Ferranti Mark 1

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Ferranti Mark 1
Ferranti Mark 1 Star, c. 1953
Also known asManchester Electronic Computer
Manchester Ferranti
Product familyManchester computers
PredecessorManchester Mark 1

The Ferranti Mark 1, also known as the Manchester Electronic Computer in its sales literature,[1] and thus sometimes called the Manchester Ferranti, was produced by British electrical engineering firm Ferranti Ltd. It was the world's first commercially available electronic general-purpose stored program digital computer.[a]

Although preceded as a commercial digital computer by the BINAC and the Z4, the Z4 was electromechanical and lacked software programmability, while BINAC never operated successfully after delivery[2]

The Ferranti Mark 1 was "the tidied up and commercialised version of the

Manchester Mark I".[3] The first machine was delivered to the Victoria University of Manchester in February 1951[4] (publicly demonstrated in July)[5][6] ahead of the UNIVAC I which was delivered to the United States Census Bureau in late December 1952, having been sold on 31 March 1951.[7]

History and specifications

Ferranti Mark 1 components

Based on the

secondary storage
, a faster multiplier, and additional instructions.

The Mark 1 used a 20-bit word stored as a single line of dots of electric charges settled on the surface of a

magnetic drum
, storing two pages per track, with about 30 milliseconds revolution time. The drum provided eight times the storage of the original designed at Manchester.

The instructions, like the Manchester machine, used a single address format in which operands were modified and left in the accumulator. There were about fifty instructions in total. The basic cycle time was 1.2 milliseconds, and a multiplication could be completed in the new parallel unit in about 2.16 milliseconds (about 5 times faster than the original). The multiplier used almost a quarter of the machine's 4,050

paper tape machine, or read them back in. Several new instructions were added to the original Manchester design, including a random number
instruction and several new instructions using the B-lines.

The original Mark 1 had to be programmed by entering alphanumeric characters representing a five-bit value that could be represented on the paper tape input. The engineers decided to use the simplest mapping between the paper holes and the binary digits they represented, but the mapping between the holes and the physical keyboard was never meant to be a binary mapping. As a result, the characters representing the values from 0–31 (five-bit numbers) looked entirely random, specifically /E@A:SIU½DRJNFCKTZLWHYPQOBG"MXV£.

The first machine was delivered to the University of Manchester. Ferranti had high hopes for further sales, and were encouraged by an order placed by the Atomic Energy Research Establishment for delivery in autumn 1952. However, a change of government while the second machine was being built led to all government contracts over £100,000 being cancelled, leaving Ferranti with a partially completed Mark 1. The company ultimately sold it to the University of Toronto,[9] who had been building their own machine, but saw the chance to buy the complete Mark 1 for even less. They purchased it for around $30,000, a "fire sale" price, and Beatrice Worsley gave it the nickname FERUT.[10] FERUT was extensively used in business, engineering, and academia, among other duties, carrying out calculations as part of the construction of the St. Lawrence Seaway.

Mark 1 Star

After the first two machines, a revised version of the design became available, known as the Ferranti Mark 1 Star or the Ferranti Mark 1*. The revisions mainly cleaned up the

instruction set
for better usability. Instead of the original mapping from holes to binary digits that resulted in the random-looking mapping, the new machines mapped digits to holes to produce a much simpler mapping, ø£½0@:$ABCDEFGHIJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZ. Additionally, several commands that used the index registers had side effects that led to quirky programming, but these were modified to have no side effects. The original machines' JUMP instructions landed at a location "one before" the actual address, for reasons similar to the odd index behaviour, but these proved useful only in theory and quite annoying in practice, and were similarly modified. Input/output was also modified, with five-bit numbers being output least significant digit to the right, as is typical for most numeric writing. These, among other changes, greatly improved the ease of programming the newer machines.

The Mark 1/1* weighed 10,000 pounds (5.0 short tons; 4.5 t).[11]

At least seven of the Mark 1* machines were delivered between 1953 and 1957,

Shell labs in Amsterdam.[12] Another was installed at Avro, the aircraft manufacturers, at their Chadderton factory in Manchester. This was used for work on the Vulcan
among other projects.

Conway Berners-Lee and Mary Lee Woods, the parents of Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web, both worked on the Ferranti Mark 1 and Mark 1*.[13]

Computer music

Included in the Ferranti Mark 1's instruction set was a hoot command, which enabled the machine to give auditory feedback to its operators. The sound generated could be altered in pitch, a feature which was exploited when the Mark 1 made the earliest known recording of

Colonel Bogey".[15]

Computer games

Main article:
First video game

In November 1951, Dr.

castling, no double pawn move, no en passant capture, no pawn promotion, and no distinction between checkmate and stalemate.[16]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ Several cheaper general purpose computers were available by 1952. See Pentagon symposium: Commercially Available General Purpose Electronic Digital Computers of Moderate Price, Washington, D.C., 14 MAY 1952

Citations

  1. ^ a b Lavington 1998, p. 25
  2. ^ "Description of the BINAC", citing Annals of the History of Computing, Vol. 10 No. 1 1988, archived from the original on 4 August 2008, retrieved 26 July 2008
  3. ^ a b Tootill, Geoff (2010), National Life Stories an Oral History of British Science: Geoff Tootill Interviewed by Thomas Lean (PDF), British Library, p. 169 C1379/02 Track 6, archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2023, retrieved 30 January 2011
  4. ISBN 9783540200208
  5. ISBN 9780123870124
    .
  6. ^
  7. ^ UNIVAC I#cite ref-8
  8. ^ Kilbur, T. (21 July 1951). THE NEW UNIVERSAL DIGITAL COMPUTING MACHINE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER. Nature. Vol. 168. pp. 95–96.
  9. ^
    ISBN 978-0-230-38911-3
    .
  10. doi:10.1109/85.279226
    .
  11. ^ Weik, Martin H. (December 1955). "FERRANTI MARK-I". ed-thelen.org. A Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems.
  12. ^ Erno Eskens; Wessel Zweers; Onno Zweers glish. "Interview with Lidy Zweers-De Ronde, programmer of the MIRACLE (Ferranti Mark I*), the first commercial electronic computer being employed in the Netherlands at Shell labs in Amsterdam". Retrieved 9 May 2016.
  13. ^ "Frequently asked questions by the Press - Tim BL". www.w3.org.
  14. ^ Manchester Mark 1 playing the first recorded computer music, Manchester University, retrieved 2 November 2015
  15. ^ Fildes, Jonathan (17 June 2008), "'Oldest' computer music unveiled", BBC News, retrieved 18 June 2008
  16. ISBN 9780191065002
    .

Bibliography

Further reading

External links
  • Gotlieb, C.C. (1 May 1956). "Free Use of the Toronto Computer, and the Remote Programming of it. Part 1.". Computers and Automation: Vol 5 Iss 5. Internet Archive. Berkeley Enterprises. pp. 20–25, 34, 36, 44–45.,
  • Gotlieb, C.C. (1 July 1956). "Free Use of the Toronto Computer, and the Remote Programming of it. Part 2.". Computers and Automation: Vol 5 Iss 7. Internet Archive. Berkeley Enterprises. pp. 29–31.
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