Ferae

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Ferae
Temporal range: 79.47–0 
Ma
 late Cretaceous to present[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Grandorder: Ferungulata
Mirorder: Ferae
Linnaeus, 1758[2]
Subgroups
[see classification]
Synonyms
list of synonyms:
  • Carnaria (Haeckel, 1866)[3]
  • Carnassia (Haeckel, 1895)[4]
  • Carnivora (Zagorodniuk, 2008)[5]
  • Carnivoramorpha (Kalandadze & Rautian, 1992)[6]
  • Ferina (Newman, 1843)[7]
  • Ostentoria (Amrine-Madsen, 2003)[8]
  • Rapacia (Newman, 1843)
  • Sarcotheria (Haeckel, 1895)

Ferae (

mirorder of placental mammals[9][10] from grandorder Ferungulata, that groups together clades Pan-Carnivora, which includes modern carnivorans, and Pholidotamorpha, which includes pangolins
.

General characteristics

In mirorder Ferae

The common feature for members of this mirorder is ossified

scaphoid and lunate bones in the wrist.[11][12]

forefoot of Patriomanis americana
forefoot of Vulpavus profectus
forefoot of
Thinocyon medius
forefoot of Patriofelis ferox

In clade Pan-Carnivora

The common features for members of clade Pan-Carnivora are:

  • heterodont teeth that are sharp and for cutting meat,
  • canine teeth that are usually large, conical, pointed, thick and stress resistant,
  • and presence of the carnassial teeth.

Carnassials are feature that allows distinguishing the

Oxyaenodonta and Hyaenodonta from the other carnivorous placental mammals.[11] However, these mammals are distinguished between them self based on the position of the carnassial teeth and the number of molars. The carnassial teeth of the Carnivoramorpha are located in P4 and m1, in Oxyaenodonta are M1 and m2, and in Hyaenodonta and close relatives are M2 and m3. This appears to be a case of a possible evolutionary convergent adaptation toward similar diet.[11]

Comparison of carnassial teeth of a carnivoran (wolf), a hyaenodontid (Hyaenodon) and an oxyaenid (Oxyaena)
lower jaws of Wyolestes dioctes
lower jaw of Simidectes medius

Classification and phylogeny

Sister groups to Ferae and position of pangolins and creodonts

According to recent studies (reflected in the diagram below), the closest living relatives of Ferae are members of mirorder

Artiodactyla).[13][14]

An alternate phylogeny holds that the closest relatives to the Ferae are the Perissodactyla and

Chiroptera (bats), not Artiodactyla.[15] Ferae together with Perissodactyla has been called Zooamata. Ferae, Perissodactyla, and Chiroptera together has been called Pegasoferae. Subsequent molecular studies have generally failed to support the proposal.[16][17][18][19][20]

last common ancestor of extant Ferae is supposed to have diversified c. 79.47 million years ago.[1]

While there has been strong support in the inclusion of order

polyphyletic taxon. Members of this group are part of clade Pan-Carnivora and sister taxa to Carnivoramorpha (carnivorans and their stem-relatives). They are split in two groups: order Oxyaenodonta on one side and order Hyaenodonta plus its stem-relatives (family Wyolestidae and genera Altacreodus, Simidectes and Tinerhodon) on the other.[26][27][28][29][30]

Taxonomy

Traditional classification: Revised classification:
  • Clade: Ferae (Linnaeus, 1758)
    • Order: Carnivora (Bowdich, 1821) (carnivorans)
    • Order: Cimolesta (McKenna, 1975)
      [a group with pangolins as its members at that time]
    • Order: †Creodonta (Cope, 1875) (false carnivorans)

Alternative classification and possible fossil members

In Halliday et al. (2015) various enigmatic Palaeocene mammals have been proposed to be possible members to Ferae, like members of orders

Chiroptera,[25] even though recent studies dispute this classification.[33][34]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Sean P. Heighton, Rémi Allio, Jérôme Murienne, Jordi Salmona, Hao Meng, Céline Scornavacca, Armanda D. S. Bastos, Flobert Njiokou, Darren W. Pietersen, Marie-Ka Tilak, Shu-Jin Luo, Frédéric Delsuc, Philippe Gaubert (2023.) "Pangolin genomes offer key insights and resources for the world’s most trafficked wild mammals"
  2. ^ "'Ferae' – The Linnean Collections". linnean-online.org. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  3. ^ Haeckel, Ernst (1866.) "Generelle Morphologie der Organismen." Berlin: Georg Reimer.
  4. ^ Haeckel, Ernst (1895). Systematische Phylogenie: Wirbelthiere (in German). Vol. T.3. Berlin: G. Reimer.
  5. ^ Zagorodniuk, I. (2008.) "Scientific names of mammal orders: from descriptive to uniform" Visnyk of Lviv University, Biology series, Is. 48. P. 33-43
  6. ^ Kalandadze, N. N. and S. A. Rautian (1992.) "Systema mlekopitayushchikh i istorygeskaya zoogeographei [The system of mammals and historical zoogeography]." Sbornik Trudov Zoologicheskogo Muzeya Moskovskogo Goschdarstvennoro Universiteta 29:44–152.
  7. ^ Edward Newman (1843.) "The Zoologist: a monthly journal of natural history. (Vol. 1)", London, J. Van Voorst
  8. PMID 12878460
    .
  9. ^ a b McKenna, M. C. (1975). "Toward a phylogenetic classification of the Mammalia". In Luckett, W. P.; Szalay, F. S. (eds.). Phylogeny of the Primates. New York: Plenum. pp. 21–46.
  10. ^ Malcolm C. McKenna, Susan K. Bell: Classification of Mammals: Above the Species Level in Columbia University Press, New York (1997), 631 Seiten. Ferae
  11. ^ a b c Floréal Solé & Thierry Smith (2013.) "Dispersals of placental carnivorous mammals (Carnivoramorpha, Oxyaenodonta & Hyaenodontida) near the Paleocene-Eocene boundary: a climatic and almost worldwide story" Geologica Belgica 16/4: 254–261
  12. S2CID 214085088
    , retrieved 26 February 2020
  13. PMID 17101039
    .
  14. PMID 21900649
    . (Advance Access; published online 7 September 2011)
  15. PMID 16785431
    .
  16. PMID 17101283
    .
  17. PMID 17661234
    .
  18. PMID 17440620
    .
  19. PMID 21900649
    .
  20. S2CID 9133016
    .
  21. PMID 3127652
    .
  22. ISBN 978-1-4899-0539-0
    .
  23. S2CID 4398233
    .
  24. S2CID 34367609
    .
  25. ^
    PMID 28075073
    .
  26. doi:10.26879/776
    .
  27. S2CID 46774007
    .
  28. ^ Prevosti, F. J., & Forasiepi, A. M. (2018). "Introduction. Evolution of South American Mammalian Predators During the Cenozoic: Paleobiogeographic and Paleoenvironmental Contingencies"
  29. S2CID 145972918
    .
  30. S2CID 219585388
    .
  31. ^ J. J. Flynn, A. R. Wyss and M. Wolsan (2020.) "Pan-Carnivora, new clade name" In book: Phylonyms (pp.979–982)
  32. S2CID 86402154
    .
  33. ^ Frank Zachos (2020.) "Mammalian Phylogenetics: A Short Overview of Recent Advances", In book: "Mammals of Europe – Past, Present, and Future" (pp.31–48)
  34. ^ Xue Lv, Jingyang Hu, Yiwen Hu, Yitian Li, Dongming Xu, Oliver A. Ryder, David M. Irwin, Li Yu (2021.) "Diverse phylogenomic datasets uncover a concordant scenario of laurasiatherian interordinal relationships", Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 157
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