sunderland Road. A former turnpike road and tram route, where civic and commercial buildings still stand as a testament to the road's past importance,[85] Sunderland Road still remains an integral local distributor today.[86]

Rail

Felling is served by the Tyne & Wear Metro, with the station located between Sunderland Road and Mulberry Street.[87][88] The station itself is described in one official document as "unwelcoming and even intimidating."[89]

The Metro provides a regular service to Newcastle City Centre, with services running up to every 6 minutes (7–8 minutes during the evening and Sunday) between Pelaw and South Gosforth, increasing to up to every 3 minutes at peak times.

The nearest rail station is

Northern providing a generally hourly service to Newcastle, Metrocentre & Hexham heading west, and Sunderland, Hartlepool & Middlesbrough
heading east.

Bus

Felling is served by a number of bus routes, running in and around the Gateshead area.

Sunderland Road is served by Go North East's 27 service, with a frequency of every 15 minutes running between South Shields and Newcastle upon Tyne.

Felling Square is served predominantly by Go North East's local bus services, with routes running in and around East & West Gateshead, as well as Newcastle upon Tyne.

Local bus services from Felling Square (as of February 2022) can be seen below. Stops A & B are located on Crowhall Lane, with stops C & D on Coldwell Street.

Stop Route Destination
A 68 Bill Quay
69 Wardley
94 Gateshead
94A Gateshead
51 Wrekenton
TB10 Leam Lane Estate
B 68 Wrekenton
69 Winlaton
93 Gateshead
52 Gateshead
TB10 Leam Lane Estate
C 58 Heworth
D 58 Newcastle

Media

Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC North East and Cumbria and ITV Tyne Tees. Television signals are received from the Pontop Pike TV transmitter [90] and the Fenham relay transmitter. [91]

Local radio stations are

Metro Radio
.

The town is served by the local newspaper, Evening Chronicle. [92]

Culture

In 1963, Felling was twinned with Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray, France. When it was absorbed into Gateshead in 1974, the twinning arrangement was transferred to Gateshead.[93]

Listed buildings

quoins and a Welsh slate roof.[98] Close by is the Imperial Bingo Club, built as a dance hall in 1927 and converted to a bingo hall in 1930, at Victoria Square.[99] Both are Grade II listed buildings.[100][101]

Also a Grade II listed building is Ardallan; the first house built at Holly-Hill field in Felling constructed of sandstone and with three sash windows.[102][103]

The gates, gate piers and walls are also Grade II listed.[104] Almost immediately next door stands a house and shop at 35 Davison Street; another Grade II listed building.[105]

Travelling north, the old Town Hall building at Sunderland Road is a Grade II listed building.[106] Built in 1902 and designed Henry Miller, the Felling U.D.C surveyor, this is another ashlar and sandstone building in the Baroque style.[95][107] The five piers and lamp-holders guarding the town hall are also Grade II listed.[108] The Brandling Junction railway building, now an urban studies centre, has been restored and is also a Grade II listed building.[109] At the extreme north of the town at Riverside Park, the former engine house of Tyne Main Colliery, built in 1820, is also a Grade II listed building.[110]

Churches

Anglican church continues to offer religious worship and contributes to the local community through a variety of outreach programmes.[113]

Also a Grade II listed church is the Church of

presbytery is also a Grade II listed building.[117]

Parks and leisure

residential development at Old Fold Road which contains a traditional play area[123] and Heworth Welfare Park; a smaller park to the south at Colpeth which also has a children's play area, installed in 2006, and an outdoor bowling green.[124][125]

The principal leisure facility in Felling is the Gateshead International Stadium. The original stadium was opened in 1955, on land reclaimed from chemical dereliction and at a cost of £30,000, by Jim Peters and contained a running and cycling track.[126][127] The stadium was fitted with a synthetic running track in 1974 and was subject to major expansion in the 1980s, when football, rugby and hockey pitches were added along with an indoor sports hall and weights room.[127] Said to have been the original driver of urban regeneration in Gateshead,[126] the venue has hosted various world class athletics events, including the European Cup in 1989 and 2000[note 4] and also the British Grand Prix, a Diamond League meet, between 2008 and 2010.[128][129] Two sporting clubs are currently based at the stadium. These are Gateshead Harriers, an athletic club who count the present triple jump world record holder Jonathan Edwards in their past alumni,[130] and also Gateshead F.C. who currently play in the National League.

Other leisure facilities include the Keelman's Way, a 14-mile designated cycle and walking route which stretches from Wylam station to Bill Quay and which passes along the riverbank at Felling Shore.[131] Named from the keelboats used to transport coal from the various collieries in the area,[131] the route was extended into Newburn in 2012 when a Gateshead blue plaque was laid in memory of its creator, Councillor Roy Deane.[132] Also at Felling Shore, at Green Lane, is Friar's Goose marina[133] and the adjacent Friar's Goose Water Sports Club, a privately owned and increasingly popular club predominantly attended by middle-aged patrons who undertake various activities such as sailing, yachting and angling on the River Tyne.[134][135] Felling Cricket Club has been based at High Heworth Lane at Felling since 1961 and compete locally,[136] and there are a wide selection of public houses, including the Wheatsheaf at Carlisle Street, the Blue Bell in Victoria Square, the Portland Arms at Split Crown Road and the former Pear Tree Inn at Sunderland Road which are all locally listed as places of special local interest.[137]

Education

Felling is served by a number of

OFSTED report, this too is a good school.[146]

St John the Baptist R.C. primary school, which also served Felling at Willow Drive but was closed down due to lack of pupils in the summer 2011 after 74 years of operation. The school is now a Jewish girls school.[148]

Secondary school provision was previously provided by Thomas Hepburn Community Academy at Swards Road.[149] The school previously had around 700 students enrolled and the number of students entitled to free school meals was more than twice the national average.[150] The latest inspection declared this to be a "satisfactory and improving" school where over 70% of students obtain 5 or more grade A* – C in GCSE examinations and where those children from economically deprived backgrounds achieve better than similar children nationally.[151] The school closed in 2019.

Overall, levels of academic achievement in Felling are low. Only 59% of adults have 5 or more GCSEs at grade A* – C. This compares to a borough average of 80% and is the lowest figure in the borough. The figure falls to 33% when GCSE English and Mathematics are included; this is the second lowest figure in Gateshead and is lowered only by neighbouring Deckham. 28% of school pupils have a special educational need; the highest figure in the borough and 8% higher than the Gateshead average.[152]

Notable residents

1991 European Cup Final, the skilful winger is probably most remembered for missing England's fifth penalty in the semi-final of the 1990 World Cup.[155][156]

Other footballers include

Australia, including captaining the side during the 1974 World Cup finals.[159] A "fascinating character", he [lives HAPPILY nearWollongong Sydney and has adopted the "Bikers Code" of not speaking to the press until they acknowledge his nation building efforts for Austrlian Soccer .[160]

The Fire Eaters and Clay.[166]

Also a resident of Felling was

Carlisle in 1881, Thomson's mother returned to her native Tyneside soon after his birth and settled at Low Felling, where he attended school.[167] Thomson graduated from Kings College, Newcastle, becoming a Professor in 1920 and ultimately moving to the University of Edinburgh as Professor of Education in 1925.[168] An expert in psychometrics, he devised numerous groundbreaking tests for children, which were widely used in the 1920s, and published several books, including Instinct, Intelligence and Character (1924) and A Modern Philosophy of Education (1929).[167] Thomson's death in 1955 was described as a "great loss to psychology".[168]

Notes

  1. ^ Charles Brandling (1733–1802) was another member of the family who became an MP, this time for Newcastle-upon-Tyne, in 1784. See Namier, 1995: 113–14
  2. ^ Also known as "Brandling Main"
  3. ^ Terminology: A colliery is a coal mine. A pit is a one shaft forming part of a colliery.
  4. ^ Gateshead International Stadium is the only venue to have hosted that tournament twice. It is also slated to hold the event again in 2013; see Unknown (7 August 2012). "European Athletic– Calendar 2013". European Athletics. Archived from the original on 17 September 2012.

References

  1. ^ Mawer, 1920: 83–84
  2. ^ a b c d e f Mackenzie & Ross, 1834: 22
  3. ^ Surtees, 1820: 85
  4. ^ Surtees, 1820: 86
  5. ^ a b Newman, 1993: 56
  6. ^ Surtees, 1820: 86–87
  7. ^ a b Surtees, 1820: 87
  8. ^ Mackenzie, 1825: 470
  9. ^ Hodgson, 1832: 414
  10. ^ Browne Willis, 1750: 192
  11. ^ Burke, 1852: 136
  12. ^ a b c Hewitt (part three), 1990: 1
  13. ^ Namier, 1995: 113
  14. ^ a b c d Lewis, 1848: 227
  15. ^ a b c Mackenzie & Ross, 1834: 24
  16. ^ a b Baldwin, 1823: 502 at col.1
  17. ^ a b Unknown (2 August 2012). "Felling Colliery". Durham Mining Museum.
  18. ^ Baldwin, 1823: 502
  19. ^ a b c d Hodgson, 1999
  20. ^ Baldwin, 1823: 503 at col.1
  21. ^ Baldwin, 1823: 504 at col.2
  22. ^ Baldwin, 1823: 503–04
  23. ^ Richardson, 1844
  24. ^ Katie Davies (26 May 2012). "Parade for the Felling pit victims". Newcastle Evening Chronicle. (Retrieved 2 August 2012)
  25. ^ a b c Whellan, 1856: 804
  26. ^ MacKenzie and Ross, 1834: 22
  27. ^ "Pattinson, Hugh Lee". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 2012.
  28. ^ a b c d Unknown (1 January 2012). "Ten interesting facts about Felling". Newcastle Evening Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2 February 2013. (Retrieved 3 August 2012)
  29. ^ Herapath, 1839: 402
  30. ^ Tindle, 2011: 11
  31. ^ Unknown (2 August 2012). "History of Felling, County Durham". A vision of Britain through time. (Retrieved 3 August 2012)
  32. ^ a b Hewitt (part three), 1990: 1 at para. 5
  33. ^ GVA, 2006: 11 at para. 2.2
  34. ^ a b Druitt, 1907: 68
  35. ^ Druitt, 1907: 70
  36. ^ a b GVA, 2006: 11 at para. 2.3
  37. ^ GVA, 2006: 13 at para. 2.9
  38. ^ GVA, 2006: 13 at para. 2.10
  39. ^ Hewitt (part three), 1990: 1 at para. 8
  40. ^ NPSD, 2006: 44–45 at para. 4.39
  41. ^ NPSD, 2006: 45 at para. 4.43
  42. ^ FWF, 2012: 2
  43. ^ FWF. 2012: 3
  44. ^ Hewitt (part two), 1990: 2
  45. ^ a b NPSD, 2006: 30 at para. 2.96
  46. ^ GE06, 2008: 4
  47. ^ GE01, 2008
  48. ^ GE06, 2008
  49. ^ GE08, 2008
  50. ^ GE01, 2008: 5
  51. ^ GE06, 2008: 5
  52. ^ GE08, 2008: 5
  53. ^ GE01, 2008: 2
  54. ^ a b GE06, 2008: 2
  55. ^ a b GE08, 2008: 2
  56. ^ NSPD, 2006: 26 at para. 2.90
  57. ^ NPSD, 2006: 29 at para. 2.97
  58. ^ NPSD, 2006: 29 at para. 2.98
  59. ^ NPSD, 2006: 44 at para. 4.38
  60. ^ Author unknown, "Local Elections 2012– Deckham" Archived 18 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Gateshead MBC. Retrieved 12 July 2012
  61. ^ Hewitt (Part two), 1990: 3–4
  62. ^ Hewitt (Part one), 1990: 1
  63. ^ a b Tindle, 2011: 7
  64. ^ Unknown (28 March 1974). "Felling Urban District. Last Meeting of the Council". Northern region Film and Television Archive. Archived from the original on 24 December 2012.
  65. ^ Manders, 1973: 26
  66. ^ Arkenford, 2010: 60
  67. ^ a b c FWF, 2012: 1
  68. ^ a b Unknown (12 July 2012). "Ward Information– Felling". Gateshead Council.
  69. ^ Author Unknown, "Gateshead East and `Washington West", The Guardian (Retrieved 17 June 2012)
  70. ^ Author unknown, "(Profile) Joyce Quin", They Work For You. Retrieved 14 April 2012
  71. ^ Author unknown, "Contact Ian Mearns", IanMearns.Org. Retrieved 16 April 2012
  72. ^ Author unknown, "Election 2010– Washington & Sunderland West", the BBC Online. Retrieved 14 April 2012
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Bibliography

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