Feodosia

Coordinates: 45°02′03″N 35°22′45″E / 45.03417°N 35.37917°E / 45.03417; 35.37917
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Feodosiya
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Feodosia
Ukrainian: Феодосія, Теодосія
Russian: Феодосия
Crimean Tatar: Kefe
کفه
Genoese fortress of Caffa
Genoese fortress of Caffa
UTC+3 (MSK)
Postal codes
298100–298175
Area code+7-36562
Former namesKefe (until 1784), Caffa (until the 15th century)
ClimateCfa
Websitefeo.rk.gov.ru

Feodosia (

2014 census
, its population was 69,145.

History

Theodosia (Greek colony)

Theodosia and other Greek colonies along the north coast of the Black Sea from the 8th to the 3rd century BC

The city was

Miletos in the 6th century BC. Noted for its rich agricultural lands, on which its trade depended, the city was destroyed by the Huns
in the 4th century AD.

Theodosia remained a minor village for much of the next nine hundred years. It was at times part of the sphere of influence of the Khazars (excavations have revealed Khazar artifacts dating back to the 9th century) and of the Byzantine Empire.

Like the rest of Crimea, this place (village) fell under the domination of the Kipchaks and was conquered by the Mongols in the 1230s.

A settlement named Kaphâs (alternate romanized spelling Cafâs,

Late Antiquity/Early Middle Ages. However, the population had become completely agrarian. A small local Greek population must have existed in situ and in the neighboring settlements. Likely, from the 9th century there were Cumans and Goths living alongside the Greeks, and by 1270s, perhaps some Tatars and Armenians as well.[2]

Kaffa (Genoese colony)

Satellite image. The Genoese ports and later Turkish-controlled area were south of the mountains.

In the late 13th century, traders from the Republic of Genoa arrived and purchased the city from the ruling Golden Horde.[3]

They established a flourishing trading settlement called Kaffa (also recorded as Caffa), which virtually monopolized trade in the Black Sea region and served as a major port and administrative center for the Genoese settlements around the Sea. The city thrived despite the tenuous politics of the region and Genoa's series of wars with the Mongol successor states.[4]

It came to house one of Europe's biggest slave markets of the Black Sea slave trade, and served as a terminus for the Silk Road. The Great Soviet Encyclopedia also adds that the city of Caffa was established during the times when the area was ruled by the Khan of the Golden Horde Mengu-Timur.[5]

Ibn Battuta visited the city, noting it was a "great city along the sea coast inhabited by Christians, most of them Genoese." He further stated, "We went down to its port, where we saw a wonderful harbor with about two hundred vessels in it, both ships of war and trading vessels, small and large, for it is one of the world's celebrated ports."[6]

In early 1318,

suffragan of Genoa. The papal bull of appointment of the first bishop attributed to him a vast territory: "a villa de Varna in Bulgaria usque Sarey inclusive in longitudinem et a mari Pontico usque ad terram Ruthenorum in latitudinem" ("from the city of Varna in Bulgaria to Sarey inclusive in longitude, and from the Black Sea to the land of the Ruthenians in latitude"). The first bishop was Fra' Gerolamo, who had already been consecrated seven years before as a missionary bishop ad partes Tartarorum. The diocese ended as a residential bishopric with the capture of the city by the Ottomans in 1475.[7][8][9] Accordingly, Kaffa is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.[10] The new diocese effectively broke up the diocese of Khanbaliq, which functioned as one diocese for all Mongol territory from the Balkans to China.[11]

It is believed that the devastating

Janibeg was reportedly withering from the disease, they catapulted the infected corpses over the city walls, infecting the inhabitants, in one of the first cases of biological warfare. Fleeing inhabitants may have carried the disease back to Italy, causing its spread across Europe. However, the plague appears to have spread in a stepwise fashion, taking over a year to reach Europe from Crimea. Also, there were a number of Crimean ports under Mongol control, so it is unlikely that Kaffa was the only source of plague-infested ships heading to Europe. Additionally, there were overland caravan routes from the East that would have been carrying the disease into Europe as well.[12][13]

Kaffa eventually recovered. The thriving, culturally diverse city and its thronged slave market have been described by the Spanish traveler

Casimir IV of Poland.[15] However, Poland did not offer significant help due to reinforcements sent being massacred in Bar fortress (modern day Ukraine) by Duke Czartoryski after a quarrel with locals.[citation needed
]

Kefe (Ottoman)

Feodosia and territorial demarcations in the 15th century
17th-century woodcut showing Zaporozhian Cossacks in "chaika" boats, destroying the Turkish fleet and capturing Caffa

Following the fall of Constantinople, Amasra, and lastly Trebizond, the position of Caffa had become untenable and attracted the attention of Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II. He was at no loss for a pretext to extinguish this last Genoese colony on the Black Sea. In 1473, the tudun (or governor) of the Crimean Khanate died and a fight developed over the appointment of his successor. The Genoese involved themselves in the dispute, and the Tatar notables who favored the losing candidate finally asked Mehmed to settle the dispute.

Mehmed dispatched a fleet under the Ottoman commander

unbalanced opinion?] On 8 July, the final blow was struck when all inhabitants of Latin origin were ordered to relocate to Istanbul, where they founded a quarter (Kefeli Mahalle) which was named after the town they had been forced to leave.[16]

Renamed Kefe, Caffa became one of the most important Turkish ports on the Black Sea. It was a major center of the

Mikhalon Litvin as: "not a town, but an abyss into which our blood is pouring".[17]
In 1615, Zaporozhian Cossacks under the leadership of Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny destroyed the Turkish fleet and captured Caffa. Having conquered the city, the Cossacks released the men, women and children who were slaves.

Feodosia (Russian Empire)

View by C. G. H. Geissler, 1794
Feodosia, painting by Carlo Bossoli, 1856

Ottoman control ceased when the expanding Russian Empire took over Crimea between 1774 and 1783. It was renamed Feodosia (Russian Ѳеодосія; reformed spelling Феодосия), after the traditional Russian reading of its ancient Greek name. In 1900, Zibold constructed the first air well (dew condenser) on mount Tepe-Oba near Feodosia.[citation needed]

Soviet Union

WWII and Holocaust

The city was occupied by the forces of

anti-Semitic act.[20]

All native Tatar inhabitants were arrested by Soviet forces as several thousand Tatars had fought side-by-side with the Nazis against Soviet forces and had participated in the Jewish genocide.

USSR
.

Ukraine

Russian occupation

During the

warship Novocherkassk, a landing ship likely used to transport drones was hit in the early morning hours of 26 December 2023, in the harbour of Feodosia. There was a large fire and explosion. Russia reported that two missiles that were fired from Sukhoi Su-24 jets were shot down.[22]

Geography

Climate

The climate is warm and dry and could be described as

, because the drying summer trend is not pronounced enough.

Climate data for Feodosia (1991–2020, extremes 1881–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 19.1
(66.4)
18.6
(65.5)
27.2
(81.0)
27.5
(81.5)
31.9
(89.4)
35.0
(95.0)
38.8
(101.8)
38.9
(102.0)
33.3
(91.9)
29.0
(84.2)
26.9
(80.4)
21.8
(71.2)
38.9
(102.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 4.9
(40.8)
5.6
(42.1)
9.5
(49.1)
15.1
(59.2)
21.3
(70.3)
26.5
(79.7)
29.7
(85.5)
29.6
(85.3)
23.9
(75.0)
17.5
(63.5)
11.1
(52.0)
6.9
(44.4)
16.8
(62.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 2.0
(35.6)
2.4
(36.3)
5.8
(42.4)
10.9
(51.6)
16.7
(62.1)
21.9
(71.4)
24.8
(76.6)
24.6
(76.3)
19.3
(66.7)
13.5
(56.3)
7.9
(46.2)
4.1
(39.4)
12.8
(55.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −0.7
(30.7)
−0.4
(31.3)
2.8
(37.0)
7.4
(45.3)
12.8
(55.0)
17.6
(63.7)
20.4
(68.7)
20.2
(68.4)
15.3
(59.5)
10.1
(50.2)
5.0
(41.0)
1.5
(34.7)
9.3
(48.7)
Record low °C (°F) −25.0
(−13.0)
−25.1
(−13.2)
−14.0
(6.8)
−5.5
(22.1)
1.1
(34.0)
5.0
(41.0)
9.1
(48.4)
9.4
(48.9)
1.4
(34.5)
−11.2
(11.8)
−14.9
(5.2)
−18.6
(−1.5)
−25.1
(−13.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 43
(1.7)
36
(1.4)
38
(1.5)
32
(1.3)
41
(1.6)
43
(1.7)
33
(1.3)
41
(1.6)
43
(1.7)
41
(1.6)
41
(1.6)
46
(1.8)
478
(18.8)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 1
(0.4)
2
(0.8)
1
(0.4)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
1
(0.4)
2
(0.8)
Average rainy days 12 8 10 11 9 7 7 6 9 8 12 12 111
Average snowy days 8 8 6 0.3 0.1 0 0 0 0 0.1 2 6 31
Average
relative humidity
(%)
81.3 79.2 77.1 73.4 70.5 68.3 63.5 64.3 70.0 76.5 80.8 82.0 73.9
Mean monthly sunshine hours 63 72 129 182 252 283 308 287 246 166 85 51 2,124
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net,[23] World Meteorological Organization (humidity 1981–2010)[24]
Source 2:
NOAA (sun, 1961−1990)[25]

Modern Feodosia

Panorama Feodosia seen from the mountain Tepe Oba.
Panorama Feodosia seen from the mountain Tepe Oba.I
Feodosia embankment.
View from Tepe-Oba over Ordzhonikidze (Urban-type settlement under the town's jurisdiction)

Modern Feodosia is a resort city with a population of about 69,000 people. It has beaches, mineral springs, and mud baths, sanatoria, and rest homes. Apart from tourism, its economy rests on agriculture and fisheries. Local industries include fishing, brewing and canning. As with much of the Crimea, most of its population is ethnically Russian; the Ukrainian language is infrequently used. In June 2006, Feodosia made the news with the 2006 anti-NATO protests.

While most beaches in the Crimea are made of pebbles, in the Feodosia area there is a unique Golden Beach (Zolotoy Plyazh) made of small seashells which stretches for some 15 km.

The city is sparsely populated during the winter months and most cafes and restaurants are closed. Business and tourism increase in mid-June and peak during July and August. As in the other

C.I.S.
countries of the former Soviet Union.

Feodosia was the city where the seascape painter Ivan Aivazovsky lived and worked all his life, and where general Pyotr Kotlyarevsky and the writer Alexander Grin spent their declining years. Popular tourist locations include the Aivazovsky National Art Gallery and the Genoese fortress.

  • View from Tepe-Oba
    View from Tepe-Oba
  • Ancient Karaites cemetery
    Ancient Karaites cemetery
  • Genoese castle Caffa
    Genoese castle Caffa
  • Port and Tepe-Oba
    Port and Tepe-Oba
  • Lighthouse on Tepe-Oba
    Lighthouse on Tepe-Oba
  • Feodosia city centre
    Feodosia city centre

Economy and industry

  • More PO (Primorsk)
  • Sudokompozit - ship design R&D naval hardware
Kasatka TsNII Gp NPO Uran (Gagra Pitsunda) - ship design R&D naval hardware
  • Gidropribor FeOMMZ, torpedo manufacturing and ship yard (Ordzhonikidze)
NPO Uran TsNII Gp "Kasatka" (Lab N°5 NII400) torpedoes (Gagra Pitsunda)
  • Russia Black Sea Fleet Navy Ship repair Yards
  • FOMZ Opto Mechanical Plant FKOZ
  • Feodosia Economic Industrial Zone FPZ (west)
  • Feodosia FMZ Engineering/Machine-building Plant
  • Feodosia FPZ (Priborostroeni Priladobudivni) Instrument-making Plant

Twin towns—sister cities

People from Feodosia

In popular culture

The late-medieval city of Caffa is the location of a section of the novel Caprice and Rondo by the Scottish novelist Dorothy Dunnett.

An early 14th-century bishop of Caffa appears in Umberto Eco's novel The Name of the Rose, making several sharp replies in a long, tempestuous debate within a group of monks and clerics; he is portrayed as aggressive and somewhat narrow-minded.

See also

  • List of traditional Greek place names

References

  1. ^ Про впорядкування транслітерації українського алфавіту... | від 27.01.2010 № 55
  2. ^ Khvalkov, Ievgen Alexandrovitch, The Colonies of Genoa in the Black Sea Region: Evolution and Transformation, European University Institute, Department of History and Civilization, Florence, vol. 1, pg. 83, September 2015,
  3. ^ Khvalkov, I.E., The Colonies of Genoa in the Black Sea Region: Evolution and Transformation,European University Institute, Department of History and Civilization,Florence, 8 September 2015
  4. ^
    JSTOR 40241665
    .
  5. ^ Mengu-Timur (Менгу-Тимур). Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Accessed 26 February 2024.
  6. .
  7. ^ Pius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, Leipzig 1931, pg. 432
  8. ^ Konrad Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi, vol. 1 Archived 9 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine, pp. 154–155; vol. 2 Archived 2018-10-04 at the Wayback Machine, pp. XVIII e 117; vol. 3 Archived 21 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine, pg. 145; vol. 5, p. 134
  9. ^ Gasparo Luigi Oderico, Lettere ligustiche ossia Osservazioni critiche sullo stato geografico della Liguria fino ai Tempi di Ottone il Grande, con le Memorie storiche di Caffa ed altri luoghi della Crimea posseduti un tempo da' Genovesi, Bassano 1792 (especially p. 166 ff.)
  10. ), p. 855
  11. OCLC 994262849.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
  12. .
  13. ^ Frankopan, Peter. The Silk Roads. p. 183. A Mongol army laying siege to the Genoese trading post of Caffa following a dispute about trade terms was annihilated by illness that killed 'thousands and thousands every day,' according to one commentator. Before withdrawing, however, 'they ordered corpses to be placed in catapults and lobbed into the city in the hope that the intolerable stench would kill everyone inside.' Rather than being overwhelmed by the smell, it was the highly contagious disease that caught hold. Unknowingly, the Mongols had turned to biological warfare to defeat their enemy. The trading routes that connected Europe to the rest of the world now became lethal highways for the transmission of the Black Death. In 1347, the disease reached Constantinople and then Genoa, Venice and the Mediterranean, brought by traders and merchants fleeing home.
  14. ^ Tafur, Andanças e viajes
  15. ^ Franz Babinger, Mehmed the Conqueror and his Time (Princeton: University Press, 1978).
  16. ^ Davies, Brian (2014). Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe, 1500–1700. Routledge; ISBN 978-1-134-55283-2. pp. 24-25
  17. ^ Martin Gilbert, The Routledge Atlas of the Holocaust, 2002, pp.64, 83
  18. ^ "Execution of Jews in Feodosiya". The Map of Holocaust by Bullets (interactive map). Yahad-In Unum. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  19. ^ "ФЕОДОСИЯ. Осквернен памятник жертвам Холокоста". Всеукраинский Еврейский Конгресс. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
  20. ^ "РУКОВОДСТВО ПАРТИЗАНСКИМ ДВИЖЕНИЕМ КРЫМА В 1941—1942 ГОДАХ И "ТАТАРСКИЙ ВОПРОС"". Retrieved 14 December 2019.
  21. ^ Russisches Kriegsschiff vor Krim getroffen orf.at, 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023 (German).
  22. ^ "Weather and Climate-The Climate of Feodosia" (in Russian). Weather and Climate. Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
  23. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
  24. ^ "Feodosija Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 1 March 2015.

Further reading

  • Annette M. B. Meakin (1906). "Theodosia". Russia, Travels and Studies. London: Hurst and Blackett. .
  • Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Theodosia" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  • Гавриленко О. А., Сівальньов О. М., Цибулькін В. В. Генуезька спадщина на теренах України; етнодержавознавчий вимір. — Харків: Точка, 2017.— 260 с. —
  • Khvalkov E. The colonies of Genoa in the Black Sea region: evolution and transformation. L., New York : Routledge, 2017[1]
  • Khvalkov E. Evoluzione della struttura della migrazione dei liguri e dei corsi nelle colonie genovesi tra Trecento e Quattrocento. In: Atti della Società Ligure di Storia Patria, Nuova Serie'. 2017. Vol. 57 / 131 . -pp. 67–79.
  • Khvalkov E. I piemontesi nelle colonie genovesi sul Mar Nero: popolazione del Piemonte a Caffa secondo i dati delle Massariae Caffae ad annum del 1423 e del 1461. In: Studi Piemontesi. 2017. No. 2. pp. 623–628.
  • Khvalkov E. Campania, Puglia e Basilicata nella colonizzazione genovese dell'Oltremare nei secoli XIV – XV: Caffa genovese secondo i dati dei libri contabili. In: Rassegna Storica Salernitana. 2016. Vol. 65. pp. 11–16.
  • Khvalkov E. Italia settentrionale e centrale nel progetto coloniale genovese sul Mar Nero: gente di Padania e Toscana a Caffa genovese nei secoli XIII – XV secondo i dati delle Massariae Caffae ad annum 1423 e 1461. In: Studi veneziani. Vol. LXXIII, 2016. - pp. 237–240.[2]
  • Khvalkov E. Il progetto coloniale genovese sul Mar Nero, la dinamica della migrazione latina a Caffa e la gente catalanoaragonese, siciliana e sarda nel Medio Evo. In: Archivio Storico Sardo. 2015. Vol. 50. No. 1. pp. 265–279.[3][4]
  • Khvalkov E. Il Mezzogiorno italiano nella colonizzazione genovese del Mar Nero a Caffa genovese nei secoli XIII – XV (secondo i dati delle Massariae Caffae) (pdf). In: Archivio Storico Messinese. 2015. Vol. 96 . - pp. 7–11.[5]

External links