Fidel V. Ramos
Corazon Cojuangco-Aquino | |
---|---|
Preceded by | Victor Natividad |
Succeeded by | Renato de Villa |
Personal details | |
Born | Fidel Valdez Ramos March 18, 1928 Lingayen, Pangasinan, Philippines[a] |
Died | July 31, 2022 Makati, Philippines | (aged 94)
Resting place | Libingan ng mga Bayani Taguig, Philippines |
Political party | Lakas–CMD (1991–2022) |
Other political affiliations | LDP (1991) |
Spouse |
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (MS) National Defense College of the Philippines (MNSA) Ateneo de Manila University (MBA) |
Occupation | Politician |
Profession | Soldier Civil Engineer |
Signature | |
Website | Official website Foundation website Office of the PresidentArchived |
Military service | |
Allegiance | Philippines |
Branch/service | |
Years of service | 1950–1988 |
Rank | General |
Commands | See list
|
Battles/wars |
|
Awards | See list
|
Fidel Valdez Ramos
Ramos rose through the ranks in the Philippine military early in his career and became Chief of the
Early life and education
Fidel Valdez Ramos was born on March 18, 1928, in
He received elementary education in a Lingayen public school. Ramos began secondary education at the
Marriage
Ramos married Amelita Martinez on October 21, 1954, at the Central Church (now known as Central United Methodist Church) in Ermita, Manila.[8] They started as friends while they were classmates at the UP High School and neighbors at Padre Faura Street in Manila.[9] Together, they had five daughters: Angelita Ramos-Jones, Josephine Ramos-Samartino, Carolina Ramos-Sembrano, Cristina Ramos-Jalasco, and Gloria Ramos.[4][5] They also have five grandsons and three granddaughters.[10]
Military career
Early career
Ramos went to the United States Military Academy at
During his stint at the
Ramos received several military awards including the
Korean War service
Ramos was a member of the Philippines' 20th Battalion Combat Team of the Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea (PEFTOK) that fought in the Korean War. He was an Infantry Reconnaissance Platoon Leader.[5] Ramos was one of the heroes of the Battle of Hill Eerie,[12] where he led his platoon to sabotage the enemy in Hill Eerie.[13]
Vietnam War service
Ramos was also in the Vietnam War as a non-combat civil military engineer and Chief of Staff of the Philippine Civic Action Group (PHILCAG).[5] It was during this assignment where he forged his lifelong friendship with his junior officer Maj. Jose T. Almonte, who went on to become his National Security Advisor during his administration from 1992 to 1998.
Martial Law under Ferdinand Marcos
Implementation of Martial Law
In January 1972, Ramos was appointed head of the Philippine Constabulary, then a major service branch of the Armed Forces of the Philippines,[14] which functioned as the country's national police. He served at this post at the time Ferdinand Marcos imposed Martial Law[5] on September 21, 1972,
In 1975, all civic and municipal police forces in the country were integrated by decree, and it became known as the
Last years of the Marcos administration
Martial Law was formally lifted nine years later on January 17, 1981, but Marcos retained absolute powers. Due to his accomplishments, Ramos was one of the candidates for the position of Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines in 1981, as replacement to the retiring General Romeo Espino who was the nation's longest serving chief of staff. Ramos lost to General Fabian Ver a graduate of the University of the Philippines, whom Marcos appointed to the top military post. Instead Ramos, a cousin of Marcos was named AFP Vice-Chief of staff in 1982, and promoted to the rank of three-star general.
On May 12, 1983, a new unit in the former Philippine Constabulary was organized to deal with so-called "terrorist-related" crimes, and named as the Philippine Constabulary Special Action Force[15] as a requirement of General Order 323 of Philippine Constabulary Headquarters. Fidel Ramos and Gen. Renato de Villa were the founders of the unit. De Villa tasked Rosendo Ferrer and Sonny Razon to organize a Special Action Force.[16] Subsequently, a training program called the SAF Ranger Course, was used to train the 1st generation of SAF troopers, which numbered 149.[17] Of that number, 26 were commissioned officers while the rest were enlisted personnel recruited from a wide range of PC units such as the defunct PC Brigade, the Long Range Patrol Battalion (LRP), the K-9 Support Company, PC Special Organized Group, the Light Reaction Unit (LRU) of PC METROCOM, the Constabulary Off-shore Action Command (COSAC), and other PC Units.[17] Later on, they changed the name of the course to the SAF Commando Course.[17]
On August 8, 1983, during a speech in Camp Crame to commemorate Philippine Constabulary Day, Marcos announced his removal of Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile from the chain of command, and the creation of a new arrangement with himself as Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces replacing AFP Chief of Staff Gen. Fabian Ver. Marcos also removed the operational control of the Integrated National Police from the Philippine Constabulary under Gen. Ramos and transferred it under the direct control of Gen. Ver; the Constabulary then had only administrative supervision over the INP.
Role in the EDSA Revolution
On February 22, 1986, Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile protested alleged fraud committed by Marcos in the
Combat record
When belittled by the press regarding his combat record, Ramos responded with trademark sarcasm (July 31, 1987):
I fought the
Viet-Congwill eat us up. Of course, we were physically there as non-combat troops. But you try to be a non-combat troop in a combat area – that is the toughest kind of assignment.Korea – as a Recon platoon leader. What is the job of a recon leader? To recon the front line – no man's land. And what did we do? I had to
Sulu. And then, during the previous regime, Marawiincident. Who was sent there? Ramos. We defended the camp, being besieged by 400 rebels.So next time, look at the man's record, don't just write and write. You said, no combat experience, no combat experience. Look around you who comes from the platoon, who rose to battalion staff, company commander, group commander, which is like a battalion,
brigade commander, here and abroad. Abroad, I never had an abroad assignment that was not combat. NO SOFT JOBS FOR RAMOS. Thirty-seven years in the Armed Forces. REMEMBER THAT. You're only writing about the fringe, but do not allow yourself to destroy the armed forces by those guys. You write about the majority of the Armed Forces who are on the job.That's why we're here enjoying our freedom, ladies and gentlemen. You are here. If the majority of the Armed Forces did not do their job, I doubt very much if you'd all be here.[excessive quote][19]
Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces and Secretary of National Defense
After Corazon Aquino assumed the Presidency, she appointed Ramos as Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (1986–1988), and later
During this time, Ramos personally handled the military operations that crushed
1992 presidential election
In December 1991, Ramos declared his candidacy for president. However, he lost the nomination of the then-dominant party
He won the seven-way race on May 11, 1992, narrowly defeating popular Agrarian Reform Secretary Miriam Defensor Santiago. His running mate, Governor Osmeña, lost to Senator Joseph Estrada as vice president. Despite winning, he garnered only 23.58% of the vote, the lowest plurality in the country's history. The election results were marred by allegations of fraud as Santiago was leading the race for the first five days of counting but became second after a nationwide energy black-out, putting Ramos in first place. International media were already calling Santiago as the president-elect but withdrew their declarations because of the sudden change in positions in the vote tally. Santiago filed an electoral protest, but it was eventually junked by the Supreme Court. The quote, "Miriam won in the elections, but lost in the counting" became popular nationwide.[21]
De los Santos alleged that Libyan leader
Presidency (1992–1998)
Presidential styles of Fidel V. Ramos | |
---|---|
His Excellency | |
Spoken style | Your Excellency |
Alternative style | Mr. President |
At the time of his accession in 1992, he was the first and only
The first three years of his administration were characterized by an economic boom, technological development, political stability, and efficient delivery of basic needs to the people. He advocated party platforms as an outline and agenda for governance. He was the first
Domestic policies
Philippines 2000
Ramos' policies were organized around a socio-economic program dubbed "Philippines 2000",[25] which envisioned the Philippines achieving a newly industrialized country status by the year 2000 and beyond.
The five points of the program were:
- Peace and Stability
- Economic Growth and Sustainable Development
- Energy and Power Generation
- Environmental Protection
- Streamlined Bureaucracy
Peace with armed groups
This section needs expansion with: more details about other armed groups and of the work of the National Unification Commission. You can help by adding to it. (August 2022) |
Contrary to expectations as a former military general, Ramos made peace with the country's various armed rebel groups, kickstarting the process by creating a National Unification Commission (NUC) and appointing Haydee Yorac to be its chair.[26]
Upon the recommendation of the NUC, Ramos eventually decided to grant amnesty to the rebel military officers of the Reform the Armed Forces Movement (RAM) led by Col. Gregorio "Gringo" Honasan and Capt. Proceso Maligalig.[contradictory]
Ramos was instrumental in the signing of the final peace agreement between the government and the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) led by Nur Misuari in 1996.
Although he battled Communist rebels as a young lieutenant in the 1950s, Ramos signed into law the
Economic reforms
Population | |
---|---|
1992 | 63.82 million |
Gross Domestic Product (constant 1985 prices) | |
1992 | Ph₱ 718,941 million |
1997 | Ph₱ 893,151 million |
Growth rate, 1992–1998 average | 4.9% |
Per capita income (constant 1985 prices) | |
1992 | Ph₱ 11,265 |
1997 | Ph₱ 12,147 |
Total exports | |
1992 | Ph₱ 250,610 million |
1997 | Ph₱ 743,469 million |
Exchange rates | |
1 US$ = Ph₱ 29.47 1 Ph₱ = US$ 0.034 | |
Sources: FIDEL V. RAMOS [4] |
During his administration, Ramos began implementing economic reforms intended to open up the once-closed national economy, encourage private enterprise, invite more foreign and domestic investment, and reduce corruption. Ramos ended the government’s monopoly over the skies and opened aviation to new players.
Under his administration, the Philippines enjoyed economic growth and stability. The Philippine Stock Exchange in the mid-1990s was one of the best in the world and his visions of 'Philippines 2000' that led the country into a newly industrialized country in the world and the "Tiger Cub Economy in Asia".[32]
Power crisis
At the start of Ramos' tenure, the Philippines was experiencing widespread
Ramos personally pushed for the speedy approval of some of the most expensive power deals, and justified signing more contracts despite warnings from within the government and the World Bank that an impending oversupply of electricity could push up prices, a situation that persists in the Philippines up to the present. Individuals linked to Ramos lobbied for the approval of some of the contracts for independent power producers (IPPs), which came with numerous other deals, including lucrative legal, technical, and financial consultancies that were given to individuals and companies close to him. Among the deals tied to IPP projects were insurance contracts in which companies made millions of dollars in commissions alone. All the IPP contracts came with attractive incentives and guarantees. Every contract was designed to give IPP creditors some degree of comfort in financing ventures that would usually involve huge capital and risks. Most IPPs were funded by foreign loans secured with a form of government guarantee or performance undertaking, which meant that the Philippine government would pay for the loans if the IPPs defaulted. The Ramos government continued signing IPP contracts even after the end of 1993 when the power crisis was considered solved. The World Bank came up with a report in 1994 warning that power rates would rise if the government continued to enter into more IPP contracts that would mean excess power. The World Bank questioned the ambitious projections of the government on economic growth and power demand from 1994 to 1998. It also warned that the power generated by private utilities' IPPs could duplicate those of the National Power Corporation and create an overcapacity. The World Bank said that the factors created considerable uncertainty in power demand, like substantial overcapacity, particularly under take-or-pay conditions and would require considerable tariff increases that would be unpopular with the public.[33]
Death penalty
While campaigning for the presidency, Ramos declared his support for reinstating the death penalty. Capital punishment was abolished for all crimes in 1987, making the Philippines the first Asian country to do so. In 1996, Ramos signed a bill that returned capital punishment with the electric chair (method used from 1923 to 1976, making Philippines the only country to do so outside U.S.) "until the gas chamber could be installed".[34] However, no one was electrocuted or gassed, because the previously used chair was destroyed earlier in a fire and the Philippines adopted the method of lethal injection. After his presidency, some people were put to death by this means, until the death penalty was abolished again in 2006.
Foreign policies
Spratly Islands
In early 1995, the Philippines discovered a primitive PRC military structure on Mischief Reef in the Spratly Islands, one hundred and thirty nautical miles off the coast of Palawan. The Philippine government issued a formal protest over the PRC's occupation of the reef and the Philippine Navy arrested sixty-two Chinese fishermen at Half Moon Shoal, eighty kilometers from Palawan. A week later, following confirmation from surveillance pictures that the structures were of military design, President Fidel Ramos had the military forces in the region strengthened. He ordered the Philippine Air Force to dispatch five F-5 fighters backed by four jet trainers and two helicopters, while the navy sent two additional ships. The People's Republic of China had claimed that the structures were shelters for fishermen but these small incidents could have triggered a war in the South China Sea.
Migrant workers protection
A perceived weakness[
As recommended by the Gancayco Commission, Ramos facilitated the enactment of Republic Act No. 8042, better known as the "Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995", which was signed into law on June 7, 1995.[35] Learning from the lessons of the Contemplación case, Ramos immediately ordered Philippines Ambassador to the UAE Roy Señeres to facilitate negotiations after learning of the death penalty verdict of Sarah Balabagan in September 1995. Balabagan's sentence was reduced and she was released in August 1996. After tensions cooled off, Ramos restored diplomatic relations with Singapore after meeting Goh Chok Tong on the sidelines during the 50th anniversary of the United Nations in New York City.
Asian Financial Crisis of 1997
The
Clark Centennial Expo Scandal
Supposedly, one of his notable contributions to the Philippines was the revival of nationalistic spirit by embarking on a massive promotion campaign for the centennial of Philippine Independence celebrated on June 12, 1998. However, charges of alleged massive corruption or misuse of funds blemished the resulting programs and various projects, one of which was the Centennial Expo and Amphitheater at the former Clark Air Base in Angeles City, supposedly Ramos's pet project. The commemorative projects, particularly those undertaken at Clark, were hounded by illegal electioneering and corruption controversies even years after the Centennial celebrations. Clark Air Base at that point was already completely free of American interference and therefore conceived as a suitable venue for Independence Day. In 1992, all American military bases were transferred to Philippine control after the Senate rejected the military bases agreement with the United States
Later on it was revealed through a special report by the Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism (PCIJ) that the projects relating to the Expo site not only revealed the extravagance and inefficiency of the administration, but also served as a convenient vehicle to affect election fund-raising for the LAKAS political party of Ramos, which came at the expense of tax-payers and was in direct violation of the Election Code. The Centennial Expo Pilipino project, intended to be the centerpiece for celebrating the 100th anniversary of the country's independence from Spain, also earned extensive criticism for being an expensive white elephant project that disadvantaged the government at the cost of P9 billion, or 1.7 percent of the country's 1998 national budget.[37] Six ranking Ramos cabinet members and officials, headed by Salvador Laurel (former vice-president), chairman of the Centennial Commission, were cleared by the Ombudsman and the Sandiganbayan. Ramos appeared before a Congressional Committee in October 1998 to help exonerate said officials of any wrongdoing.
Charter change
During his final years in office, Ramos tried to amend the country's
Administration and cabinet
Post-presidency (1998–2022)
Activities
EDSA II
In January 2001, Ramos was instrumental in the success of the so-called
Estrada was later acquitted of
Ramos was Chairman Emeritus of the Lakas CMD (Christian-Muslim Democrats) Party, formerly known as Lakas NUCD-UMDP or the Partido Lakas Tao-National Union of Christian Democrats-Union of Muslim Democrats of the Philippines.
At the height of the
Advocacies
This section needs additional citations for verification. (August 2022) |
Ramos also unveiled his proposals for constitutional change of the country. Citing the need to be more economically competitive in the midst of globalization and the need to improve governance for all Filipinos, Ramos suggested that government should start the process of Charter Change with a set deadline in 2007 (by which time the new charter and new government would take effect). Ramos supported the transformation of the country's political system from the Philippine presidential-bicameral-system into a unicameral parliament in transition to a federal form.
Ramos represented the Philippines in the
He served as the
Ramos was also a firm backer of the proposed Philippine
Ramos was a member of the Global Leadership Foundation, an organization which works to support democratic leadership, prevent and resolve conflict through mediation and promote good governance in the form of democratic institutions, open markets, human rights and the rule of law. It does so by making available, discreetly and in confidence, the experience of former leaders to today's national leaders. It is a not-for-profit organization composed of former heads of government, senior governmental and international organization officials who work closely with Heads of Government on governance-related issues of concern to them.
Ramos Peace and Development Foundation
After his presidency, Ramos founded the Ramos Foundation for Peace and Development (RPDEV) with offices located in the Urban Bank Building (now ExportBank Plaza) in Makati. The foundation is a non-partisan, nonprofit, non-stock organization dedicated to promoting peace and development in the Philippines and the larger Asia-Pacific region. RPDEV supports Philippine national interests and people empowerment. Operating as a network of individuals and institutions inside and outside the country, it is meant to serve as a catalyst for constructive change, a medium for fostering unity, stability, and progress, and a force for mutual understanding.[44]
Philippine Envoy to China
President-elect Rodrigo Duterte revealed in June 2016 that Ramos was the one who pushed him to run for office so that 'Mindanao will finally have a Filipino president'. On July 23, 2016, Ramos was appointed by President Duterte as the Philippine Envoy to China to strengthen bilateral ties again after a much-heated diplomatic war over the South China Sea.
On November 1, 2016, however, Ramos, stating that he miscalculated the possibilities and effects of a Duterte presidency, sent his resignation due to
After stepping down, while he continued to show support to President Rodrigo Duterte, he had been vocal in raising concerns and criticisms to his administration. In February 2017, Ramos raised his concern about impunity and unilateralism amidst the drug war.[47] In May 2017, Ramos criticized government officials who went with Duterte to Russia, claiming they turned the President's official visit into a "junket", which the Palace later denied.[48] In September 2017, Ramos said the Philippines continued to "lose badly" under the Duterte administration.[49] Despite his criticisms, Duterte still saw him as his "number one supporter" and at the same time his "number one critic", and even called him his "everything."[50][51][52]
COVID-19 pandemic
During the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines, he stayed under strict home quarantine and kept himself updated of the latest news including the pandemic.[53][54] On June 25, 2021, he completed his COVID-19 vaccination by receiving his second dose in Ayala Alabang, Muntinlupa.[55]
On March 18, 2022, on Ramos' 94th birthday, the Fidel V. Ramos Presidential Library was launched online.[44] It became the first and so far the only online presidential library in the Philippines.[56] It was later revealed that Ramos was already ill at this time, and was unable to take on visitors.[57]
2022 elections
During the
Death
Ramos died on July 31, 2022, at the age of 94, at Makati Medical Center. His family announced his passing in a statement on Sunday, stating he died of complications from COVID-19, according to the radio station DZRH.[60] His family confirmed that he suffered from a heart condition.[61] At the time of his death, he was the oldest living Philippine president.
President Bongbong Marcos declared July 31 to August 9 as "national days of mourning", whereas all national flags are "flown at half-mast from sunrise to sunset" as a sign of mourning.[62] As per prevailing policies about COVID-19-related deaths in the country, Ramos' remains were cremated, making him the second Philippine president to have been cremated before initial burial after former President Benigno Aquino III in June 2021. His wake was held on August 4–8 at The Chapels at Heritage Park in Taguig.[63] On August 9, he was accorded a state funeral, which was the first for a former Philippine president since Diosdado Macapagal in 1997,[64] and his remains were inurned at the Libingan ng mga Bayani near former presidents Macapagal, Carlos P. Garcia, Elpidio Quirino and Ferdinand Marcos Sr.[10][65]
Approval ratings
Date | Rating |
---|---|
Sep 1992 | +66 |
Dec 1992 | +60 |
Apr 1993 | +66 |
Jul 1993 | +69 |
Sep 1993 | +62 |
Dec 1993 | +65 |
Apr 1994 | +67 |
Aug 1994 | +55 |
Nov 1994 | +49 |
Dec 1994 | +50 |
Mar 1995 | +24 |
Jun 1995 | +26 |
Oct 1995 | +1 |
Dec 1995 | +2 |
Apr 1996 | +17 |
Jun 1996 | +19 |
Sep 1996 | +21 |
Dec 1996 | +24 |
Apr 1997 | +50 |
Jun 1997 | +49 |
Sep 1997 | +35 |
Dec 1997 | +40 |
Jan 1998 | +13 |
Feb 1998 | +20 |
Mar 1998 | +15 |
Mar–Apr 1998 | +30 |
Apr 1998 | +19 |
Average | +38 |
Honors and decorations
This section needs additional citations for verification. (August 2022) |
National Honors
- : Commander of the Philippine Legion of Honor, Second Bronze Anahaw Leaf (March 18, 1988)
- : Commander of the Philippine Legion of Honor, Third Bronze Anahaw Leaf (July 19, 1991)
- Order of the Knights of Rizal.[67]
- Rizal Pro Patria Award (June 22, 1993)
Military Medals (Philippines)
- : Military Merit Medal with Spearhead (May 23, 1952)
- : Distinguished Service Star (May 20, 1966)
- : Distinguished Service Star, First Bronze Anahaw Leaf (December 20, 1967)
- : Military Commendation Medal (May 31, 1968)
- : Distinguished Service Star, First Silver Anahaw Leaf (August 3, 1981)
- : Outstanding Achievement Medal (July 29, 1983)
- : Distinguished Conduct Star (January 14, 1991)
- : AFP Long Service Medal
- Korean Campaign Medal
- Vietnam Service Medal
- Disaster Relief & Rehabilitation Operation Ribbon
Military Medals (Foreign)
- : Cheonsu Medal, Order of National Security Merit (South Korea)
- United Nations Service Medal(United Nations)
- : Commander, Legion of Merit (United States)
Foreign Honors
- Brunei:
- Chile:
- Order of the Merit of Chile
- France:
- Grand Cross of the Order of Legion of Honour
- Indonesia:
- Malaysia:
- Honorary Recipient of the Order of the Crown of the Realm (1995)[68]
- Pakistan:
- Nishan-e-Pakistan (March 8, 1997)
- Peru:
- Grand Cross of the Order of the Sun of Peru (1994)[69]
- Spain:
- Collar of the Order of Civil Merit (September 2, 1994)[70]
- Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (March 24, 1995)[71]
- Collar of the Order of Charles III (January 30, 1998)[72]
- South Korea:
- Thailand:
- Knight Grand Cordon of The Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant (January 29, 1997)
- United Kingdom:
- Order of St. Michael and St. George(1995)
Military medal
- United Nations Korea Medal
- : Vietnam Service Medal (U.S.)
- : Korean Service Medal (U.S.)
- : Legion of Merit (August 1, 1990)
International organizations
- Bronze Wolf Award (July 28, 1993)
Notes
- ^ The Philippines was a unincorporated territory of the United States known as the Philippine Islands at the time of Ramos's birth.
References
- ^ "BOE.es – * Índice por secciones del día 01/04/1995". Retrieved November 2, 2016.
- ISBN 9789712334498– via Google Books.
- ^ "Fidel V. Ramos | Presidential Museum and Library". Archived from the original on March 23, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2013.
- ^ a b c d e "Fidel V. Ramos". GOVPH. Archived from the original on March 23, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Resumé of Fidel Valdez Ramos". Ramos Peace and Development Foundation. Retrieved March 3, 2016.
- ^ "Inauguration of Fidel V. Ramos as President of the Republic of the Philippines" (PDF). Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
- ^ "Fidel V. Ramos". Department of National Defense. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved March 3, 2016.
- ^ Ramirez, Joanne Rae (November 1, 2019). "Here comes the bride". The Philippine Star. Retrieved August 4, 2022.
- ^ "FVR and Ming Ramos: An enduring love story". Manila Standard. September 8, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2024.
- ^ a b Bajo, Anna Felicia (August 9, 2022). "Ex-President Fidel V. Ramos laid to rest". GMA News. Retrieved August 9, 2022.
- ^ "Fidel Ramos". Philippine Sentinel. Archived from the original on July 17, 2021. Retrieved July 17, 2021.
- ^ Villasanta, Art (2000). "Philippine Expeditionary Force to Korea (1950–1955): 20th Battalion Combat Team". Geocities. Archived from the original on October 22, 2009. Retrieved July 19, 2009.
- ^ Pʻyŏnchʻan Wiwŏnhoe, Chŏnsa (December 20, 1977). "The Philippine Force". In Yu Man Kap; Park Chan Sul; Kim Chong Ku (eds.). The History of the United Nations Forces in the Korean War. Vol. VI. Seoul, Korea: Ministry of National Defense (Republic of Korea). pp. 319–320.
- ^ Report of an Amnesty International Mission to the Republic of the Philippines, 11 – 28 Nov 1981 (PDF). Amnesty International. 1982. pp. 20–21.
- ^ "Performance Highlights". Philippine National Police. March 2, 2007. Archived from the original on April 12, 2009. Retrieved June 30, 2009.
- ^ "Elite Special Action Force (Saf) Deployed In Makati City". Philippine Headline News Online. Newsflash.org. Archived from the original on March 4, 2020. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
- ^ a b c "About Special Action Force". Philippine National Police. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved June 30, 2009.
- ^ Gonzales, Yuji Vincent (February 24, 2016). "What Ramos wants to tell millennials 30 years after Edsa revolt". INQUIRER.net. Archived from the original on February 25, 2016. Retrieved August 3, 2022.
- ISBN 971-27-0127-1.
- ^ Drogin, Bob (March 20, 1993). "REBELLION : Forgiving the Enemy in Manila : President's efforts to neutralize Philippine rebels give him much-needed boost". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved August 18, 2022.
- ^ Dorgin, Bob (May 16, 1992). "Philippines Candidate Calls for Voter Protests : Election: Charging fraud, Santiago urges her supporters to take to the streets. But an opponent warns of civil war". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
- ^ "Wikileaks:Ramos got P5M campaign contribution from Gaddafy". VERA Files. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
- ^ Romero, Paolo (September 7, 2011). "Ramos Denies Libyan Campaign Contributions". The Philippine Star.
- ^ "Fidel Ramos".
- ^ Canlas, Dante (May 16, 2011). Political Governance, Economic Policy Reforms, and Aid Effectiveness: The Case of the Philippines with Lessons from the Ramos Administration (PDF) (Thesis). National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies.
- ^ Arguillas, Carolyn O. (August 15, 2022). "President Fidel V. Ramos: the retired general who negotiated peace put Mindanao on the Philippine map of priorities". MindaNews. Retrieved August 18, 2022.
- ^ Republic Act No. 7636 (September 22, 1992), An Act repealing Republic Act numbered one thousand seven hundred, as amended, otherwise known as the Anti-Subversion Act, retrieved August 1, 2022
- ^ Presidential Decree No. 1835, s. 1981 (January 16, 1981), Codifying the various laws on anti-subversion and increasing the penalties for membership in subversive organizations, retrieved August 1, 2022
- ^ "Moves to revive the Anti-Subversion Law". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on August 6, 2012. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
- ^ Quimpo, Nathan Gilbert (2006). "The Use of Human Rights for the Protraction of War". Kasarinlan: Philippine Journal of Third World Studies. 21 (1). University of the Philippines Diliman: 35. Archived from the original on October 25, 2015. Retrieved October 4, 2023.
- ^ "The president who freed the skies". Inquirer. August 3, 2022. Retrieved May 13, 2023.
- ^ Gregorio F. Zaide; Sonia M. Zaide (2004), Philippine History and Government, Sixth Edition, All-Nations Publishing Co. (Quezon City), p. 180
- ^ "Rimban, Luz and Samonte-Pesayco, Sheila. Trail of Power Mess Leads to Ramos. (August 5–8, 2002)". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 4, 2014.
- ^ "BBC NEWS – Programmes – From Our Own Correspondent – Philippines 'restores' death penalty". December 21, 2003. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
- ^ Republic Act No. 8042 (June 7, 1995), Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995 (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on June 18, 2021, retrieved October 4, 2023
- ^ Tuaño, Philip Arnold P. (January 2002). "The Effects of the Asian Financial Crisis on the Philippines Labor Market" (PDF). Regional Project on the Social Impact of the Asian Financial Crisis. East Asian Development Network. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 22, 2007. Retrieved July 19, 2009.
- ^ Centennial Expo: Convenient Cover for Election Fundraising." http://www.pcij.org/stories/1999/expo.html Archived July 25, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Manila Journal; People Power 2: A Sleeping Giant Is Awakened." The New York Times (September 22, 1997). Retrieved on August 24, 2008
- ^ Quismoro, Elison (August 2, 2022). "'I owe much to FVR': Arroyo gives poignant tribute to Ramos". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved August 9, 2022.
- TV5News)
- PMID 12345705.
- ^ http://www.forum4fp.org/html/who-we-are.html#top Archived April 9, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Who We Are – Eminent Persons Accessed: May 11, 2011
- ^ "FORUM FOR FAMILY PLANNING". Forum4FP.org. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
- ^ a b Romero, Paolo (March 19, 2022). "FVR Presidential Library launched as he turns 94". The Philippine Star.
- ^ "Duterte confirms Ramos resignation as special envoy to China". SunStar. November 2, 2016. Archived from the original on November 4, 2016. Retrieved November 4, 2016.
- ^ "Beijing-based journalist 'Chito' Sta. Romana is new PH envoy to China". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
- ^ "Ex-Philippine leader Ramos concerned about impunity, Duterte 'unilateralism'". Reuters. Manila. February 13, 2017. Retrieved August 9, 2022.
- ^ "Russia trip not a junket, Duterte tells FVR". ABS-CBFidel V. Ramos (section)N News. July 29, 2017. Retrieved August 9, 2022.
- ^ "GUSTO NG POGI POINTS? | Duterte disowns signature gesture, says fist bump started by FVR". Interaksyon. November 13, 2017. Retrieved August 9, 2022.
- ^ Romero, Alexis (November 28, 2016). "FVR my No.1 supporter, critic – Rody". The Philippine Star. Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on August 9, 2022. Retrieved August 9, 2022.
- ^ Mangosing, Frances (July 17, 2017). "Duterte to FVR: You're my No.1 supporter and critic". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved August 9, 2022.
- ^ "'My lahat': Duterte calls FVR 'his everything'". ABS-CBN News. April 18, 2018. Retrieved August 9, 2022.
- ^ Cal, Ben (May 2, 2020). "FVR is doing fine". Philippine News Agency. BusinessMirror. Retrieved August 1, 2022.
- ^ Cal, Ben (March 18, 2021). "FVR at 93 is still sharp, keeps abreast of news". The Manila Standard. Retrieved August 1, 2022.
- ^ "LOOK: Former president Fidel Ramos completes COVID-19 vaccination". INQUIRER.net. June 25, 2021. Retrieved August 1, 2022.
- ^ Cal, Ben (March 18, 2022). "FVR turns 94, online presidential library unveiled". Retrieved August 1, 2022.
- ^ "Ramos has been sick for a while: Bello". ABS-CBN News. August 1, 2022. Retrieved August 1, 2022.
- ^ Antonio, Raymund (August 1, 2022). "LOOK: Leni Robredo shares old family photo with 'personal friend' Fidel Ramos". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved August 2, 2022.
- ^ Tolentino, Ma. Reina Leanne (November 24, 2021). "Lakas adopts BBM as presidential bet". The Manila Times. Retrieved August 2, 2022.
- ^ "Fidel Ramos, Who Helped End Marcos Dictatorship, Dies at 94". Bloomberg. July 31, 2022. Retrieved July 31, 2022.
- ^ "'Death of a great statesman': Former presidents pay tribute to Fidel Ramos". Philippine Star. August 1, 2022. Retrieved August 3, 2022.
- ^ Parrocha, Azer (August 1, 2022). "PBBM declares July 31-Aug. 9 as nat'l days of mourning for FVR". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved August 1, 2022.
- ^ Galvez, Daphne (August 2, 2022). "Former President Fidel Ramos' wake to start on Aug. 4-8". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved August 2, 2022.
- ^ Montemayor, Jocelyn (August 8, 2022). "FVR state burial set". Malaya. Retrieved August 9, 2022.
- ^ Valiente, Catherine (August 9, 2022). "PH holds state funeral for Ramos". The Manila Times. Retrieved August 9, 2022.
- ^ "Net Satisfaction Ratings of Presidents: Philippines (Page 1 of 2)". Social Weather Stations. September 24, 2021. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
- ^ "Our Story". Knights of Rizal. Archived from the original on June 15, 2021. Retrieved December 10, 2021.
- ^ "Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang, dan Pingat Persekutuan".
- ^ "Condecorados: Orden El Sol del Perú" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 9, 2022. Retrieved July 23, 2022.
- ^ "Real Decreto 1819/1994, de 2 de septiembre, por el que se concede el Collar de la Orden del Mérito Civil a su excelencia señor don Fidel Valdez Ramos, Presidente de la República de Filipinas" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (BOE). Retrieved September 24, 2016.
- ^ "Real Decreto 453/1995, de 24 de marzo, por el que se concede el Collar de la Orden de Isabel la Católica a su excelencia señor Fidel Valdez Ramos, Presidente de la República de Filipinas" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (BOE). Retrieved September 24, 2016.
- ^ "Real Decreto 136/1998, de 30 de enero, por el que se concede el Collar de la Real y Muy Distinguida Orden de Carlos III a su Excelencia el Presidente de la República de Filipinas, don Fidel V. Ramos" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (BOE). Retrieved September 24, 2016.
Sources
- Fidel Ramos Curriculum Vitae
- Westpoint Distinguished Graduate Award: DGA Fidel Ramos
- Zaide, Sonia M. (1999). The Philippines: A Unique Nation. All Nations Publishing. ISBN 971-642-071-4.
- Bardos, Phil, Cold War Warriors: The Story of the Achievements and Leadership of the Men of the West Point Class of 1950, (United States, 2000)
- Bowring, Philip. "Filipino Democracy Needs Stronger Institutions.", January 22, 2001. International Herald Tribune. Retrieved August 24, 2008: https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/22/opinion/22iht-edbow.t_3.html
- "Church, elite, Ramos ousted me, says Estrada." SunStar Network Online. (June 1, 2006). Retrieved August 24, 2008: https://web.archive.org/web/20080926183855/http://www.sunstar.com.ph/static/net/2006/06/01/church.elite.ramos.ousted.me.says.estrada.html
- Fernandez, Butch. "Ramos told to come clean before hitting Palace pardon for Erap." (November 2–3, 2007). Business Mirror. Retrieved August 24, 2008: https://web.archive.org/web/20081211170308/http://www.businessmirror.com.ph/1102%26032007/nation01.html.
- Florentino-Hofilena and Ian Sayson. Centennial Expo: Convenient Cover for Election Fundraising. (June 14–16, 1999). Retrieved August 24, 2008, from the Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism: https://web.archive.org/web/20150725050056/http://pcij.org/stories/1999/expo.html.
- Johnson, Bryan, Four Days of Courage: The Untold Story of the Fall of Ferdinand Marcos, (Toronto, Canada, 1987)
- Cal, Ben, FVR Through the Years, (Washington, D.C., USA, 1998)
- Hamilton-Paterson, James, America's Boy: The Marcoses and the Philippines, (Granta Books, London, Great Britain, 1998)
- Lazaro, Isagani L., Mga Dakilang Lider na Pilipino, 5th Edition, (National Book Store, Mandaluyong, Philippines, 2004)
- Mendoza Jr., Amado. Study 2a-The industrial anatomy of corruption: Government procurement, bidding and award of contracts. Retrieved August 24, 2008, from the Transparent Accountable Governance website: https://web.archive.org/web/20080720060021/http://www.tag.org.ph/pdf/PCPS-Study2a.PDF
- More electricity rate hikes to come: Sale of energy assets to have long-term shocking effects on the people – Bayan Muna. (August 21, 2007). Bayan Muna.
- Mydans, Seth. "Expecting Praise, Filipinos Are Criticized for Ouster." The New York Times. (February 5, 2001). Retrieved August 24, 2008: https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/05/world/05FILI.html?ex=1219723200&en=abf1881ac23d0c2e&ei=5070
- Mydans, Seth. "Manila Journal; People Power 2: A Sleeping Giant Is Awakened." The New York Times. (September 22, 1997). Retrieved August 24, 2008: https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/20/world/manila-journal-people-power-2-a-sleeping-giant-is-awakened.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all
- Rimban, Luz and Samonte-Pesayco, Sheila. Trail of Power Mess Leads to Ramos. (August 5–8, 2002). Retrieved August 24, 2008, from the Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism website: https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084556/http://pcij.org/stories/2002/ramos.html
- Chŏnsa Pʻyŏnchʻan Wiwŏnhoe, The history of the United Nations forces in the Korean War, Volume I-VI, (Seoul, Ministry of National Defense, Republic of Korea, 1972–77)
- Ramos Presidential Center, Makati City
- Senate, Republic of the Philippines. COMMITTEE REPORT NO. 30. Eleventh Congress. Retrieved August 24, 2008, from the Senator Aquilino "Nene" Pimentel official website: [1]
- Uy, Jocelyn. "9 in PEA-AMARI deal ordered suspended." Philippine Daily Inquirer. (August 13, 2008). Retrieved August 24, 2008: http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20080813-154468/9-in-PEA-Amari-deal-ordered-suspended
- Villasanta, Johnny F., 20th Battalion Combat Team (Leaders), The Philippine Expeditionary Force to Korea (1950–1955), https://web.archive.org/web/20091022114608/http://geocities.com/peftok/20thbct.html 26, 2009+00:22:05, (August 26, 2006)