Fernando Henrique Cardoso
Fernando Henrique Cardoso | |||||||||||||||||||||
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President of Brazil | |||||||||||||||||||||
In office 1 January 1995 – 1 January 2003 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Vice President | Marco Maciel | ||||||||||||||||||||
Preceded by | Itamar Franco | ||||||||||||||||||||
Succeeded by | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Personal details | |||||||||||||||||||||
Born | PMDB (1980–1988) (1974–1980)MDB | 18 June 1931||||||||||||||||||||
Spouses | |||||||||||||||||||||
Children | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Relatives | Sociologist | ||||||||||||||||||||
Signature | |||||||||||||||||||||
Website | http://www.ifhc.org.br/ | ||||||||||||||||||||
Fernando Henrique Cardoso
Cardoso was the 10th president of the International Sociological Association (1982–1986).[5]
Personal and professional life
Cardoso descends from wealthy Portuguese immigrants. Some were politicians during the Empire of Brazil.[6] He also has African ancestry, through a black great-great-grandmother and a mulatto great-grandmother.[7] Cardoso described himself as "slightly mulatto" and allegedly said he has "a foot in the kitchen" (a nod to historical Brazilian domestic slavery).[8][9]
Born in Rio de Janeiro, he lived in
Cardoso was also associate director of Studies in the
After his presidency, he was appointed to a five-year term (2003–2008) as professor-at-large at
In 2005, Cardoso was selected by the British magazine Prospect as being one of the world's top one hundred living public intellectuals.[16][17][18]
Academic career
Cardoso earned a bachelor's degree in
As he continued his academic career abroad in Chile and France after the tightening of Brazilian military dictatorship, Cardoso published several books and papers on state bureaucracy, industrial elites and, particularly, dependency theory. His work on dependency would be his most acclaimed contribution to sociology and development studies, especially in the United States.[19] After presiding the International Sociological Association from 1982 to 1986 Cardoso was selected as a Fulbright Program 40th anniversary distinguished fellow and in that capacity was a visiting scholar and lectured at Columbia University on democracy in Brazil.[20] Cardoso currently gives speeches and classes abroad.[21] In June 2013 he was elected as a member of Academia Brasileira de Letras. He said his election was due to recognition for his academic achievements, rather than his political career.[22][23]
Elections
After his return to Brazil, Fernando Henrique engaged with the burgeoning democratic opposition to the military-dominated regime both as an intellectual and as a political activist. He became
Elected to the Senate in 1986 for the
From May 1993 to April 1994, he was Minister of Finance and resigned in April 1994 to launch a presidential campaign. In the 3 October election, he won the presidency in the first round of voting with 54% of the vote, more than twice that of his nearest opponent, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. This is still the largest margin of victory ever recorded in a free election in Brazilian history. After the constitution was amended to allow a president to succeed himself, he won a second term almost as easily in 1998, taking 53% to Lula's 31.7% to win in a single round. To date, he is the only president to win an outright majority of the popular vote, and the only one to win the presidency in a single round since the institution of the two-round system in 1989.
Cardoso was succeeded in 2003 by Lula da Silva, who ran for the fourth time and had come in second on prior attempts. Lula won in the runoff election against the Cardoso-supported candidate, José Serra. Lula's election has been interpreted as resulting from Cardoso's low approval ratings in his second term.[26]
Presidency (1995–2003)
Party loyalty was not always strong, and coalition members did not always vote with the government. Cardoso had difficulty at times gaining support for some of his legislative priorities, even though his coalition held an overwhelming majority of the congressional seats. Nevertheless, many constitutional amendments were passed during his presidency.[clarification needed]
Cardoso's presidency saw institutional advancements in human rights, beginning with a national secretariat and a new government program, discussed with the civil society, to address the issue. On 8 January 1996, he issued the controversial
FHC was the first Brazilian President to address the inequality and the enormous gap between rich and poor. He started the following programs: Bolsa Escola, the Auxílio Gás, the Bolsa Alimentação, and the Cartão Alimentação.[28]
His wife, Ruth Cardoso, focused on unifying transfer programs aimed at helping people suffering from poverty and hunger.,[29][30][31] by means of a program based on the idea that educating the poor could help raise them out of poverty.[32]
Cardoso's administration deepened the privatization program launched by president
Despite the sale of public assets, the years 1995 to 2002 saw a rise of the total public debt from 30% to 55.5% of GDP. Economists aligned with his government argued that this was due to external factors outside the control of the administration at the time, such as the devaluation of the Brazilian real and the growth of the share of the debt denominated in US dollars.[34] Nevertheless, devaluation of the currency was an instrument of monetary policy used right after his reelection, when the real pegged to the dollar led to a financial crisis that saw the country lose much of its foreign reserve fund and raise its interest rates on government bonds to very high levels as he tried to stabilize the currency under a new free-floating regime. With this economic shift, the greatest achievement of Cardoso – his landmark lowering of inflation – was maintained, but his popularity plummeted.
Given his previous experience as Minister of Foreign Affairs and his prestige as an internationally famous sociologist, he was respected on the world scene, building friendships with such leaders as
He also experienced personal problems with former ally Itamar Franco, his predecessor and later became Governor of Minas Gerais, a fierce opponent of his administrative reforms that saw the state lose its capacity to contract debt and forced a reduction of local government spending. Cardoso was also criticized for amending the constitution to his own benefit, allowing him to stay eight years in office. His popularity in his first four years, gained with the success of Plano Real, decreased during his last four years as the currency crisis was followed by lower economic growth and employment rates, greater public debt, growing political dissent, low levels of investment in appropriate infrastructure, and, finally, an energy crisis caused by an unexpected drought, as over 80% of Brazil's electricity is hydroelectric. He publicly admitted that he could have done more for public security and for the creation of new jobs, but defended his policies in areas such as health and education.
Cardoso's administration was accused of bribing congressmen to pass a constitutional amendment that secured FHC the right to seek a reelection, which he eventually won.[35]
Post-presidency
After stepping down from office, he assumed a position as a senior leader of his party and leading public voice in the opposition to the incumbent
He dedicates his time to a personal institute which he founded in
Since leaving the Brazilian presidency, Cardoso has been involved in a number of international organisations and initiatives. He is a member of the Club of Madrid and was its president from 2003 to 2006.[40] He has been a member of the Fondation Chirac's honour committee,[41] ever since the Foundation was launched in 2008 by former French president Jacques Chirac to promote world peace. Cardoso is a founding member of Washington D.C.-based think tank The Inter-American Dialogue as well as former chair of the organization's board. He is also a former director of World Resources Institute.[42][43]
Cardoso has a particular interest in drug policy. He served on the
Cardoso is also a member of The Elders, a group of independent global leaders who work together on peace and human rights issues.[45] In August 2009, he travelled to Israel and the West Bank as the head of an Elders delegation that also included Ela Bhatt, Gro Harlem Brundtland, Jimmy Carter, Mary Robinson and Desmond Tutu.[46]
In 2013 he became a member of the
In 2017, Cardoso received the Distinguished Lifetime Achievement Award from the Inter-American Dialogue.
Electoral history
Election | Political result | Candidate | Party | Votes | % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PTN | 166,138 | 0.25 | |||||
Sérgio Bueno | PSC | 124,659 | 0.18 | ||||
Vasco Azevedo Neto | PHS | 109,003 | 0.16 | ||||
PRN | 387,738 | 0.61 | |||||
Hernani Fortuna | PSC | 238,197 | 0.38 | ||||
PFL | 2,256,142 | 9.50 | |||||
Jacó Bittar | PT | 1,747,423 | 7.36 | ||||
Fábio Meireles | PDS | 1,285,885 | 5.41 | ||||
Antônio Duarte Nogueira | PTB | 784,885 | 3.30 | ||||
Fernando Vergueiro | PL | 379,285 | 1.60 | ||||
Sílvia Luiza Borini | PH | 230,168 | 0.97 | ||||
Adalberto Camargo | PPB | 181,989 | 0.77 | ||||
Luiz Jaime Faria | PH | 159,878 | 0.67 | ||||
Eusébio Rocha | PDT | 144,042 | 0.61 | ||||
Egisto Domenicali | PMC | 115,482 | 0.49 | ||||
1985 São Paulo mayoral election Electorate: 4,843,368 Turnout: 4,190,041 (86.51%) | MDB | 1,431,175 | 35.80 | ||||
Eduado Suplicy | PT | 827,452 | 20.70 | ||||
Francisco Rossi | PCN | 68,305 | 1.71 | ||||
Ana Rosa Tenente | PH | 45,068 | 1.13 | ||||
Pedro Geraldo Costa | PPB | 27,887 | 0.70 | ||||
Antônio Carlos Fernandes | PMC | 8,107 | 0.20 | ||||
Ruy Côdo | PL | 4,612 | 0.12 | ||||
José Maria Eymael | PDC | 4,578 | 0.11 | ||||
Armando Corrêa | PMB | 4,187 | 0.10 | ||||
Rivailde Ovídio | PSC | 4,066 | 0.10 | ||||
1978 Brazilian Senate election in São Paulo Electorate: 10,241,247 Turnout: 9,095,452 (88.81%) | MDB Majority: 3,245,040 | Franco Montoro | MDB | 4,517,456 | 64.39 | ||
Fernando Henrique Cardoso | MDB | 1,272,416 | 18.14 | ||||
Cláudio Lembo | ARENA | 1,225,730 | 17.47 |
Honours
Foreign honours
- Argentina: Collar of the Order of the Liberator General San Martín
- Bolivia: Collar of the Order of the Condor of the Andes
- Chile: Collar of the Order of Merit (Chile)
- Colombia: Collar of the Order of Boyacá
- Costa Rica: Gran Cross of the Order of Juan Mora Fernández
- Denmark: Knight of the Order of the Elephant[47]
- Ecuador: Collar of the National Order of Merit (Ecuador)
- Finland: Gran Cross with Collar of the Order of the White Rose of Finland
- France:
- Gran Cross of the Legion of Honour
- Officier of the Ordre des Palmes académiques
- Germany: Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
- Hungary: Grand Cross with Chain of the Hungarian Order of Merit
- Italy: Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (1995)[48]
- Japan: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum
- KSA: Collar of the Order of King Abdulaziz
- Malaysia: Honorary Recipient of the Order of the Crown of the Realm (1995)[49]
- Mexico: Collar of the Order of the Aztec Eagle
- Panama: Gran Cross of the Order of Manuel Amador Guerrero
- Paraguay: Gran Cross of the National Order of Merit (Paraguay)
- Peru:
- Grand Cross with diamonds of the Order of the Sun of Peru
- Gran Cross of the National Order of Merit
- Portugal:[50]
- Collar of the Order of Prince Henry (2000)
- Collar of the Order of Liberty (1995)
- Grand Cross of the Order of Merit (1987)
- Collar of the Military Order of Saint James of the Sword (1997)
- Grand Cross of the Order of the Tower and Sword(2002)
- Poland:
- Order of the White Eagle (2002)[51]
- Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland (1995)[52]
- Romania: Order of the Star of Romania
- South Africa: Gran Cross of the Order of Good Hope
- South Korea: Grand Order of Mugunghwa
- Spain: Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (1998)[53]
- better source needed]
- Suriname: Grand Cross of the Honorary Order of the Yellow Star
- Ukraine: First Class of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise
- Uruguay: Medal of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay (1995)[55]
- United Kingdom: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (1997)[56]
- United States: Kluge Prize, 2012[57][58]
- Venezuela:
- Collar of the Order of the Liberator
- Gran Cross of the Order of Francisco de Miranda
Honorary doctorate
- 1978 Honorary Doctor of Laws, Rutgers University
- 2001 Honorary Doctor of Law, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel (awarded in São Paulo on 11/18)
- 2012 Honorary Doctor of Sociology, ISCTE-IUL, Portugal
- 2016, Honorary Doctor of Laws, Harvard University (awarded in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on 26 May 2016).
Selected works
- Cardoso, Fernando Henrique (2006) The Accidental President of Brazil, PublicAffairs, ISBN 1-58648-324-2
- Cardoso, Fernando Henrique (2001) Charting a New Course: The Politics of Globalization and Social Transformation, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 0-7425-0893-5
- Goertzel, Ted G. (1999) Fernando Henrique Cardoso: Reinventing Democracy in Brazil, Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
- Cardoso, Fernando Henrique and Faletto, Enzo (1979) "Dependency and Development in Latin America", University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-03193-8
References
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- ^ Rohter, Larry (13 May 2012). "Fernando Henrique Cardoso of Brazil to Receive Kluge Prize". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
- ^ a b "ISA Presidents". International Sociological Association. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
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- ^ "Chronology for Afro-Brazilians in Brazil". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2004. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
- ^ "FHC nega ter dito que tem um "pé na cozinha"". Folha de S.Paulo (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 November 2014.
- ^ Bergamo, Mônica (15 November 2009). "FHC decide reconhecer oficialmente filho que teve há 18 anos com jornalista". Folha de S.Paulo (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 November 2014.
- ^ a b "Biography – Fernando Henrique Cardoso" (PDF). Brown University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2009. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
- ^ "His Excellency Fernando Henrique Cardoso". Clinton Global Initiative. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
- ^ a b c "Fernando Henrique Cardoso's biography on the Harry Walker Agency Speakers' Bureau website". Archived from the original on 10 June 2007. Retrieved 28 April 2007.
- ^ "USC Launches First Degree Program in Public Diplomacy". USC PressRoom. USC. 15 June 2005. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
- ^ "Fernando Henrique Cardoso Gives Fourth Annual Kissinger Lecture on Feb. 22". News from the Library of Congress. Library of Congress. 31 January 2005. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
- ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: Cardoso, Fernando Henrique (7 May 2007). "Brazil's Henrique Cardoso" (Interview). Interviewed by Riz Khan. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 14 November 2014 – via YouTube.
- ^ "Biografia" (in Portuguese). Instituto Fernando Henrique Cardoso. Archived from the original on 2 April 2009. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
- ^ President Cardoso's lecture at the Clinton School of Public Service: Democracy Today: The Experience of Latin America (Podcast) Archived 20 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- S2CID 253146459.(subscription required)
- ^ "Fernando Henrique Cardoso". Fulbright Association. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
- ^ Cardoso, Fernando Henrique. "Programa do Jô com Fernando Henrique Cardoso (FHC)" (Interview) (in Portuguese). Interviewed by Jô Soares. Archived from the original on 22 January 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
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- ISSN 1517-7580.
- ^ Devienne, Gérard (1 January 2007). "Latin America in the 1970s: "Operation Condor", an International Organization for Kidnapping Opponents". l’Humanité in English. Archived from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
- ^ "Fernando Henrique anuncia cadastro único e auxílio-gás". Agência Brasil (in Portuguese). 5 March 2002. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
- ^ "Ruth Cardoso lançou sementes do Bolsa Família, diz acadêmico". BBCBrasil.com (in Portuguese). BBC. 25 June 2008. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
- ^ "Gilberto Dimenstein: Ruth Cardoso é personagem por trás do Bolsa Família". Folha de S.Paulo (in Portuguese). 25 June 2008. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
- ^ Lamounier, Bolívar (9 August 2008). "Bolsa-isto, bolsa-aquilo…; alguém aí se lembra de Ruth Cardoso ?". Exame.com (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
- ^ de Janvry, Alain; Finan, Frederico; Sadoulet, Elisabeth; Nelson, Donald; Lindert, Kathy; de la Brière, Bénédicte; Lanjouw, Peter (December 2005). "Brazil's Bolsa Escola Program: The Role of Local Governance in Decentralized Implementation" (PDF). The World Bank. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
- ISSN 0034-7140.
- ^ Giambiagi, Fabio; Ronci, Marcio (August 2004). "Fiscal Policy and Debt Sustainability: Cardoso's Brazil, 1995–2002" (PDF). International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
- ^ Muello, Peter (22 May 1997). "2 BRAZILIANS QUIT CONGRESS IN BRIBE PROBE". The Washington Post.
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Fernando Henrique Cardoso is no longer on staff at the World Resources Institute.
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- ^ "Postanowienie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 16 lutego 1995 r. o nadaniu orderu". prawo.sejm.gov.pl. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
- ^ "Listing" (PDF). boe.es. 18 April 1998. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
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{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Rohter, Larry (13 May 2012). "Brazil's Ex-Leader Honored as Scholar". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
- ^ "Library of Congress to Award President Fernando Henrique Cardoso Kluge Prize for Study of Humanity". The Library of Congress. Retrieved 15 February 2017.