Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt | |||||||||||||||
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1650 BC–c. 1550 BC | |||||||||||||||
Capital | Avaris | ||||||||||||||
Common languages | Egyptian language | ||||||||||||||
Religion | ancient Egyptian religion | ||||||||||||||
Government | Absolute monarchy | ||||||||||||||
Historical era | Bronze Age | ||||||||||||||
• Established | 1650 BC | ||||||||||||||
• Disestablished | c. 1550 BC | ||||||||||||||
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Periods and dynasties of ancient Egypt | ||
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All years are BC | ||
XXXIII | 305–30 |
The Fifteenth Dynasty was a foreign dynasty of ancient Egypt. It was founded by Salitis, a Hyksos from West Asia whose people had invaded the country and conquered Lower Egypt.[1] The 15th, 16th, and 17th Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title, Second Intermediate Period. The 15th Dynasty dates approximately from 1650 to 1550 BC.[2][3]
Dynastic history
The kings of the Fifteenth Dynasty are said to have been
The first king, also described as a Hyksos (ḥḳꜣw-ḫꜣswt, a "shepherd" according to Africanus), led his people into an occupation of the Nile Delta area and settled his capital at Avaris. These events put an end to the Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt.[4] There is no evidence of conflict at that time however, and the settling of the Canaanite populations could have occurred rather peacefully in the power vacuum left by the disintegration of the Fourteenth Dynasty.[6] Subsequent relations with Egyptian polities, however, were marked with violent conflict.[11]
Identity
The people of
The term Hyksos was traditionally used to designate foreign chieftains, and more specifically "rulers of the Asiatics", already before the Fifteenth Dynasty and also after it.[12][13] It was not an official title of the rulers of the Fifteenth dynasty, and is never encountered together with royal titulature, except in one rare instance in an inscription from Tell el-Dab'a mentioning an unknown king and describing him as a Hyksos.[13] "Hyksos" was rather a generic term which is encountered separately from royal titulature, and in regnal lists after the end of the Fifteenth Dynasty itself.[13][14] In another instance, Khyan is thought to have used the title "Hyksos" early in his reign, and then abandoned it for traditional Egyptian titulature when he invaded the whole of Egypt.[13] Only the first four kings of the Fifteenth Dynasty are known to have used the naming "Hyksos", and after that royal titulature becomes purely Egyptian.[14]
Territorial extent
Regular conflicts continued with the Egyptian dynasties to the south, the
The Fifteenth Dynasty at one point, after a period of about 20 years since its foundation, extended its rule as far south as
The Fifteenth Dynasty eventually ended with the conquest of Avaris by the Pharaoh Ahmose I.[4]
Trade
The trading relations of the Fifteenth Dynasty were mainly with
Religion
The relation of the Fifteenth Dynasty to Egyptian religious traditions was ambiguous, and they are said by commentators from the
Rulers
Known rulers of the 15th Dynasty are as follows:[22]
Name | Image | Dates and comments |
---|---|---|
Salitis | Mentioned by Manetho as first king of the dynasty; currently unidentified with any known archaeologically attested person. Ruled for 19 years according to Manetho, as quoted by Josephus. | |
Semqen | Mentioned on the Turin king list. According to Ryholt, he was an early Hyksos ruler, possibly the first king of the dynasty;[22] von Beckerath assigns him to the 16th dynasty.[23] | |
Aperanat | Mentioned on the Turin king list. According to Ryholt, he was an early Hyksos ruler, possibly the second king of the dynasty;[22] von Beckerath assigns him to the 16th dynasty.[23] | |
Khyan | Ruled 10+ years.[9] | |
Yanassi | Khyan's eldest son, possibly at the origin of the mention of a king Iannas in Manetho's Aegyptiaca | |
Sakir-Har | Named as an Hyksos king on a doorjamb found at Avaris. Regnal order uncertain. | |
Apophis
|
c. 1590?–1550 BC Ruled 40+ years.[9] | |
Khamudi | c. 1550–1540 BC |
The 15th Dynasty of
Number of kings named Apepi
Some scholars argue there were two Apophis kings named Apepi, but this is primarily because there are two known
References
- ISBN 978-87-7289-421-8.
- ISBN 0-19-815034-2.
- ISBN 978-1-4381-0997-8.
- ^ ISBN 978-87-7289-421-8.
- ISBN 978-87-7289-421-8.
- ^ ISBN 978-87-7289-421-8.
- ISBN 978-87-7289-421-8.
- ISBN 978-87-7289-421-8.
- ^ ISBN 978-87-7289-421-8.
- ISBN 978-0-19-280458-7.
- ISBN 978-87-7289-421-8.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-280458-7.
- ^ ISBN 978-87-7289-421-8.
- ^ ISBN 978-87-7289-421-8.
- ^ ISBN 978-87-7289-421-8.
- ISBN 978-87-7289-421-8.
- ^ Ilin-Tomich, Alexander (2016). "Second Intermediate Period". UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology: 1–21.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-280458-7.
- ^ ISBN 978-87-7289-421-8.
- ISBN 978-87-7289-421-8.
- ISBN 978-87-7289-421-8.
- ^ a b c K.S.B. Ryholt: The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c. 1800–1550 BC, Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, vol. 20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997, excerpts available online here.
- ^ see p. 120–121.
- ^ Kim Ryholt, The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period c. 1800-1550 B.C. by Museum Tuscalanum Press. 1997. p. 125
- ^ Kings of the Second Intermediate Period University College London; scroll down to the 15th dynasty
Bibliography
- Kim Ryholt, The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period c. 1800-1550 B.C." by Museum Tuscalanum Press (ISBN 87-7289-421-0)
External links
- Media related to 15th dynasty of Egypt at Wikimedia Commons