Ferdinand Foch

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This article is about the French military commander. For other uses, see Foch (disambiguation).

Généralissime
Marshal
Ferdinand Foch
General Foch, c. 1914
Supreme Allied Commander
In office
26 March 1918 – 10 January 1920
Preceded byOffice established
Succeeded byOffice disestablished[a]
26th Chief of the Army Staff
In office
16 May 1917 – 29 December 1918
Preceded byPhilippe Pétain
Succeeded byHenri Alby
Personal details
Born(1851-10-02)2 October 1851
France
Resting placeLes Invalides
SpouseJulie Bienvenüe
Children
  • Anne
  • Eugène
  • Germain
  • Marie
Parents
  • Bertrand Foch (father)
  • Marie Dupré (mother)
Alma materÉcole polytechnique
Signature
Military service
AllegianceFrance Third Republic
Branch/serviceFrench Army
Years of service1868–1923 (55 years)
RankDivision general[b]
Unit
List
    • 24th Artillery Regiment
Commands
List
Battles/wars
List

Ferdinand Foch (/fɒʃ/ FOSH, French: [fɛʁdinɑ̃ fɔʃ]; 2 October 1851[1] – 20 March 1929)[2] was a French general, Marshal of France and member of the Académie Française. He distinguished himself as Supreme Allied Commander on the Western Front during the First World War in 1918.[3]

A commander during the First Marne, Flanders and Artois campaigns of 1914–1916, Foch became Supreme Allied Commander in late March 1918 in the face of the all-out German spring offensive. He successfully coordinated the French, British and American efforts, deftly handling his strategic reserves. He stopped the German offensive and launched a war-winning counterattack.[4] In November 1918, Marshal Foch accepted the German cessation of hostilities and was present at the Armistice of 11 November 1918.

At the outbreak of war in August 1914, Foch's XX Corps participated in the brief

French Ninth Army. He was then promoted again to assistant commander-in-chief for the Northern Zone, a role which evolved into command of Army Group North, and in which role he was required to cooperate with the British forces at Ypres and the Somme. At the end of 1916, partly owing to the disappointing results of the latter offensive and partly owing to wartime political rivalries, Foch was transferred to Italy.[5] Foch was appointed "Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Armies" on 26 March 1918 following being the commander-in-chief of Western Front with the title Généralissime in 1918. He played a decisive role in halting a renewed German advance on Paris in the Second Battle of the Marne, after which he was promoted to Marshal of France. Author Larry H. Addington says, "to a large extent the final Allied strategy which won the war on land in Western Europe in 1918 was Foch's alone."[6]

On 11 November 1918, Foch accepted the German request for an armistice. Foch advocated peace terms that would make Germany unable to pose a threat to France ever again. He considered the Treaty of Versailles too lenient on Germany. Winston Churchill attributed this famous quote about the Peace Treaty of Versailles to Foch: "This is not Peace. It is an Armistice for twenty years."[7]

Early life

Foch's birthplace in Tarbes

Ferdinand Foch was born in

anti-clerical.[5]

When the

captain and arrived in Paris
on 24 September 1879 as an assistant in the Central Personnel Service Depot of the artillery.

In 1885 Foch undertook a course at the École Supérieure de Guerre where he was later an instructor from 1895 to 1901. He was promoted

lieutenant-colonel in 1898, and colonel in 1903. As a colonel he became regimental commander of the 35th Artillery Regiment (35e R.A) at Vannes. An extremely short man, Foch was known for his physical strength and his sharp mind who always maintained a highly dignified bearing.[18] Foch was a quiet man, known for saying little and when he did speak, it was a volley of words accompanied by much gesturing of his hands that required some knowledge of him to understand properly.[18] One of Foch's favourite phrases was "Pas de protocole!" as he preferred to be approachable by all officers. Foch's only rigidity was always taking his meals at noon and at 7:30; otherwise, he would work all sorts of irregular hours from dawn until well into the night.[18]

In 1907 Foch was promoted to

Général de Division. Foch influenced General Joseph Joffre (Chief of General Staff, 28 July 1911 – 12 December 1916) when he drafted the French plan of campaign (Plan XVII) in 1913.[19] In 1913 he took command of XX Corps at Nancy
, and he had held this appointment for exactly one year when he led XX Corps into battle in August 1914.

Military thought

Regimental commander Colonel Foch in his uniform of the 35th Artillery Regiment in 1903

Foch was later acclaimed as "the most original military thinker of his generation".[20] He was a disciple of Napoleon, and made use of the lessons taught by Moltke.[21] He became known for his critical analyses of the Franco-Prussian and Napoleonic campaigns and of their relevance to military operations in the new twentieth century. His re-examination of France's defeat in 1870 was among the first of its kind. At the college, Foch was a professor of military history, strategy, and general tactics while becoming the French theorist on offensive strategies.[22]

During his time as an instructor, Foch created renewed interest in French military history, inspired confidence in a new class of French officers, and brought about "the intellectual and moral regeneration of the French Army".[23] His thinking on military doctrine was shaped by the Clausewitzian philosophy, then uncommon in France, that "the will to conquer is the first condition of victory." Collections of his lectures, which reintroduced the concept of the offensive to French military theory, were published in the volumes "Des Principes de la Guerre" ("On the Principles of War") in 1903, and "De la Conduite de la Guerre" ("On the Conduct of War") in 1904. Both "thought" and "will" were the key words of these teachings.[24] While Foch advised "qualification and discernment" in military strategy and cautioned that "recklessness in attack could lead to prohibitive losses and ultimate failure",[25] his concepts, distorted and misunderstood by contemporaries, became associated with the extreme offensive doctrines (l' offensive à outrance) of his successors. The cult of the offensive came to dominate military circles, and Foch's reputation was damaged when his books were cited in the development of the disastrous offensive that brought France close to ruin in August 1914.

Foch was seen as a master of the Napoleonic school of military thought, but he was the only one of the Military College Commandants (Maillard, Langlois, Bonnal) still serving. Their doctrines had been challenged, not only by the German school, but also since about 1911 by a new French school inspired by General Loiseau de Grandmaison, which criticised them as lacking in vigour and offensive spirit and contributing to needless dispersion of force. The French Army fought under the new doctrines, but they failed in the first battles of August 1914, and it remained to be seen whether the Napoleonic doctrine would hold its own, would give way to doctrines evolved during the war, or would incorporate the new moral and technical elements into a new outward form within which the spirit of Napoleon remained unaltered. The war gave an ambiguous answer to these questions, which remains a source of controversy among experts.[26]

World War I

1914

On the outbreak of

Second Army of General de Castelnau. On 14 August the Corps advanced towards the Sarrebourg–Morhange line, taking heavy casualties in the Battle of the Frontiers. The defeat of the XV Corps to its right forced Foch into retreat. Foch acquitted himself well, covering the withdrawal to Nancy and the Charmes Gap before launching a counter-attack that prevented the Germans from crossing the River Meurthe
.

Foch was then selected to command the newly formed

Ninth Army during the First Battle of the Marne with Maxime Weygand as his chief of staff.[27] Only a week after taking command, with the whole French Army in full retreat, he was forced to fight a series of defensive actions to prevent a German breakthrough. During the advance at the marshes at St.-Gond he is said to have declared: "My centre is yielding. My right is retreating. Situation excellent. I am attacking."[28] These words were seen as a symbol both of Foch's leadership and of French determination to resist the invader at any cost, although there is little evidence that the signal was sent.[29]
Accordingly, on 4 October 1914, Foch was made the Assistant Commander-in-Chief of the Northern Zone under Joseph Joffre.

Foch's

Bishop of Châlons (Joseph-Marie Tissier), Foch piously replied, "non nobis, Domine, non nobis, sed nomini tuo da gloriam" ("Not unto us, o Lord, not unto us, but to Your name give glory", Psalm 115:1).[30]

As assistant Commander-in-Chief with responsibility for co-ordinating the activities of the northern French armies and liaising with the British forces; this was a key appointment as the Race to the Sea was then in progress. General Joseph Joffre, Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C) of the French Army, had also wanted to nominate Foch as his successor "in case of accident", to make sure the job would not be given to Joseph Gallieni, but the French Government would not agree to this. When the Germans attacked on 13 October, they narrowly failed to break through the British and French lines. They tried again at the end of the month during the First Battle of Ypres, this time suffering terrible casualties. Foch had again succeeded in coordinating a defense and winning against the odds.

William Robertson, another British officer, thought that Foch was "rather a flat-catcher,[31] a mere professor, and very talkative" (28 September 1915).[32]

On 2 December 1914,

King George V appointed him an Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath.[33]

1915–16

General Foch in 1916

In 1915, his responsibilities by now crystallised in command of the

Italian front
; Joffre was himself sacked days later.

1917

Just a few months later, after the failure of General

offensive, General Philippe Pétain, the hero of Verdun, was appointed Chief of the General Staff; Foch hoped to succeed Pétain in command of Army Group Centre, but this job was instead given to General Fayolle. The following month Pétain was appointed C-in-C in place of Nivelle, and Foch was recalled and promoted to chief of the general staff. Like Pétain, Foch favoured only limited attacks (he had told Lieutenant General Sir Henry Wilson, another British Army officer, that the planned Flanders offensive was "futile, fantastic & dangerous") until the Americans, who had joined the war in April 1917, were able to send large numbers of troops to France.[34]

Outside of the Western Front, Foch opposed British Prime Minister David Lloyd George's plans to send British and French troops to help Italy take Trieste, but was open to the suggestion of sending heavy guns.[35] The Anglo-French leadership agreed in early September to send 100 heavy guns to Italy, 50 of them from the French army on the left of Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig, C-in-C of the BEF, rather than the 300 which Lloyd George wanted. As the guns reached Italy, Cadorna called off his offensive (21 September).[36]

Until the end of 1916, the French under Joffre had been the dominant allied army; after 1917 this was no longer the case, due to the vast number of casualties France's armies had suffered in the now three and a half-year-old struggle with Germany.[37]

The Supreme War Council was formally established on 7 November 1917, containing the Prime Minister and a Minister from each of the Western Front powers (i.e., excluding Russia), to meet at least once a month. Foch (along with Wilson and Italian general Cadorna) were appointed military representatives, to whom the general staffs of each country were to submit their plans. The French tried to have Foch as representative to increase their control over the Western Front (by contrast, Cadorna was disgraced after the recent Battle of Caporetto) and Wilson, a personal friend of Foch, was deliberately appointed as a rival to General Robertson, the British Chief of the Imperial General Staff, an ally of Haig's, who had lost 250,000 men at the battle of Ypres the same year.[38] Clemenceau was eventually persuaded to appoint Foch's protégé Weygand instead, although many already suspected that Foch would eventually become the Allied Generalissimo.[39]

Late in 1917 Foch would have liked to have seen Haig replaced as C-in-C of the BEF by General Herbert Plumer; however, Haig would remain in command of the BEF for the remainder of the war.[40]

1918

Foch in 1918

In January 1918, in accordance with Lloyd George's wishes, an executive board was set up to control the planned Allied General Reserve, with Clemenceau's agreement being obtained by having Foch on the board rather than Maxime Weygand. Pétain agreed to release only eight French divisions and made a bilateral agreement with Haig, who was reluctant to release any divisions at all, to assist one another. The situation was worsened by Clemenceau's and Pétain's dislike of Foch. At a Supreme War Council meeting in London (14–15 March), with a German offensive clearly imminent, Foch protested to no avail for the formation of the Allied Reserve.[41][42]

On the evening of 24 March, after the German spring offensive was threatening to split apart the British and French forces, Foch telegraphed Wilson (who by now had replaced Robertson as Chief of the Imperial General Staff) "asking what [he] thought of situation & we are of one mind that someone must catch a hold or we shall be beaten". Wilson reached France the following lunchtime. Pétain had sent a dozen divisions to plug the gap and it is unclear that a committee would actually have acted any faster during the immediate crisis.[43] At the Doullens Conference (26 March) and at Beauvais (3 April), Foch was given the job of coordinating the activities of the Allied armies,[44][45] forming a common reserve and using these divisions to guard the junction of the French and British armies and to plug the potentially fatal gap that would have followed a German breakthrough in the British Fifth Army sector. Two days later, while Foch was writing in his notebook, he allowed an interview to a group of war correspondents.[46] At a later conference he was given the title Supreme Commander of the Allied Armies with the title of Généralissime ("Supreme General"). In May 1918, in the fifth session of the Supreme War Council, Foch was given authority over the Italian Front.[37]

Foch controlled the Military Board of Allied Supply (MBAS), an Allied agency for the coordination of logistical support of the Allied forces. In March 1918 Colonel Charles G. Dawes, the general purchasing agent for the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) recommended to his commanding general John J. Pershing that a new intergovernmental agency was necessary to coordinate transportation and storage of military supplies in France. Pershing took the recommendation to French Premier Georges Clemenceau. The British were hesitant at first but finally the key players were in agreement and the Board was established in May 1918. It involved coordinating the entirely different supply systems for the American, British, and French armies, as well as the Italian and Belgian armies. It started operation from its base in Paris at the end of June. The president of the board was French general Jean-Marie Charles Payot (1868–1931), assisted by an international staff. Board decisions had to be unanimous, and once made were binding on all of the armies. However each army continued to be responsible for its own logistical system and procedures.[47]

Foch, Weygand, Haig, Pétain and other British and French officers with King George V, 1918

Foch was surprised by the German offensive ("Bluecher") on the Chemin des Dames (27 May). Foch believed it was a diversion to draw Allied reserves away from Flanders. This was partly true, although the planned German Flanders Offensive ("Hagen") never took place. The Allied armies under Foch's command ultimately held the advance of the German forces.[48] The celebrated phrase, "I will fight in front of Paris, I will fight in Paris, I will fight behind Paris", attributed both to Foch and Clemenceau, illustrated the Généralissime's resolve to keep the Allied armies intact, even at the risk of losing the capital. The British general Sir Henry Rawlinson, commanding the British Fourth Army, commented after meeting Foch: "I am overjoyed at his methods and far-sighted strategy. I was in close touch with him in 1916. He is a better man now than he was then, for his fiery enthusiasm has been tempered by adversity."[18] Rawlinson also noted Foch's intense Frenchness: "He knew nothing of Britain. The Rhine was for him a river of life and death."[18]

At the sixth session of the Supreme War Council on 1 June Foch complained that the BEF was still shrinking in size and infuriated Lloyd George by implying that the British government was withholding manpower.[49] At a major Allied conference at Beauvais (7 June) Lord Milner agreed with Clemenceau that Foch should have the power to order all Allied troops as he saw fit, over the protests of Haig who argued that it would reduce his power to safeguard the interests of the British Army.[50]

Douglas Haig inspecting the Gordon Highlanders
, 1918

The British were disappointed that Foch operated through his own staff rather than through the Permanent Military Representatives at

Grand Offensive, opening on 26 September 1918, which led to the defeat of Germany. After the war, he claimed to have defeated Germany by smoking his pipe.[51] An unintended consequence of Foch's appointment was that he sheltered Haig from British political interference.[37]

Before the armistice and after the

Armistice at 5:45 a.m.[52] and its entry into force, "at the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month", about 11,000 additional men were needlessly wounded or killed – far more than usual, according to the military statistics.[53]

On the day of the armistice, 11 November 1918, he was elected to the

Académie française. He received many honours and decorations from Allied governments.[54]

Assessments

In the euphoria of victory Foch was regularly compared to Napoleon and Julius Caesar. However, historians took a less favourable view of Foch's talents as commander, particularly as the idea took root that his military doctrines had set the stage for the futile and costly offensives of 1914 in which French armies suffered devastating losses. Supporters and critics continue to debate Foch's strategy and instincts as a commander, as well as his exact contributions to the Marne "miracle": Foch's counter-attacks at the Marne generally failed, but his sector resisted determined German attacks while holding the pivot on which the neighbouring French and British forces depended in rolling back the German line.[6]

After the reading of the preamble of the November 1918 armistice, Foch left the carriage, in a move that was perceived as humiliating by the defeated Germans. In 1940, after the defeat of France by Germany early in World War II, when France signed an armistice with Germany, Adolf Hitler, in a calculated gesture of disdain to the French delegates, left the carriage, as Foch had done in 1918.

Foch's pre-war contributions as a military theorist and lecturer have also been recognised, and he has been credited as "the most original and subtle mind in the French Army" of the early 20th century.[23]

Paris Peace Conference

In January 1919, at the

plenipotentiaries
in which he stated:

Henceforward the Rhine ought to be the Western military frontier of the German countries. Henceforward Germany ought to be deprived of all entrance and assembling ground, that is, of all territorial sovereignty on the left bank of the river, that is, of all facilities for invading quickly, as in 1914, Belgium, Luxembourg, for reaching the coast of the North Sea and threatening the United Kingdom, for outflanking the natural defences of France, the Rhine, Meuse, conquering the Northern Provinces and entering the Parisian area.[55]

In a subsequent memorandum, Foch argued that the Allies should take full advantage of their victory by permanently weakening German power in order to prevent her from threatening France again:

What the people of Germany fear the most is a renewal of hostilities since, this time, Germany would be the field of battle and the scene of the consequent devastation. This makes it impossible for the yet unstable German Government to reject any demand on our part if it is clearly formulated. The Entente, in its present favourable military situation, can obtain acceptance of any peace conditions it may put forward provided that they are presented without much delay. All it has to do is to decide what they shall be.[55]

Upon returning home. Foch wrote in his diary:

Watch out: suspect peace, English peace... We must have a program, a tactic, a will. We find ourselves in the presence of an England that has all it wants for the present: the German colonies and the German fleet. We lack future security because [Britain] is not interested. In the presence of an America which seeks its own peace, we must have what we need... It is on the Rhine and nowhere else that we shall find it.[56]

He later wrote:

In a word, the occupation is a lever that we have in our hand and with which we can call the tune.[57]

However, the British Prime Minister David Lloyd George and the American President Woodrow Wilson objected to the detachment of the Rhineland from Germany so that the balance of power would not be too much in favour of France, but agreed to Allied military occupation for fifteen years, which Foch thought insufficient to protect France.

Foch considered the Treaty of Versailles to be "a capitulation, a treason" because he believed that only permanent occupation of the Rhineland would grant France sufficient security against a revival of German aggression.[58] In a remarkable moment of foresight, as the treaty was being signed Foch said: "This is not peace. It is an armistice for 20 years".[59]

Post-war career and legacy

Belweder Palace in Warsaw (1923). Marshall of Poland Józef Piłsudski
is in the center.
Hôtel des Invalides

Foch was made a British field marshal in 1919,[60] and, for his advice during the Polish–Soviet War of 1920, as well as his pressure on Germany during the Greater Poland Uprising, he was awarded the title of Marshal of Poland in 1923.

On 1 November 1921 Foch was in

Baron Jacques of Belgium, Admiral David Beatty of Great Britain, General Armando Diaz of Italy and General John J. Pershing of the United States. One of the main speakers was Vice President Calvin Coolidge of the United States. The local veteran chosen to present flags to the commanders was a Kansas City haberdasher, Harry S. Truman, who would later serve as 33rd President of the United States from 1945 to 1953. In 1935, bas-reliefs of Foch, Jacques, Diaz and Pershing by sculptor Walker Hancock
were added to the memorial.

Foch made a 3000-mile circuit through the

American Midwest and industrial cities such as Pittsburgh and then on to Washington, D.C., which included ceremonies at Arlington National Cemetery for what was then called Armistice Day. During the tour, he received numerous honorary degrees from American Universities.[61]

In 1923, Foch retired from the French Army, having served a total of 55 years in uniform. His career began as the Lebel Model 1886 rifle had just entered service, and ended after Foch had commanded hundreds of thousands of soldiers in World War I.

Foch died on 20 March 1929. He was buried in Les Invalides, next to Napoleon and other famous French soldiers and officers. Initially he was interred in the crypt of the Saint-Louis Church, or Caveau des Gouverneurs. In 1937 his remains were transferred to a monumental tomb sculpted by Paul Landowski, with inspiration from the 15th-century tomb of Philippe Pot,[62] at the center of the Dome Church's northeastern chapel (Chapelle Saint-Ambroise).[63]

A statue of Foch was set up at the Compiègne Armistice site when the area was converted into a national memorial. This statue was the one item left undisturbed by the Germans following their defeat of France in June 1940. Following the signing of France's surrender on 21 June, the Germans ravaged the area surrounding the railway car in which both the 1918 and 1940 surrenders had taken place. The statue was left standing, to view nothing but a wasteland. The Armistice site was restored by German prisoner-of-war labour following the Second World War, with its memorials and monuments either restored or reassembled.

In the 2022 film All Quiet on the Western Front, Foch is portrayed by Thibault de Montalembert.

Military ranks

Private Student Artillery student Second lieutenant Lieutenant Captain
24 January 1871[64] 1 November 1871[64] 10 January 1873[64] 16 October 1874[64] 1 October 1875[64] 30 September 1878[64]
Squadron chief Lieutenant colonel Colonel Brigadier general Divisional general Marshal of France
27 February 1891[65] 10 July 1898[66] 12 July 1903[67] 20 June 1907[68] 21 September 1911[69] 6 August 1918[70]

Honours and decorations

Honors and awards

Foch (R99)
was named in his honor.

A

grape cultivar named after him. In the Belgian city of Leuven, one of the central squares was named after him after the First World War, but it was renamed in 2012.[74] Mount Foch in Alberta is also named after him. The position of Marshal Foch Professor of French Literature
at the University of Oxford was founded in 1918 shortly after the end of the First World War.

In the late 1920s, Foch Avenue in Mount Roskill, Auckland was named after him.[75]

France

Knight – 9 July 1892;
Officer – 11 July 1908;
Commander – 31 December 1913;
Grand Officer – 18 September 1914;
Grand Cross – 8 October 1915

Foreign decorations

Statue of Foch in Victoria, London

Foch received an honorary doctorate from the Jagiellonian University of Kraków in 1918. By special vote of the board of directors of the Knights of Columbus, he became the one millionth knight of that order.[76]

Books by Ferdinand Foch

  • Des principes de la guerre, 1903[77]
  • De la conduite de la guerre, 1904[77]
  • La bataille de Laon, mars 1814, 1909[77]
  • Préceptes et jugements, 1919[77]
  • Éloge de Du Guesclin, 1921[77]
  • Éloge de Napoléon, 1921[77]
  • Ce que j'ai appris à la guerre, 1927[77]
  • Les deux batailles de la Marne, 1928 (ouvrage collectif)[77]
  • Paroles de soldat, 1928[77]
  • Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de la guerre de 1914-1918, 2 vol., 1931 (posthume)[77]
  • Dans La Revue de la cavalerie un article sur l'artillerie de la division de cavalerie au combat, un autre sur Mitrailleuse ou canon, une conférence sur L'Attaque décisive

See also

References

  1. ^ Government of the French Republic. "Birth certificate of Foch, Ferdinand". culture.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 13 April 2020.
  2. ^ Government of the French Republic. "Death certificate of Foch, Ferdinand". culture.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 13 April 2020.
  3. ^ Atteridge, Andrew Hilliard (1919). Marshal Ferdinand Foch, His Life and His Theory of Modern War. Dodd, Mead.
  4. ^ Charles Messenger, ed., Reader's Guide to Military History (2001) pp. 170–171.
  5. ^ a b Greenhalgh, 2011
  6. ^
    ISBN 0253208602
    .
  7. ^ Winston Churchill (1948). The Gathering Storm. Houghton Mifflin. p. 7.
  8. ISBN 978-1-4733-8483-5
    .
  9. ^ "Ferdinand Foch | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  10. ISBN 978-0-307-43296-4
    .
  11. ISSN 0039-3495
    .
  12. ^ René Puaux (1919). Foch: Sa vie. Sa doctrine. Son œuvre. La foi en la victoire (in French). Payot. p. 14.
  13. ISSN 0039-3495
    .
  14. ^ "FOCH Ferdinand (X1871) - Bibliothèque Centrale". www.polytechnique.edu (in French). Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  15. ISBN 978-1-78289-059-1
    .
  16. ^ Edu, World History (21 April 2023). "Ferdinand Foch: Biography, World War I & Accomplishments". World History Edu. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  17. ^ Atteridge, Andrew Hilliard (1919). Marshal Ferdinand Foch, His Life and His Theory of Modern War. Dodd, Mead. pp. 9–10.
  18. ^ a b c d e Winter, Denis Haig's Command: A Reassessment, New York: Viking, 1991 p. 275.
  19. ISBN 978-0-19-929567-8
    .
  20. ISBN 0-297-77084-5
  21. ISSN 0039-3495
    .
  22. ^ Ferdinand Foch. W. D. Jordan Special Collections and Music Library Queen's University Library. Montreal, G. Inglis. 1919.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  23. ^ a b Shirer, p. 81
  24. ^ "Ferdinand Foch | Biography, World War I, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  25. ^ Shirer, p. 80
  26. ^ Atkinson, Charles Francis (1922). "Foch, Ferdinand" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.
  27. ^ Barnett Singer, Maxime Weygand: A Biography of the French General in Two World Wars (2008).
  28. ^ Raymond Recouly, Foch: Le Vainqueur de la Guerre [Foch: The victor of the war] (Paris, France: Hachette, 1919), page 121 : "Mon centre céde, ma droite recule, situation excellente, j'attaque." (My centre is giving way, my right is retreating, situation excellent, I am attacking.)
  29. ISBN 0-395-66969-3
    .
  30. ^ "Nouvelles de Rome: S. G. Mgr. Tissier à Rome (Rome, 19 janvier 1917)" [News from Rome: S. G. Monsignor Tissier in Rome], Le Croix (French Catholic newspaper), 25 January 1917 Archived 5 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine, p. 7: "On sent ... qu'il n'oubliera plus jamais le réponse du général Foch à ses félicitions, au lendemain de la victoire: Non nobis, Domine, non nobis; sed nomini tuo da gloriam." (One feels ... that he will never forget the reply of General Foch to his congratulations in the aftermath of the victory: Not to us, Lord, not to us; but to Your name give glory.)
  31. ^ Flat-catcher (British racing slang) a horse that looks good but is not. See: Merriam-Webster on-line dictionary.
  32. ^ Holmes 2004, p. 243
  33. ^ "No. 29044". The London Gazette. 19 January 1915. p. 601.
  34. ^ Woodward, 1998, p. 135
  35. ^ Woodward, 1998, p. 139
  36. ^ Woodward, 1998, pp. 144–146
  37. ^ a b c d e Woodward, 1998, pp. 187–189
  38. ^ Whelan, B. (2010). "War in History". British Library Serials. 4. 17: 526.
  39. ^ Jeffery 2006, pp. 206–208, 210–211
  40. ^ Jeffery 2006, pp. 212–213
  41. ^ Jeffery 2006, pp. 214–215, 219–220
  42. ^ Callwell, MG C.E., Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson, His Life And Diaries, Vol. II, pp. 69–70
  43. ^ Jeffery 2006, pp. 220–221
  44. ^ Keegan, John, The First World War (Vintage Books, 1998), p. 403.
  45. ^
    • Foch the Man at Project Gutenberg
  46. ISBN 978-1-4219-7064-6
    .
  47. ^ Edward A. Goedeken, "Charles Dawes and the Military Board of Allied Supply" Military Affairs (1986) 50#1 pp. 1–6 online
  48. ^ Harris 2008, p. 477
  49. ^ Harris 2008, p. 478
  50. ^ Harris 2008, p. 479
  51. ^ "'How did I win the war?' Foch will say chaffingly to André de Marincourt, many months later. 'By smoking my pipe. That is to say, by not getting excited, by reducing everything to simple terms, by avoiding useless emotions, and keeping all my strength for the job.'" Frank H. Simonds, History of the World War, Vol. 5, Ch. 3, III. Doubleday, Page & Co., 1920.
  52. ^ "Armistice: The End of World War I, 1918". EyeWitness to History. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  53. ISBN 0-375-50825-2
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  54. ^ "Foch Ferdinand". cths.fr. le site du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques (CTHS). Retrieved 24 October 2013..
  55. ^ a b Ernest R. Troughton, It's Happening Again (John Gifford, 1944), p. 17.
  56. ISBN 978-1-61234-057-9
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  57. ISBN 978-0-520-33726-8
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  58. ^ Anthony Adamthwaite, Grandeur and Misery: France's Bid for Power in Europe, 1914–40 (Hodder Arnold, 1995), p. 57.
  59. ^ Ruth Henig, Versailles and After, 1919–33 (Routledge, 1995), p. 52.
  60. ^ "No. 31481". The London Gazette (Supplement). 29 July 1919. p. 9809.
  61. ^ The New York Times, 10 November 1921 "Foch Sees Ingots Rolled into Plates".
  62. ^ Michèle Lefrançois (2009). Paul Landowski: l'œuvre sculpté. Creaphis editions. p. 64.
  63. ^ "Les tombeaux et monuments funéraires" (PDF). Musée de l'Armée.
  64. ^ a b c d e f Government of the French Republic. "Services records of Foch, Ferdinand". culture.gouv.fr. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
  65. ^ Government of the French Republic (27 February 1891). "Decree on promotions in the active army". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  66. ^ Government of the French Republic (10 July 1898). "Decree on promotions in the active army". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  67. ^ Government of the French Republic (12 July 1903). "Decree on promotions in the active army". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  68. ^ Government of the French Republic (20 June 1907). "Decree on promotions in the active army". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  69. ^ Government of the French Republic (21 September 1911). "Decree on promotions in the active army". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  70. ^ Government of the French Republic (6 August 1918). "Decree appointing Divisional General Foch Ferdinand as Marshal of France". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  71. ^ Chrzanovia Patria Parva Archived 11 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine Street chart of Chrzanów
  72. ISBN 978-0199295678. Retrieved 9 October 2012. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help
    )
  73. ^ Philpott 2009, p. 441, p. 555
  74. ^ 1[permanent dead link] Fochsquare gets new name
  75. Wikidata Q116775081
    .
  76. ^ "Marshal Foch made a Knight of Columbus". The Billings Weekly Gazette. Billings, Montana. 10 November 1921. p. 3 – via newspapers.com. Open access icon
  77. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Ferdinand FOCH | Académie française". www.academie-francaise.fr (in French). Retrieved 26 December 2023.

General references

Further reading

Notes

  1. Second World War
    .
  2. ^ Marshal of France is a dignity and not a rank.

External links

Honorary titles
New title Honorary Commander of The American Legion
1926
Served alongside: General John J. Pershing 		Title abolished
Awards and achievements
Preceded by Cover of Time magazine
16 March 1925 		Succeeded by
Eduard Benes
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