Ficus Ruminalis
The Ficus Ruminalis was a wild
Name
The wild fig tree was thought to be the male, wild counterpart of the cultivated fig, which was female. In some Roman sources, the wild fig is caprificus, literally "goat fig". The fruit of the fig tree is pendulous, and the tree exudes a milky sap if cut. Rumina and Ruminalis ("of Rumina") were connected by some Romans to rumis or ruma, "teat, breast," but some modern linguists think it is more likely related to the names Roma and Romulus, which may be based on rumon, perhaps a word for "river" or an archaic name for the Tiber.[5]
Legend
The tree is associated with the legend of
History
A statue of the she-wolf was supposed to have stood next to the Ficus Ruminalis. In 296 BC, the
The Augustan historian Livy says that the tree still stood in his day,[10] but his younger contemporary Ovid observes only vestigia, "traces,"[11] perhaps the stump.[12] A textually problematic passage in Pliny[13] seems to suggest that the tree was miraculously transplanted by the augur Attus Navius to the Comitium. This fig tree, however, was the Ficus Navia, so called for the augur. Tacitus refers to the Ficus Navia as the Arbor Ruminalis, an identification that suggests it had replaced the original Ficus Ruminalis, either symbolically after the older tree's demise, or literally, having been cultivated as an offshoot. The Ficus Navia grew from a spot that had been struck by lightning and was thus regarded as sacred.[14] Pliny's obscure reference may be to the statue of Attus Navius in front of the Curia Hostilia:[15] he stood with his lituus raised in an attitude that connected the Ficus Navia and the accompanying representation of the she-wolf to the Ficus Ruminalis, "as if" the tree had crossed from one space to the other.[16] When the Ficus Navia drooped, it was taken as a bad omen for Rome. When it died, it was replaced.[17] In 58 AD, it withered, but then revived and put forth new shoots.[18]
In the archaeology of the Comitium, several irregular stone-lined shafts in rows, dating from
See also
- Sacred fig
- Caprotinia
References
- ^ Livy, I.4
- 332–333 (edition of Lindsay).
- ^ Lawrence Richardson, A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), p. 151.
- De Civitate Dei 7.11, as cited by Arthur Bernard Cook, "The European Sky-God, III: The Italians," Folklore 16.3 (1905), p. 301.
- ^ Richardson, Topographical Dictionary, p. 151.
- ^ Livy, I.4
- 332–333 (edition of Lindsay).
- ^ Livy 10.23.12; Dionysius of Halicarnassus 1.79.8.
- ^ Richardson, Topographical Dictionary, p. 151.
- ^ Livy 1.4: ubi nunc ficus Ruminalis est.
- ^ Ovid, Fasti 2.411.
- ^ Richardson, Topographical Dictionary, p. 151.
- ^ Pliny, Natural History 15.77.
- ^ Richardson, Topographical Dictionary, p. 150.
- ^ Festus 168–170 (Lindsay); Dionysius of Halicarnassus 3.71.5.
- ^ Richardson, Topographical Dictionary, pp. 150–151.
- ^ Pliny, Natural History 15.77.
- ^ Tacitus, Annales 13.58.
- ^ Rabun Taylor, "Roman Oscilla: An Assessment," in RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics 48 (2005), pp. 91–92. Taylor conjectures that oscilla were hung from such trees.