Ferrol, Spain
Ferrol | |
---|---|
Municipality | |
PSdeG-PSOE) | |
Area | |
• Total | 81.9 km2 (31.6 sq mi) |
Population (2018)[1] | |
• Total | 66,799 |
• Density | 820/km2 (2,100/sq mi) |
Demonym(s) | ferrolan (m), ferrolana (f) |
Time zone | CET (GMT +1) |
• Summer (DST) | CEST (GMT +2) |
Postcode | 15401–15406 |
Area code | +34 981 |
Website | http://www.ferrol.gal/ |
Ferrol (Galician: [feˈrɔl] ⓘ, Spanish: [feˈrol] ⓘ) is a city in the province of A Coruña[2] in Galicia, Spain. It is located in the Rías Altas, in the vicinity of Strabo's Cape Nerium (modern day Cape Prior).[3][4][2][5] According to the 2021 census, the city has a population of 64,785, making it the seventh largest settlement in Galicia. With Eume to the south and Ortegal the north, Ferrol forms the comarca of Ferrolterra, and together with A Coruña forms the second largest conurbation in Galicia, with a total population of 640,000 in 2016.
The harbour, for depth, capacity and safety, has few equals in Europe. The entrance is very narrow,[6] commanded by forts, and may even be shut by a boom.[7][8][9]
The city has been a major naval shipbuilding centre for most of its history, being the capital of the
Ferrol was the birthplace of the dictator Francisco Franco in 1892. The municipality was officially named after him as "El Ferrol del Caudillo" from September 1938 to December 1982.[16] It was also the birthplace of the founder of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), Pablo Iglesias, in 1850.
The city is one of the starting points of the English Way[17] path of the Camino de Santiago.[18] Because of the modern requirement that pilgrims must travel 100 km by foot in order to be officially recognized, Ferrol is the preferred starting point for pilgrims traversing the English Way.
Toponym and etymology
The first historical mention of this settlement, then called Burum
Another theory about the etymology of the name Ferrol posits some relation to the Latin word ferro (iron), as the area has long been rich in metals, especially iron and tin, but also gold and silver. It is possible, since the bay of Ferrol was such a well guarded port, that the old fishing village was named after the metal by traders[29] reaching the enclave.
Alternatively, the name may derive from the legend of a Breton saint, Ferreol, who supposedly arrived there on a ship amid a chorus of seven sirens.[citation needed] Another tradition says that Ferrol comes from farol, alluding to the heraldic figure that appears on the coat of arms of the city.[30] However, according to experts, the coat of arms of Ferrol dates back only to the eighteenth century.[31]
History
The existence of prehistoric human settlements in the area that would later become Ferrol is suggested by the abundance of
After the fall of the
Following the collapse of the Suebic-Visigothic state, these Christian parts of Iberia saw very little change in comparison with other parts of the peninsula, becoming part of the Kingdom of Asturias[2] as early as 750AD.[50][51] Over time, the Kingdom of Asturias[52] would split into further Christian kingdoms, causing the area to change hands several times between Galicia, Leon, and finally Castile.
Ferrol served as a strategic safe port[53] during the Hundred Years' War[54] and sided with the House of Trastamara during the Castilian Civil War. As a personal reward to Fernan Perez de Andrade, in 1371, Henry II[55] gave the town to the powerful Andrade family.[56]
In 1568[57][58] a fire reduced the old medieval town to rubble;[59] in the same period some parts of the existing fortifications at the entrance of the estuary were built.[60] The town was considered more important as a royal arsenal at this time than as a harbour.[61][62]
With the arrival of the
The
Ferrol is famous
When the war with
Ferrol built only two
The second half of the 19th century brought to the Royal Dockyards of Ferrol not only employment, but also concomitant social and political tensions,[81][82] which culminated in the failed republican uprising of 1872.[83][84] Steamers between Ferrol and the port of Havana in Spanish Cuba were in frequent operation at the time, such that shipyard workers who got into trouble with the local authorities in Ferrol often fled to the Spanish Main.[85][86]
From the days of the Armada to the present, the Bay of Ferrol has attracted numerous ships seeking repairs or refuge after meeting with disaster[87][88] or rough waters trying to cross the Bay of Biscay in bad weather. Such was the case of Cleopatra, carrying one of the two Cleopatra Needles,[89][90] which stands today on the Thames Embankment in London, UK. It arrived in Ferrol on 19 October 1877 after almost sinking off the west coast of France five days earlier. A plaque commemorating the event and those who died can be seen at the base of the Needle in London.
Ten years after the
For a period of sixteen years, the technicians were exclusively British, and the situation was not altered till 1925, when management was taken over by Spanish engineers. This was one of the new policies introduced by the newly-installed government of the dictator Miguel Primo de Rivera[101] (1923–1930). The arrival of the British coincided with the construction of a local tram system (1924–1961).[102]
In view of the outbreak of the
The Spanish Navy Spanish Squadron [110][111] still takes part in naval demonstrations and in June 2008 Ferrol hosted the large NATO Maritime Exercise Loyal Mariner (RN).[112]
The Ferrol Terminus railway station, connecting Lugo to Ferrol, branching off from the line from Madrid to nearby A Coruña, was sanctioned by the Cortes in Madrid as early as 1865 but was not finally inaugurated until 1904. A century later, the High Speed AVE Railway suffered similar delays, eventually opening in 2013[113]
In September 2017,
Climate
Like much of Galicia, Ferrol has a humid oceanic climate, characterised by year-long mild temperatures, rainy winters, and relatively dry summers, although it is slightly wetter than the typical Spanish Mediterranean climate during the summer season.
Climate data for Ferrol, Galicia (Spain) (2002–2010) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 13.3 (55.9) |
14.1 (57.4) |
15.8 (60.4) |
17.2 (63.0) |
18.9 (66.0) |
22.1 (71.8) |
23.2 (73.8) |
23.9 (75.0) |
23.4 (74.1) |
19.8 (67.6) |
15.8 (60.4) |
13.9 (57.0) |
18.4 (65.1) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 10.2 (50.4) |
10.2 (50.4) |
11.8 (53.2) |
12.9 (55.2) |
14.8 (58.6) |
17.9 (64.2) |
19.0 (66.2) |
19.7 (67.5) |
18.4 (65.1) |
15.7 (60.3) |
12.5 (54.5) |
10.3 (50.5) |
14.5 (58.1) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 7.3 (45.1) |
7.0 (44.6) |
8.4 (47.1) |
9.4 (48.9) |
11.2 (52.2) |
14.3 (57.7) |
15.5 (59.9) |
16.4 (61.5) |
14.8 (58.6) |
12.4 (54.3) |
9.6 (49.3) |
7.3 (45.1) |
11.1 (52.0) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 140 (5.5) |
97 (3.8) |
102 (4.0) |
97 (3.8) |
75 (3.0) |
57 (2.2) |
51 (2.0) |
38 (1.5) |
50 (2.0) |
183 (7.2) |
208 (8.2) |
157 (6.2) |
1,257 (49.5) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) | 17 | 11 | 13 | 11 | 11 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 14 | 17 | 15 | 137 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 79 | 124 | 158 | 194 | 218 | 238 | 261 | 248 | 217 | 139 | 95 | 90 | 2,060 |
Source: MeteoGalicia[116] |
Demography
Histogram of population evolution of Ferrol from 1877. (From: Censos de población INE [1])
Economy
- Timber.
- Secondary Industries – Shipbuilding, Ship Engines, Turbines (Wind Mills and Ships), Electrical Equipment, Ironworks, Fashion (Textiles), Food (Canned Fish) and Wood-Made Products.
- Retail Industries (El Corte Inglés/Alcampo).
- New Technologies.
Festivals
Event Name | Translation into (in Spanish) | Event Date |
---|---|---|
The Three Kings Parade
|
Desfile de los Reges Magos
|
6 January |
Saint Julian's Day[117] | Día de San Julián | 7 January |
Carnival Festival[118] | Festival de Carnaval | February or March |
Saint Josephine's Night[119] | Noche de las Pepitas | 18 March |
Holy Week Celebration[120] | Semana Santa | March or April |
Chamorro's Day[121] | Día de Chamorro | March or April |
Horse Riding Competitions[122] | Competiciones de Hípica | April |
Galician Literature Day
|
Día de las Letras Gallegas
|
17 May |
Corpus Christi Celebrations[123]
|
Corpus Christi
|
May or June |
St. John's Eve[124]
|
Víspera de San Juan
|
23 June |
Our Lady of Mount Carmel's Day[125] | Día del Carmen | 16 July |
Celtic Music Festival
|
Festival de Música Celta
|
29 July |
Traditional Horse Events[126]
|
Festivales Equinos Tradicionales
|
August |
Surf Championships | Competiciones de Surf | August |
Ferrol Summer Festival[127] | Fiestas de Verano de Ferrol | August |
Battle of Mount Brion[128] | Batalla del Monte de Brión | 25 -26 August
|
Saint Raymond's Day[129] | Día de San Ramón | 31 August |
International relations
Twin towns – Sister cities
Ferrol is
- Águeda, Portugal (1999)[130]
- Mondoñedo, Galicia, Spain (2004) [131]
- Lugo, Galicia, Spain (2000)[132]
- Vila do Conde, Portugal (1973)[133]
Notable people
- Alonso Pita da Veiga
- Andrés Suárez, singer-songwriter
- Ángeles Alvariño González (1916–2005), biologist and oceanographer
- Benito Vicetto Pérez (1824–1878), writer
- Carlos Jean (born 1973), electronic musician and music producer
- Concepción Arenal (1820–1893), writer, feminist activist
- Fernando Álvarez de Sotomayor y Zaragoza (1875–1960), painter
- Francisco Franco (1892–1975), dictator of Spain from the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) to his death
- Frederick H. Shaw (1864–1924)
- Gonzalo Torrente Ballester (1910–1999), writer
- Ignacio Fernández Toxo (born 1952), ex general secretary of the national union CCOO and President of the ETUC
- Jenaro Pérez Villaamil (1807–1854), painter
- TV presenter
- Spanish Prime Ministerdied in office
- María Isabel Rivera Torres(born 1952), actress
- Marquis of Amboage (1823–1892), multimillionaire and politician
- Nacho Novo (born 1979), professional footballer
- Pablo Iglesias Posse (1850–1925), politician and founder of Spanish socialist party PSOE
- Paloma Pérez-Lago González(born 1967), fashion model and TV presenter
- Patricio Montojo y Pasarón (1839–1917), Spanish admiral during the Spanish–American War who was defeated at the Battle of Manila Bay
- Aurora Rodríguez Carballeira (1879-1955), woman who murdered her teenage daughter, conceived as a eugenics experiment
- Paula Vázquez Picallo(born 1973), TV presenter and model
- Ramón Franco (1896–1938), aviator and brother of Francisco Franco
- Ricardo Carvalho Calero (1910–1990), academic at the University of Santiago de Compostela and the first ever professor of Galician language and Galician literature
See also
- El Casino de Ferrol
- El Circulo Mercantil de Ferrol
- El Club Naval de Ferrol
- El Correo Gallego
- El Diario de Ferrol
- El Ferrol Diario
- Endesa Termic
- Racing Club de Ferrol
- School of Peritos Navales and Industriales
- Sociedad Española de Construcción Naval
- Spain's National Exhibition of Ship Building
Notes
- ^ Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.
- ^ a b c d Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 289.
- ^ Jones, Horace Leonard (1949). The Geography Of Strabo, Vol.2. pp. 7–8, 69.
- ^ Ptolemaeus, Claudius (100–170). "Atlas - Claudius Ptolemaeus Geographia - Ancient Geography - EuropaeIiTab.hispania". archive.org. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
- ^ Prévost, abbé; Gmelin, Johann Georg (1746). Histoire générale des voyages, ou nouvelle collection de toutes les relations de voyages par mer et par terre, qui ont été publiées jusqu'à present dans les différentes langues de toutes les nations connues ... Tome premier [-vingtième]. John Carter Brown Library. A Paris, : chez Didot ... p. 36.
- ^ a b Tofiño de San Miguel, Vicente; Mengs, Anton Raphael; Salvador Carmona, Manuel; Ballester, Joaquín; Vázquez, Bartolomé; Valdés, Antonio; Asensio, Josef (1789). Atlas marítimo de España [Material cartográfico]. Biblioteca de la Universidad de Sevilla. Madrid: [s.n.] p. 35.
- ^ Morse, Jedidiah; Morse, Richard C. (Richard Cary); Converse, Sherman (1823). A new universal gazetteer, or Geographical dictionary : containing a description of the various countries, provinces, cities, towns, seas, lakes, rivers, mountains, capes, &c. in the known world. With an appendix ... accompanied with an atlas. Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute Library. New-Haven :Printed and published by S. Converse. p. 256.
- ^ Edinburgh encyclopaedia. Gerstein - University of Toronto. Edinburgh, Blackwood. 1830. p. 308.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Blaeu, Joan (1659). Geographia Blauiana [Mapas]. Biblioteca de la Universidad de Sevilla. Amsterdam : Juan Blaeu. p. 524.
- ^ Noticias ordinarias del Norte, Italia, Africa, y España : con la noticia plausible de todas, del dichosissimo arribo de la reyna nuestra señora al Puerto de Ferrol en Galicia à 26 del passado : publicadas à 4 de abril 1690. Biblioteca de la Universidad de Sevilla. [En Madrid] : por Sebastian de Armendariz, librero. 1690. pp. 109–110.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Stanhope, Alexander (1844). Spain Under Charles the Second; Or, Extracts from the Correspondence of the Hon. Alexander Stanhope, British Minister at Madrid. 1690–1699. J. Murray. pp. 3.
- ^ Gallucci, Giovanni Paolo; Pérez, Miguel (1614). Theatro del mundo, y del tiempo : en el qual no solo se descriuen sus partes, y se da regla en el medirlas, mas con ingeniosas y acomodadas demostraciones y figuras, se representan ante los lectores ... : cõ index. Getty Research Institute. Impresso en Granada : Por Sebastian Muñoz, a costa de Iulio Castellon. pp. 127–128.
- ^ Blaeu, Joan (1659). Geographia Blauiana [Mapas]. Biblioteca de la Universidad de Sevilla. Amsterdam : Juan Blaeu. p. 11.
- ISSN 2166-2037. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
- ^ First Edition, 1771 Encyclopaedia Britannica; Or, A Dictionary Of Arts And Sciences, Compiled Upon A New Plan ... by National Library of Scotland. 1771. p. 588.
- ^ Rego, Paco (30 September 2018). "El Ferrol y el 'caudillo'". El Mundo.
- ^ Camino, Follow the. "Camino Ingles - English Way • Follow the Camino". FollowtheCamino.com. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
- ^ "The English Way to Santiago de Compostela | Camino Walk Spain". www.utracks.com. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
- ^ Clericus, Joannes (1679–1705). "Atlas Antiquus, Sacer, Ecclesiaticus Et Profanus - Joannes Clericus - HispaniaeAntiquaeTabula". Retrieved 18 March 2018.
- ^ Ptolemy, 2nd cent; D'Angelo, Jacopo; Germanus, Nicolaus; Schnitzer, Johann; Hol, Lienhart (1482). Cosmographia. Boston Public Library. Ulm : Lienhart Holle. pp. 155–156.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Ptolemy, 2nd cent; D'Angelo, Jacopo; Germanus, Nicolaus; Schnitzer, Johann; Hol, Lienhart (1482). Cosmographia. Boston Public Library. Ulm : Lienhart Holle. pp. 151–152.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Mela, Pomponius; Vadianus, Joachim; Camers, Joannes (1522). Pomponii Melae De orbis situ libri tres, : accuratissime emendati. John Carter Brown Library. Basileae, : apud Andream Cratandrum. pp. 162–163.
- ^ Ptolemy, 2nd cent; D'Angelo, Jacopo; Germanus, Nicolaus; Schnitzer, Johann; Hol, Lienhart (1482). Cosmographia. Boston Public Library. Ulm : Lienhart Holle.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Wilkinson, Robert (1823). "Wilkinson's Atlas Classica - HispaniaAntiquaAnteaIberia". archive.org/. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
- ^ "En el siglo XI Ferrol ya se llamaba así". La Voz de Galicia (in European Spanish). 17 November 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
- ISBN 978-84-9865-092-1.
- ^ García de Salazar, Lope. Libro de las Bienandanzas e Fortunas. Parnaseo-Lemir: Universidad de Valencia. pp. 1471–1476.
- ^ Primera continuacion de los obsequios y festejos, que se hizieron à ... Doña Maria Ana, en su real jornada desde el puerto del Ferrol à esta Catolica Corte ... : publicase à 9 de Mayo 1690. [S.l.] : Sebastian de Armendariz. 1690. pp. 1–12.
- ^ a b William of Malmesbury; Henry of Huntingdon; Roger of Hoveden; Ethelwerd; Ingulf; Savile, Henry; Bishop, George; Newbery, Ralph; Barker, Robert (1596). Rervm anglicarvm scriptores post Bedam praecipvi. Londoni: excudebant G. Bishop, R. Nyberie, & R. Barker. pp. 172.
- ^ "General Guide to the City" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2010. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ de Aracil, Carlos. El Escudo de Armas de Ferrol de la Ilustración. Ferrol, Spain: Ferrol Análisis.
- ^ a b Jones, Horace Leonard (1949). The Geography Of Strabo Vol.2. pp. 7–8.
- ^ a b Jones, Horace Leonard (1949). The Geography Of Strabo Vol.2. pp. 157–159.
- ^ Montanus, Arnoldus; Ogilby, John; Middleton, John; Underwood, John (1671). America: being the latest, and most accurate description of the Nevv VVorld; : containing the original of the inhabitants, and the remarkable voyages thither. The conquest of the vast empires of Mexico and Peru, and other large provinces and territories, with the several European plantations in those parts. Also their cities, fortresses, towns, temples, mountains, and rivers. Their habits, customs, manners, and religions. Their plants, beasts, birds, and serpents. With an appendix, containing, besides several other considerable additions, a brief survey of what hath been discover'd of the unknown South-Land and the Arctick region. pp. 18–19.
- ^ Ptolemy, 2nd cent; D'Angelo, Jacopo; Germanus, Nicolaus; Schnitzer, Johann; Hol, Lienhart (1482). Cosmographia. Boston Public Library. Ulm: Lienhart Holle.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - JSTOR 40167137.
- ISSN 0375-6742.
- ^ Bitong, Anna. "In Spain, a beach made of gold?". Retrieved 9 March 2018.
- ^ a b Jones, Horace Leonard (1949). The Geography Of Strabo Vol.2.
- ^ Jones, Horace Leonard (1949). The Geography Of Strabo Vol.2. pp. 45–46.
- ^ a b c Jones, Horace Leonard (1949). The Geography Of Strabo Vol.2. pp. 69.
- ^ "ESPANA: GALICIA". Pinterest. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
- ^ Mela, Pomponius; Vadianus, Joachim; Camers, Joannes (1522). Pomponii Melae De orbis situ libri tres, : accuratissime emendati. John Carter Brown Library. Basileae, : apud Andream Cratandrum. pp. 162–163.
- ^ Jones, Horace Leonard (1949). The Geography Of Strabo Vol.2. p. 71.
- ^ Arnoldi, Joh Conrad (1718). Joh. Conrad Arnoldi, lic. Theolog. & Philosoph. Prof. publ. ordin. Gründliche und nach denen letztern Europäischen Frieden-Schlüssen neu-eingerichtete Historisch- und politische Geographie: : in welcher, nebst einer nöthigen Vorbereitung, der heutige Zustand derer Staaten, vornemlich in Europa, nach ihrer Natur, Eintheilung, Kirch- und Policey-Wesen deutlich vorgestellet, mit kurtzen Anmerckungen aus der alten und neuen Historie, auch anderer Merckwürdigkeiten erläutert, und also der politen Jugend Fleiss, in civiler Conversation und Reisen, erleichtert wird. Mit einem nützlichen und zulänglichen Register. John Carter Brown Library. Giessen: in Verlag Johann Müllers, Hoch-Fürstl. Hessen-Darmstättischen Regierungs-Buchdr. p. 172.
- ISSN 2166-2037. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
- ^ William of Malmesbury; Henry of Huntingdon; Roger of Hoveden; Ethelwerd; Ingulf; Savile, Henry; Bishop, George; Newbery, Ralph; Barker, Robert (1596). Rervm anglicarvm scriptores post Bedam praecipvi. Harold B. Lee Library. Londoni : excudebant G. Bishop, R. Nyberie, & R. Barker. pp. 174–178.
- ^ Meakin, Annette M. B. (1909). Galicia, the Switzerland of Spain. Robarts - University of Toronto. London, Methuen. pp. 15.
- ^ (Britoniensis ecclesiae episcopus) Mailoc or Maeloc was the bishop of Britonia who participated in the Second Council of Braga (572)
- ^ Atlas Of Medieval History Colin Mc Evedy ( Penguin Books) [ 1961]. p. 46. Retrieved 13 March 2018 – via archive.org.
- ^ Gallichan, Catherine Gasquoine (1912). The story of Santiago de Compostela;. Robarts - University of Toronto. London, Dent. pp. 36–37.
- ^ Meakin, Annette M. B. (1909). Galicia, the Switzerland of Spain. Robarts - University of Toronto. London, Methuen. pp. 301.
- ^ Oman, Charles William Chadwick (1898). England and the hundred years' war (1327–1485). Pratt - University of Toronto. London : Blackie. pp. 66–67.
- ^ Oman, Charles William Chadwick (1898). England and the hundred years' war (1327-1485). Pratt - University of Toronto. London : Blackie. pp. 62–65.
- ^ Oman, Charles William Chadwick (1898). England and the hundred years' war (1327–1485). Pratt - University of Toronto. London : Blackie. pp. 160–161.
- ^ Ferrol Naval 1750 Ferrol Historia - Interesting document showing the royals of Spain from 1492 till 1805: Spanish Empire
- ^ "History of Ferrol" El Ferrolano Newspaper, 10 February 1846, no.1, Front Cover: Ferrol
- ^ Blaeu, Joan (1659). Geographia Blauiana [Mapas]. Biblioteca de la Universidad de Sevilla. Amsterdam : Juan Blaeu. p. 524.
- ^ a b Meakin, Annette M. B. (1909). Galicia, the Switzerland of Spain. Robarts - University of Toronto. London, Methuen. pp. 315.
- ^ World Heritage List: El Ferrol (Submission Papers) UNESCO, 27 April 2007
- ^ Primera continuacion de los obsequios y festejos, que se hizieron à ... Doña Maria Ana, en su real jornada desde el puerto del Ferrol à esta Catolica Corte ... : publicase à 9 de Mayo 1690. [S.l.] : Sebastian de Armendariz. 1690. pp. 1–12.
- ^ Noticias ordinarias del Norte, Italia, Africa, y España : con la noticia plausible de todas, del dichosissimo arribo de la reyna nuestra señora al Puerto de Ferrol en Galicia à 26 del passado : publicadas à 4 de abril 1690. Biblioteca de la Universidad de Sevilla. [En Madrid] : por Sebastian de Armendariz, librero. 1690. pp. 109–110.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ The City and Naval Station of El Ferrol during the Reign of Charles III of Spain by the Dutch pilot Hugh Debbieg (1731–1810)
- ^ de Bry, Theodor; de Bry, Johann Theodor; de Bry, Johann Israel; Merian, Matthaeus; de Espejo, Antonio; Heyn, Piet; l'Hermite, Jacques l'; Smith, John (1630). Vierzehender Theil Americanischer Historien, : inhaltend, erstlich, warhafftige Beschreibung etlicher West-Indianischer Landen in dem Theil Americae gegen Mitternacht hinder Nova Hispania gelegen, alss New Mexico, Cibola, Cinaloa, Quiuira, vnd anderer, deren bissher in vnserm West-Indianischen Werck Theils gar nicht, theils sehr wenig gedacht worden, sampt Denckwürdigen Geschichten vnd Wunderwercken der Natur in Jucatan, Guatimala, Fonduras, vnd Panama, wie auch vom Zustandt etlicher Englischen Colonien, wie sich die in lauffendem 1630. Jahr befinden. Zum andern, eine Schiffart der Holländer vnder dem Admiral Jacob Eremiten vmb die gantze Welt, vnd was ihm auff dieser sehr langen vnd gefährlichen Reyse begegnet, alles in Form eines Jurnals oder Tagregisters fleissig verzeichnet. Zum dritten, historische Erzehlung, welcher gestalt die sehr reiche Spanische Silberflotta durch Peter Hein, General der Holländischen Armada in dem Hafen Matanza der Insul Cuba im September dess Jahrs 1628. ertapt vnd heim gebracht worden. Zum Vierdten, was massen die Statt Olinda de Fernambucco in Brasilien, sampt dem Meerport vnd dabey Ligenden Castellan, durch die Holländer vnder dem General Heinrich Cornelis Lunck erobert worden, im Monat Februario dess Jahrs 1630. Alles mit zugehörigen Tafeln vnd Kupfferstücken gezieret, verlegt vnd an Tag gegeben. Gedruckt zu Hanaw: Bey David Aubri. pp. 20–21.
- ^ Flórez, Enrique (1747). España sagrada, theatro geographico-historico de la Iglesia de España : origen... de todas sus provincias, antiguedad, traslaciones y estado antiguo y presente de sus sillas en todos los dominios de España y Portugal ... . T. I, Contiene una clave geographica, y geographia eclesiastica de los Patriarcados [Material Cartográfico]. Biblioteca de la Universidad de Sevilla. En Madrid : por Don Miguel Francisco Rodriguez. pp. 12.
- ^ "Ferrol" Britannica.com, 2009
- ^ Tofiño de San Miguel, Vicente; Mengs, Anton Raphael; Salvador Carmona, Manuel; Ballester, Joaquín; Vázquez, Bartolomé; Valdés, Antonio; Asensio, Josef (1789). Atlas marítimo de España [Material cartográfico]. Biblioteca de la Universidad de Sevilla. Madrid: [s.n.] p. 21.
- ^ McCulloch, J. R.; Martin, Frederick (1866). A dictionary, geographical, statistical, and historical : of the various countries, places, and principal natural objects in the world. London: Longmans, Green. p. 338.
- ^ a b Edinburgh encyclopaedia. Gerstein - University of Toronto. Edinburgh, Blackwood. 1830. p. 309.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ "Horatio Hornblower | Age Of Sail | Page 2". ageofsail.wordpress.com. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
- ^ Napier, W. F. P. (1814). History Of The War In The Peninsula. pp. 76.
- ^ Morse, Jedidiah; Morse, Richard C.; Converse, Sherman (1823). A new universal gazetteer, or Geographical dictionary : containing a description of the various countries, provinces, cities, towns, seas, lakes, rivers, mountains, capes, &c. in the known world. With an appendix ... accompanied with an atlas. Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute Library. New-Haven :Printed and published by S. Converse. pp. 730–731.
- ^ Morse, Jedidiah; Morse, Richard C.; Converse, Sherman (1823). A new universal gazetteer, or Geographical dictionary : containing a description of the various countries, provinces, cities, towns, seas, lakes, rivers, mountains, capes, &c. in the known world. With an appendix ... accompanied with an atlas. Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute Library. New-Haven: Printed and published by S. Converse. p. 256.
- ^ Laborde, Alexandre Louis Joseph (1809). A view of Spain; comprising a descriptive itinerary, of each province, and a general statistical account of the country. Robarts - University of Toronto. London Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme. p. 440.
- ^ Laborde, Alexandre Louis Joseph (1809). A view of Spain; comprising a descriptive itinerary, of each province, and a general statistical account of the country. Robarts - University of Toronto. London Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme. p. 487.
- ^ Busk, M. M. (1833). The history of Spain and Portugal, from B.C. 1000 to A.D. 1814. Robarts - University of Toronto. London, Baldwin. p. 258.
- ^ The 80-gun ships Neptuno (1795) and Argonauta (1796), see Enrique Garcia-Torralba Pérez, Navios de la Real Armada 1700-1860.
- ^ a b "The Armies of Europe - Spain as a War-making Power". The New York Times. 6 February 1858.
- ^ "The Armies of Europe - Spain as a War- making Power". The New York Times. 6 February 1858.
- ^ "The Armies of Europe, Spain as a War Making Power" New York Times, 6 February 1858, Page 4
- ^ "Labour Riot in Spain". South Wales Daily News. 25 September 1899. Retrieved 8 March 2018 – via newspapers.library.wales.
- ^ Lay, E.J.S. (1933). Citizenship. pp. 125–133.
- ^ "Entrance into Ferrol of the Government Troops" New York Times, 16 October 1872, Page 1
- ^ "Strike in Spain". Evening Express. 1 October 1910. Retrieved 8 March 2018 – via newspapers.library.wales.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
- ^ "Welsh Newspapers Online THE LOSS OF THE". newspapers.library.wales. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
- ^ del Castillo Sotomayor, Juan; García, Lorenzo (1690). Aclamacion panegyrica y gratulatoria al misterio incomprehensible de la Encarnacion del Verbo, en la Nave Real de Maria Santissima y al Arribo felicissimo de la Reyna nuestra Señora Doña Mariana de Neoburg, el mismo dia de la Encarnacion, en el Puerto dichosissimo de el Ferrol... : predicado en el Real Convento de las Señoras Descalças de esta Corte, el dia tres de Abril de este presente año. Sevilla. pp. 12.
- ^ "Cleopatras Needle, The Embankment, London". Historic UK. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
- ^ "Welsh Newspapers Online CLEOPATRA'S NEEDLE DETAINED THROUGH A QUESTION OF SALVAGE.|1877-11-02|Monmouthshire Merlin - Welsh Newspapers Online". newspapers.library.wales. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
- ^ "Great Activity at Ferrol" New York Times, 11 June 1898, Page 1
- ^ The launch of "Cardenal Cisneros" the first "Pre-dreadnought battleship" built in Ferrol, Spain (1897) "The Ferrol and the Galician-rias commercial-role with North, South and Central America":El Correo Gallego (Spanish Newspaper) 19 March 1897 by Jose R. de Trujillo, Spanish Royal Navy Commander (in Spanish)
- ^ "Welsh Newspapers Online THE WAR.'|1898-04-30|Evening Express - Welsh Newspapers Online". newspapers.library.wales. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
- ^ Peydró, Vicente; Caballero y Martínez, Ricardo (1896). España en Cuba : episodio lírico-dramática en un acto, original y en verso. Ferrol: Impr. de R. Pita.
- ^ Meakin, Annette M. B. (1909). Galicia, the Switzerland of Spain. Robarts - University of Toronto. london: London, Methuen. pp. 22.
- ^ a b "Vickers, Sons and Maxim". www.gracesguide.co.uk. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
- ISBN 978-0-87417-269-0.
- ^ "Welsh Newspapers Online I BRITAIN AND SPAIN'S NAVY.I|1908-05-25|Evening Express - Welsh Newspapers Online". newspapers.library.wales. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
- ^ "SPANISH NAVY: Huge Contract in British Hands" Manchester Guardian, 1 February 1909, Page 12
- ^ "Welsh Newspapers Online SPAIN'S NEW NAVYII|1909-05-26|Evening Express - Welsh Newspapers Online". newspapers.library.wales. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
- ^ Vistas y curiosidades sobre la historia de El Ferrol y España Amazing Charley Inc.
- ^ "British Vice-Consulate at Ferrol" General Correspondence FO 63/1041, The National Archives
- ^ "British Vice-Consulate at Ferrol" General Correspondence FO 72/1689, The National Archives
- ^ "British Sending Troops" New York Times, 22 July 1936, Page 3
- ^ Shipbuilding Ferrol Historia - Shipbuilding crisis aftefr the arrival of democracy in Spain
- ^ Spanish shipyard resists that sinking feeling[permanent dead link] Financial Times, 19 October 1984
- ^ Fridtjof Nansen class frigates during one of the final stages for completion in Ferrol Ferrol Historia
- ^ Views of the new outer-port of Ferrol, an intermodal freight transport port design to suit the new needs Ferrol Historis
- ^ "Welsh Newspapers Online SPANISH NAVAL DEMONSTRATION, I|1895-08-07|South Wales Echo - Welsh Newspapers Online". newspapers.library.wales. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
- ^ "DYNAMIC MONARCH 17". Flickr. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
- ^ NATO Maritime Exercise Loyal Mariner (RN) Archived 23 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Renfe duplica su oferta diurna a Galicia y estrena un Alvia Ferrol-Lugo-Madrid - Galicia Ártabra Digital". Galicia Ártabra Digital (in European Spanish). Retrieved 24 March 2018.
- ^ "La obra del tren a Caneliñas se pone en marcha". La Voz de Galicia (in European Spanish). 22 September 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
- ^ McCulloch, J. R.; Martin, Frederick (1866). A dictionary, geographical, statistical, and historical : of the various countries, places, and principal natural objects in the world. London: Longmans, Green. p. 338.
- ^ "CIS Ferrol". Archived from the original on 24 June 2013.
- ^ This is a very special day because Saint Julian[dubious ] is the patron saint of Ferrol. On this day all the locals enjoy having a gorgeous traditional sweet rice pudding following a local recipe as they have been doing for so long that nobody can tell for sure when this ancient tradition really started.
- ^ Also known as "O'Antroido" in Galician.
- ^ On Saint Josephine's Night all the men of Ferrol take to the streets with their guitars and other musical instruments, wearing traditional gear design for purpose, to sing beautiful songs to every woman young and old, particularly those with the name Josephine or “Peppa” (which means Josephine in Spanish, hence “Noche de la Pepitas”, literally “Night of the young Peppas”).
- Spanish Governmentin 1996. (in Spanish) Official website of one of the organisers “Cofradias de Dolores”
- Holy Virgin Mary at mount Chamorro where a shrine was built by the Andrade family about a century earlier than the discovery of the Americas by Christopher Columbusin 1492.
- ^ The best known one is organised by FIMO and is known as "Equiocio" (in English) Official website of Turgalicia about EQUIOCIO
- Ferrolterra, following an ancient Christian tradition, celebrate and rejoice plentiful in style, covering the main streetsof their city centres with colourful flowery carpets.
- Ferrolterrawith the lighting of bonfires.
- “Corpus Christi” carpets fashion, others are more inclined to organize a small sea or land processionif not a food party.
- Celtic rootsinvolving food, music and horses. This is a “Rapa das Bestas” where the newly born horses are marked and have their hair cut as the major part of the event. Of course, the whole event and festivity is open to all visitors.
- ^ Usually involves different activities like theatrical performances, rock concerts, fireworks and all sorts of organized entertainment.
- Napoléon a few years later. And this was exactly what happened. (in Spanish) Website of the voluntaries from Madrid 1808–1814
- ^ Also known as the fireworks of the Marquis of Amboage.
- ^ "Ata da reunião número 5/18 do executivorealizada no dia 6 de março de 2018" (PDF). cm-agueda.pt (in Portuguese). Águeda. 28 February 2018. p. 3. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
- ^ "Ferrol y Mondoñedo harán oficial su hermanamiento el 18 de octubre" (in Spanish). La Voz de Galicia. 4 August 2004. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
- ^ "Los alcaldes de Ferrol y Lugo ven en 2015 un año de oportunidades para el naval" (in Spanish). Diario de Ferrol. 8 January 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
- ^ "Geminações". cm-viladoconde.pt (in Portuguese). Vila do Conde. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
External links
- Official website (in Spanish and Galician)
- Green Tourism in Northern Spain 2005
- Site devoted to the art of landscape and nature of Ferrolterra (in Spanish)
- When I Was a Child in Ferrol, Spain (1953–65)