Fenpropathrin

synthetic pyrethroids where in they interfere with the kinetics of voltage gated sodium channels causing paralysis and death of the pest.^[5] Fenpropathrin was the first of the light-stable synthetic pyrethroids to be synthesized in 1971, but it was not commercialized until 1980.^[6] Like other pyrethroids with an α-cyano group, fenpropathrin also belongs to the termed type II pyrethroids (e.g. cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin and esfenvalerate).^[7] Type II pyrethroids are a more potent toxicant than type I in depolarizing insect nerves.^[8] Application rates of fenpropathrin in agriculture according to US environmental protection agency (EPA) varies by crop but is not to exceed 0.4 lb ai/acre

organochlorines, organophosphates and pyrethroids especially at higher doses.^{[9][10][11][5]} An acute reference dose for chronic dietary exposure for fenpropathrin is set at 0.025/mg/kg/day by US EPA. Fenpropathrin is toxic to bees if they come in contact with them directly similar to other insecticides.^[12] Toxicity dissipates with time when deposited on foliage and is <24 hours